Kaunas – svarbus transporto, mokslo ir kultūros bei Kauno apskrities, miesto savivaldybės, Kauno rajono savivaldybės centras, antrasis pagal dydį Lietuvos miestas, kuriame aktyviai vykdomi nekilnojamojo turto sandoriai ir šio turto vertinimas.. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti ir palyginti skirtingais metodais nustatytas nekilnojamojo turto vertes. Tyrimo objektas – vieno, dviejų, trijų, keturių kambarių butai ir namai esantys Kauno mieste. Atliekant šį butų ir namų vertinimo metodų palyginimą, buvo surinkti duomenys apie 2013 metų ir 2014 metų pirmojo ketvirčio nekilnojamojo turto vertes, vertinant skirtingais metodais. Baigiamajame darbe aptariama nekilnojamojo turto vertinimas bei jo metodai bei funkcijos. Pateikiama bendroji Kauno miesto apžvalga. Supažindinama smulkiau su nekilnojamojo turto vertinimo metodais naudotais darbe. Pateikti atlikto tyrimo rezultatai, parodo nekilnojamojo turto vertinimo metodų skirtumus. Taip pat skirtingų nekilnojamojo turto vertinimo metodų pliusus ir minusus. Bei Nekilnojamojo turto vertės priklausomybę nuo tam tikrų veiksnių, vertinant skirtingais vertinimo metodais. / Kaunas is an important center of transport, science and culture, Kaunas city is the center of municipality and district municipality, as well as the central part of the country and the second largest city in Lithuania. The aim of the research - to analyze and compare fixed property values by different methods. The object of the research – houses and apartments consisting of one, two, three, four bedrooms in the Kaunas city. In the comparison of the assessment methods, the data of real estate value of the year 2013 and the first quarter of 2014, based on evaluation by different methods, was collected. This thesis deals with real estate valuation, its methods and functions. A general overview of Kaunas is provided. The methods of real estate valuation applied in research are explained in detail. Research results show the differences between real estate valuation methods. Also, the pros and cons of each method of valuation of real estate are presented. The dependence of the value of real estate on some factors when using different methods is revealed as well.

The thesis deals with the valuation of the house, including land and all accessories under various conditions. The theoretical part explains the basic terminology and summarises the valuation methods used in this thesis. The practical part begins with the valuation of the house and land including all accessories, according to Ordinance for Valuation and Market Valuation Methods, specifically the Asset Value Method and the Comparative Method. The next section considers the existence of a life-use easement by a co-owner of part of the house, gardens and common areas, and sets the value of the property burdened by this easement. At the end, the property is valued as two separate apartments. All costs necessary to achieve the income from rent and property redevelopment are estimated, as well as the net annual return which would result from letting the two apartments. Final assessment of the benefit of the project is implemented through an Economic Rent Method and its comparison with the annual rent income.

The diploma thesis deals with methods used to determine the market value of an enterprise and with the application of these methods to a particular company. The theoretical part deals with the definition of basic concepts and practices in the field of business valuation. Part of the practical part is the compilation of financial and strategic analysis of the chosen company. This company is described at the beginning of the practical part of the work including its history and specific characteristics. According to the financial health of the company, the condition of going concern was met. Part of the practical part of the work is to prepare a financial plan for 2019-2021 and valuation of the selected company using two types of yield methods to date 01. 01. 2019.

