Netgi vienoje visuomenėje ar bendruomenėje pasitaiko priešingų vertybių. Vieniems svarbiau fizinis komfortas ir sėkmė, o kiti mieliau renkasi paprastumą ir ramų gyvenimą. Mūsų kintančiame amžiuje, kai žmonės, idėjos, prekės ir informacija keliauja per visą pasaulį, nenuostabu, kad susiduriame su vertybių prieštaravimais. Vienas iš tokių prieštaravimų – prostitucijos reiškinys. Prostitucija – sudėtingas socialinis reiškinys, turintis gilias sąsajas su visuomenės vertybėmis, atsparumu įvairiems negatyviems socialiniams reiškiniams: skurdui, smurtui, išnaudojimui, nedarbui ir kt. Šiandien, kaip ir praeityje, prostitučių gretas daugiausia papildo moterys iš skurdesnės aplinkos, tačiau dabar prie jų prisijungia daug vidurinės klasės atstovių. Didėjant skyrybų skaičiui , kai kurias staiga dėl to nuskurdusias moteris ima vilioti prostitucija. Į prostitučių gretas įsilieja ir jaunos merginos, kurios baigė studijas, tačiau nerado darbo, todėl laikinai, kol suras kitokią veiklą, įsidarbina masažo kabinetuose arba „merginų pagal iškvietimą“ tinkluose. Deklaruojama, kad siekiant sėkmingai spręsti prostitucijos prevencijos uždavinius svarbu remtis esamos situacijos pažinimu, rizikos grupėms priklausančių nepilnamečių nuostatų į prostituciją bei jų vertybinių orientacijų išaiškinimu, nes nepilnamečių įtraukimo į prostituciją prevencijos sistema negali remtis vien tradiciniais autoritariniais bei teisinio prostitucijos persekiojimo būdais. Prostitucijos negali paaiškinti koks nors vienas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Event in the same society or community opposed values can be found. For some physical comfort and luck are more important, others prefer simplicity and a tranquil life. In the shifting century when people, ideas, goods and the information are traveling all around the world it is not surprising that we encounter the contradictions of values. One of such contradictions is the phenomenon of prostitution. Prostitution is a complex social phenomenon which has deep linkages with the values of the society and resistance to various negative social phenomena: poverty, violence, exploitation, unemployment, etc. Today, same as in the past, the ranks of prostitute are mostly recruited by women from poor milieu, though now they are joined by many representatives of the middle class. As the number of divorces increases, some women who consequently become poor are tempted by prostitution. The ranks of prostitutes are also joined by young women who finished the studies, but didn’t find a job, thus temporarily until they find an activity they employ in massage parlours or “call girl” networks. It is stated that in order to successfully solve the objectives of prostitution’s prevention it is important to take into account the cognition of the existing situation, attitudes to prostitution of juveniles belonging to risk groups and the interpretation of their value orientation, because the prevention system of juvenile involvement in the prostitution can’t be based only on the traditional... [to full text]

Submitted by Rafael Santana (rafael.silvasantana@ufpe.br) on 2017-12-06T17:09:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) tese deposito Eduardo Dias.pdf: 13485018 bytes, checksum: 3e7ed9b8bb164286f2486067e8bcc8c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-06T17:09:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) tese deposito Eduardo Dias.pdf: 13485018 bytes, checksum: 3e7ed9b8bb164286f2486067e8bcc8c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-03 / A investigação que esta pesquisa empreende procurou desenvolver uma perspectiva para a compreensão dos julgamentos de valor de autoria do videoclipe e as atribuições que decorrem desse processo, observando como as transformações na materialidade do videoclipe estão articuladas a mudanças na própria ideia de autoria, abordada nesta tese como autoria múltipla. A abrangência dessa discussão pretende incorporar as qualidades artísticas dos clipes articulando-as com as suas características promocionais e midiáticas, desenvolvendo um resgate das principais perspectivas sobre a autoria nas indústrias culturais com o intuito de instrumentalizar uma noção que priorize esta natureza ambígua do videoclipe. O intuito é amplificar o panorama da discussão sobre autoria no videoclipe desenvolvido a partir das suas próprias particularidades como um formato cultural. Esse panorama foi construído a partir de discussões sobre as características de produção e reconhecimento do clipe que despertaram as atribuições e manifestações de autoria ao longo de sua história. A proposta se concretizou através da promoção de uma perspectiva da valoração autoral no videoclipe cuja abrangência atinja os modos de produção e consumo juntamente com a percepção das ações dos indivíduos envolvidos na criação, produção e reconhecimento. Assim, hoje, para além da perspectiva dos videoclipes como um formato ligado às grades televisivas, é importante pensá-los em suas formas de autoria múltipla como ambientes visuais que acionam valorações e atribuições de autoria aos clipes. / This research seeks to develop a perspective to the comprehension of value judgments of authorship and their assignments, noticing the transformations in how the materialization of music vídeo are articulated to the change in the ideia of authorship, addressed in this research as multiple authorship. This discussion coverage intend embody the artistic qualities of music vídeos in an articulation with their marketing and media characteristics with the assistence of the majors perspectives about authorship in the cultural industry to promote an view which honors the ambiguous essence of music videos. The intention is amplify the survey of discussion about authorship in music video developed on their own features as cultural format. This survey was built from discussions about features of production and consumption of music vídeo which arouse the attributions and manifestations of authorship in their own history. The proposition was materialized through the production of a perspective of authorship valuation in music vídeo whick coverage reachs the forms of production and comsumption along with perception of individuals’ attitudes who are attendants in the conception, production and consumption. Thus, beyond the production television-centered, it is important considering forms of multiple authorship as visuals ambients which operates valuations and attributions of authorship in music video.

This thesis deals with the question of prestige of subject Geography. Its aim is to explain how much prestige university students attach to Geography, with the help of semantic differential method, and where they place this term in the semantic field of terms. The research was conducted with questionnaire survey which focused on the comparison between the perception of Geography and other subjects, and at the same time the comparison of value judgement of Geography students and students of different programmes. The first part of the thesis explains the key words and the methods of the research into prestige conducted so far. They were analysed and on the basis of this analysis notional parameters of prestige attached to a subject were set. The following part is the main part. It consists of the questionnaire survey, including the evaluation and interpretation of the results, which is followed by suggestions for improvement of the prestige of Geography, with the use of chosen marketing tools. Key words: prestige; social status; value judgement; attitude; geography; semantic differential; marketing

This diploma thesis examines functions of the modal verb should in nominal content clauses introduced by the conjunction that. The Czech counterparts of the English sentences are considered as well. The research focuses on the so-called putative should which occurs after main clauses with directive, epistemic, attitudinal, evaluative and volitional expressions. Should expressing intrinsic (root) modality (expressing permission, obligation or ability) is left out of account. The work pays attention to the basic classification of nominal content clauses deriving from a verbal form alternating with putative should. Two kinds of putative should will be dealt with, namely should after directive and volitional expressions which could have its alternative form in the present subjunctive and should after epistemic, attitudinal and evaluative expressions which could possibly alternate with the indicative. The work examines these verbal forms in relation to the intentional modality of the sentence in an independent form (e.g. declarative, interrogative or imperative sentence). The work is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part of the work describes the basic classification of all central modal verbs in English and putative should in terms of its relation towards the...

Dans la plupart des disciplines juridiques, le motif légitime se présente comme un standard de justification des actes. Il fait obstacle à l’application de la norme, en fondant un droit ou en exonérant d’un devoir. Le droit pénal se montre réticent à l’endroit de cette notion floue qui connaît pourtant un essor sans précédent. Afin de justifier la marge d’appréciation laissée au juge, le motif légitime est généralement conçu comme un mobile, ce qui accentue la confusion entre les causes objectives et subjectives d’irresponsabilité. L’insuffisance de l’approche formelle du mécanisme justificatif explique sa subjectivation progressive. L’analyse du motif légitime suppose de revisiter la théorie de la justification à travers une conception substantielle de l’illicéité, apte à unifier son régime. L’étude de la finalité justificative du motif légitime permet de mieux comprendre la souplesse de ses conditions de mise en œuvre. Le motif légitime renverse la présomption d’illicéité fondant la responsabilité. Le jugement de valeur porté sur l’infraction est la raison d’être du reproche social. Elle se distingue de son attribution à l’auteur qui relève d’un jugement de réalité sur sa volonté. Le motif légitime procède des circonstances extérieures à l’infraction autorisant la vérification concrète de son illicéité. La nature objective du motif légitime est conforme à son effet exonératoire de responsabilité opérant in rem et non in personam. Ses conditions d’application semblent, en revanche, doublement dérogatoires au droit commun de la justification, tant à l’égard de ses critères larges que de son domaine étroit. Il est cantonné à des infractions de risque abstrait pour des valeurs secondaires dont la présomption d’illicéité est artificielle. Le prévenu doit rapporter la preuve de la légitimité concrète de son acte, alors que la légitimité abstraite de la répression est sujette à caution. L’expansion de ce domaine dérogatoire de la répression révèle l’insuffisant contrôle de sa nécessité abstraite. En tout état de cause, la mention spéciale du motif légitime est inutile car toute infraction en fait implicitement réserve, en sorte qu’il se conçoit comme un standard général de justification. Il confère au juge la libre appréciation de la nécessité concrète de la répression, au regard du contexte de chaque espèce qui échappe par nature à la loi ne pouvant régler a priori tous les conflits de valeurs. La justification a postériori des infractions socialement nécessaires ou insignifiantes renforce l’autorité de la loi en garantissant une application conforme à sa finalité de protection des valeurs. / In many legal disciplines, the legitimate reason is a model of justification of acts. The legitimate reason prevents the enforcement of the law, either by creating a right or by exempting someone from a duty. Despite an unprecedented boom, criminal law is hesitant about this vague notion. In order to justify judges' assessment margin, the legitimate reason is commonly considered as a motive. This accentuates the confusion between objective and subjective causes of irresponsibility. The formal approach of the justificatory process is inadequate, making the process increasingly biased. The analysis of the legitimate reason requires a re-examination of the justification theory using a solid understanding of unlawfulness which can help standardize its implementation. The study of the legitimate reason’s justificatory function allows a better understanding of the flexibility of its implementation requirements. The legitimate reason reverses the presumption of unlawfulness on which liability is based. The cause of liability is conditioned by the value judgment made about the offence, whereas the judgment of the reality of the offender’s intention is the condition of his imputation. The legitimate reason stems from circumstances that are external to the offence, and which enable the review of its lawfulness. The objective nature of the legitimate reason is aligned with the fact that it exempts from liability in rem and not in personam. However, the requirements for its application seem exceptional to the common law of justification in two regards: its broad criteria and its narrow field. It is limited to offences of abstract risk that protect secondary values for which the presumption of unlawfulness is artificial. The defendant must prove the legitimacy of his act whereas the abstract legitimacy of the suppression is unconfirmed. The expansion of this dispensatory field of suppression reveals an inadequate control of its abstract necessity. In any case, bringing up legitimate reason is useless as it is implicit to any offence and is considered as a general model of justification. It leaves the judge free to assess the necessity of the penalty on a case by case basis, as the law, by nature, cannot resolve all value conflicts. The post facto justification of socially necessary offences or even trivial offences reinforces the authority of the law by ensuring an enforcement that is aligned with the law's aim of protecting values.