<p>Title: The appraiser’s choice of valuation method – factors that influences the choice of company valuation methods</p><p>Seminar date: 04/06/07</p><p>Course: Master thesis in Business Administration, 10 Swedish credits.</p><p>Authors: Anne Benedicks and Veronica Öberg</p><p>Advisor: Eron Oxing</p><p>Profession of category: Financial analysts, auditors and company lawyers.</p><p>Key words: Company valuation, valuation methods, cash flow analysis, comparative valuation, the net asset value method.</p><p>The Main Issue: What is of decisive importance when choosing a special company valuation method?</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify, analyse and evaluate the most common methods of valuation for financial analysts, auditors and company lawyers and those factors that influences the choice of method.</p><p>Method: A multiple survey has been implemented for the actual profession categories. Primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire survey.</p><p>Theoretical: The theoretical frame of reference is based upon the paper’s dependent variable, i.e. the role of the appraiser. The appraiser is dependent of following undependent variables: comparative valuation of company, situations of valuation, relevant information, the processes of valuation, the methods of valuation and common custom valuation.</p><p>Empiricism: Material from the interviews and the questionnaire survey shows how the professional category respectively acts when they valuate a company and why and which valuation method is used. According to the interviews the financial analysts often uses comparative evaluation, the auditor uses the cash flow analysis while the lawyer chooses the net asset value method.</p><p>Conclusion: The result of this paper considerable agrees to earlier research within the field. The main underlying factor for the appraiser to choose a certain evaluation method is simply depending on the actual situation. Example of other determining factors is customer relations, access to relevant information and which type of business under evaluation.</p> / <p>Yrkesgrupper: Finansanalytiker, revisorer och jurister.</p><p>Problemformulering: Vad är avgörande för att en specifik företagsvärderingsmetod väljs?</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att identifiera, analysera och utvärdera vilka de vanligast förekommande värderingsmetoderna är för finansanalytiker, revisorer och jurister samt vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av metod.</p><p>Metod: En flerfallstudie har gjorts hos de berörda yrkeskategorierna. Primärdata samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer samt enkätundersökning.</p><p>Teoretisk referensram: Den teoretiska referensramen utgår från uppsatsens beroende variabel, värderarens roll. De oberoende variabler som värderaren är beroende av är: relativ företagsvärdering, värderingssituationer, informationskällor, värderingsprocessen, värderingsmetoder och god värderingssed.</p><p>Empiri: Material från intervjuer och enkätundersökning visar på hur respektive yrkeskategori handlar i en företagsvärderingssituation samt varför och med vilken värderingsmetod. Enligt intervjuerna använder finansanalytikern oftast jämförande värdering, revisorn väljer kassaflödesanalys medan juristen väljer substansvärdemetoden.</p><p>Slutsats: Uppsatsens resultat överensstämmer på ett bra sätt med tidigare forskning inom området. Den största bakomliggande faktorn till att värderaren väljer en viss värderingsmetod beror oftast på situationen. Exempel på andra avgörande element är relationen till kunden, tillgång till information samt vilken typ av företag som ska värderas.</p>

Title: The appraiser’s choice of valuation method – factors that influences the choice of company valuation methods Seminar date: 04/06/07 Course: Master thesis in Business Administration, 10 Swedish credits. Authors: Anne Benedicks and Veronica Öberg Advisor: Eron Oxing Profession of category: Financial analysts, auditors and company lawyers. Key words: Company valuation, valuation methods, cash flow analysis, comparative valuation, the net asset value method. The Main Issue: What is of decisive importance when choosing a special company valuation method? Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify, analyse and evaluate the most common methods of valuation for financial analysts, auditors and company lawyers and those factors that influences the choice of method. Method: A multiple survey has been implemented for the actual profession categories. Primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire survey. Theoretical: The theoretical frame of reference is based upon the paper’s dependent variable, i.e. the role of the appraiser. The appraiser is dependent of following undependent variables: comparative valuation of company, situations of valuation, relevant information, the processes of valuation, the methods of valuation and common custom valuation. Empiricism: Material from the interviews and the questionnaire survey shows how the professional category respectively acts when they valuate a company and why and which valuation method is used. According to the interviews the financial analysts often uses comparative evaluation, the auditor uses the cash flow analysis while the lawyer chooses the net asset value method. Conclusion: The result of this paper considerable agrees to earlier research within the field. The main underlying factor for the appraiser to choose a certain evaluation method is simply depending on the actual situation. Example of other determining factors is customer relations, access to relevant information and which type of business under evaluation. / Yrkesgrupper: Finansanalytiker, revisorer och jurister. Problemformulering: Vad är avgörande för att en specifik företagsvärderingsmetod väljs? Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att identifiera, analysera och utvärdera vilka de vanligast förekommande värderingsmetoderna är för finansanalytiker, revisorer och jurister samt vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av metod. Metod: En flerfallstudie har gjorts hos de berörda yrkeskategorierna. Primärdata samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer samt enkätundersökning. Teoretisk referensram: Den teoretiska referensramen utgår från uppsatsens beroende variabel, värderarens roll. De oberoende variabler som värderaren är beroende av är: relativ företagsvärdering, värderingssituationer, informationskällor, värderingsprocessen, värderingsmetoder och god värderingssed. Empiri: Material från intervjuer och enkätundersökning visar på hur respektive yrkeskategori handlar i en företagsvärderingssituation samt varför och med vilken värderingsmetod. Enligt intervjuerna använder finansanalytikern oftast jämförande värdering, revisorn väljer kassaflödesanalys medan juristen väljer substansvärdemetoden. Slutsats: Uppsatsens resultat överensstämmer på ett bra sätt med tidigare forskning inom området. Den största bakomliggande faktorn till att värderaren väljer en viss värderingsmetod beror oftast på situationen. Exempel på andra avgörande element är relationen till kunden, tillgång till information samt vilken typ av företag som ska värderas.

Intellectual Capital is considered an intangible asset that occurs in many organizations, especially service organizations, mainly because South African banks offer a service to their customers. This results in Intellectual Capital being an important factor in obtaining competitive advantage and success. If organizations do not consider Intellectual Capital as an important factor, it could lead to brands devoted to competitors, the loss of talented employees and unsatisfied customers. This in turn could affect the image of the organization. Financial organizations have the responsibility to identify and to monitor the various components of Intellectual Capital. Intellectual Capital consists of three main components, namely, Human Capital, Structural Capital and Relationship Capital. One of the biggest challenges of Intellectual Capital is that no one hundred percent accurate measurement method exists to measure Intellectual Capital items. An inaccurate value of Intellectual Capital leads to inaccurate disclosure of financial statements which, in turn, could result in various stakeholders (such as shareholders and public) losing faith and confidence in the organization. The purpose of the study is to describe the various components of Intellectual Capital, the linked costs and to examine the measurement of Intellectual Capital, in order to provide accurate disclosure. An empirical study was conducted to assess the impact and importance of Intellectual Capital in a South African bank. Recommendations were made on the manner problems regarding Intellectual Capital are managed and dealt with by the management of the bank. / Thesis (MCom (Management Accountancy))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Intellectual Capital is considered an intangible asset that occurs in many organizations, especially service organizations, mainly because South African banks offer a service to their customers. This results in Intellectual Capital being an important factor in obtaining competitive advantage and success. If organizations do not consider Intellectual Capital as an important factor, it could lead to brands devoted to competitors, the loss of talented employees and unsatisfied customers. This in turn could affect the image of the organization. Financial organizations have the responsibility to identify and to monitor the various components of Intellectual Capital. Intellectual Capital consists of three main components, namely, Human Capital, Structural Capital and Relationship Capital. One of the biggest challenges of Intellectual Capital is that no one hundred percent accurate measurement method exists to measure Intellectual Capital items. An inaccurate value of Intellectual Capital leads to inaccurate disclosure of financial statements which, in turn, could result in various stakeholders (such as shareholders and public) losing faith and confidence in the organization. The purpose of the study is to describe the various components of Intellectual Capital, the linked costs and to examine the measurement of Intellectual Capital, in order to provide accurate disclosure. An empirical study was conducted to assess the impact and importance of Intellectual Capital in a South African bank. Recommendations were made on the manner problems regarding Intellectual Capital are managed and dealt with by the management of the bank. / Thesis (MCom (Management Accountancy))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:08:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 71060100669.pdf: 1049926 bytes, checksum: 96322281746ee575bfae6db078939a82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-29T00:00:00Z / A relevância da tecnologia de informação (TI) nas empresas é percebida de várias formas. Uma das maneiras de perceber tal importância é através dos altos volumes de recursos financeiros investidos em projetos de TI. Além disto, há evidências indicando uma tendência crescente nos orçamentos de capital de projetos de TI. Este cenário pode conduzir à discussão sobre os métodos utilizados para justificar tais investimentos, face os vários tipos de retornos esperados e os riscos envolvidos. Em adição, certos projetos podem incorporar características tais como flexibilidade gerencial a fim de aproveitar situações benéficas ou evitar situações prejudiciais, possibilidade de criação de oportunidades futuras a partir dos investimentos atuais e divisão da sua análise e execução em etapas. Se assim for, tais projetos podem ser avaliados através da abordagem de opções reais. Esta abordagem reconhece e precifica o valor adicionado pelas decisões contingenciais que podem ser tomadas ao longo da vida útil do investimento, provendo uma perspectiva dinâmica à avaliação. Esta pesquisa objetiva verificar se, de fato, projetos de TI podem ser avaliados através do emprego de opções reais e sob que condições este uso pode ser feito. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica envolvendo características dos investimentos em TI. Em seguida, foram pesquisados elementos tipicamente observados nas avaliações, tais como tipos de projetos, retornos esperados, riscos envolvidos e os métodos de avaliação. Posteriormente, deu-se ênfase ao método de opções reais, destacando os seus principais conceitos e as circunstâncias nas quais seu uso é indicado. Uma pesquisa empírica foi conduzida no setor de indústrias alimentícias, envolvendo as empresas mais relevantes localizadas no estado do Ceará. A metodologia empregada foi eminentemente qualitativa, utilizando questionários para obter alguns dados descritivos e entrevistas a fim de coletar as informações principais da pesquisa. Os executivos responsáveis pela gestão de TI nas empresas participaram da pesquisa, fornecendo dados sobre as características dos projetos e como eles são atualmente avaliados. A pesquisa mostrou uma série de exemplos de projetos analisados nas empresas que incorporavam opções reais. Houve uma predominância de opções de expansão e de postergação nos projetos, ao mesmo tempo em que não houve qualquer indício de opções de abandono ou contração. A pesquisa também evidenciou que, em alguns casos, o método de opções reais poderia ter sido empregado no processo decisório para justificar os investimentos. Apesar de nenhuma das empresas pesquisadas ter aplicado explicitamente o método de opções em seu processo decisório, percebeu-se que os conceitos são usados ainda que de maneira não formal e não mensurável. Isto indica a possibilidade de incorporação do método em casos nos quais os projetos apresentam características de decisão contingencial e geração de oportunidades futuras, ou seja, aqueles de natureza estratégica. A pesquisa concluiu que o uso da abordagem de opções reais, mensurando o valor adicionado gerado pelas opções existentes nos projetos, pode tornar o processo decisório sobre investimentos em TI mais claro e objetivo do que simplesmente usar intuitivamente os conceitos de opções. / There are some ways to perceive the relevance of information technology (IT) in companies. One of these ways is through the high volumes of financial resources invested in IT projects. Besides, there are many evidences indicating a growing tendency in IT capital budget. This scenery can lead to a discussion about the methods utilized to justify these investments, considering the several kinds of expected benefits and involved risks. Besides, certain projects can incorporate characteristics like managerial flexibility in order to take advantages in positive situations and avoid negative situations, possibility of future opportunities creation and analysis and execution in stages. In this circumstance, these projects can be evaluated through real options approach, which recognizes and assesses the added value due to contingent decisions that can be taken thorough the life time of project, providing a dynamic perspective to the valuation. The goal of this research is to verify if, in fact, IT projects can be evaluated through real options approach and under which circumstances this can be done. So, it was conducted a bibliographic revision about IT investments characteristics. After this, elements observed in valuations were researched, like project classification, expected returns, involved risks and valuation methods. Further, the object of study was real options analysis, with emphasis in the circumstances that indicate their use and their major concepts. An empirical research was conducted in the food industry sector, specifically with the greatest companies located in Ceará State. The predominant methodology was qualitative, using surveys to collect some descriptive data and interviews to collect the core information. The IT management responsible executives participate of this research, providing data about the IT projects characteristics and how they are actually evaluated. The research showed a number of examples of projects analyzed in companies that incorporated real options. There was a predominance of expansion and delaying options in the projects, while there was no evidence of abandonment and contraction options. The research also showed that, in some cases, the real options method could have been used in decision-making to justify the investments. Although none of the researched companies apply explicitly the real options method, it was perceived that the options concepts are used informally. This indicates the possibility of incorporating the method in cases where projects have features for a contingency 9 and opportunities, that is, those of strategic nature. The research concluded that the use of real options approach, measuring the value added generated by the existing options in the projects, can make decision making on IT investments clearer and more objective than just intuitively use the options thinking.

The goal of the diploma thesis is to describe problems of accounting valuation and issues connected with prices, which are used for income tax purposes within current valid legislation. The thesis decribes basic valuation principles, characterization and valuation methods of some selected section according to the Czech legislation and IFRS. The thesis compares advantages and disadvantages of some valuation methods and valuation base and their influence on taxes. At the end of the thesis is the issue of transfer pricing or accounting valuation in insolvency.

This diploma thesis addresses the issue of evaluation of investments in newly created companies in the high-tech industry, so-called start ups. Firstly, theoretical basis of investment decision-making are defined together with special aspects of venture capital investments. Furthermore, the known methods of investment evaluation are analysed in detail, their strengths and weaknesses are outlined and the suitability of using these methods to evaluate investments in start-ups is assessed. A case-study is then used to examine application of these methods in practice. Part of the thesis is also devoted to detailed analysis of financing options that are available to start-ups in the USA. The most widely used types of start-up financing are identified together with current trends in this area. Issues concerning various types of start-up financing are then explained and demonstrated on examples.