Urbanization is a dominant characteristic of the world condition. Eventually 90 - 95 per-cent of the total population will live in urban agglomerations. In Canada, the prefered housing type is still the single-family house on its own lot, even though many people cannot afford it or must give up some of the advantages of urban life to achieve it. What is urban life now? It is based on the economic condition of people - not only is poverty a problem but so is affluence. Work and leisure are being re-evaluated and our views of labour, social class, family structure, etc. are changing. Social stratification exists and people of similar life-style tend to become members of cohesive communities. Recognizing this, how can various styles-of-life be accommodated with creating ghettoes? Community becomes harder to define considering both social and physical mobility. Problems of members complicate the issues further - changes of scale may mean entirely new problems. The family is changing as an institution and in its composition - younger marriages, female - male equality, birth control, single generation family are changing the conditions that lead to existing housing forms. In order to deal with the many complexities affecting housing a method of defining life-style was devised - life-style being regarded as a valid means of defining community in terms of individual conditions of social situation, mobility and communication, use of time, position in the power or governmental structure. This is the basis of the housing grouping theory, that is: people live together because of a common sense of appropriateness to their situation or life-style. The investigation of life-style was divided into the above characteristics of people. A study area was chosen, the Commercial Drive area of Vancouver, and the method related to the specific problem definable through use of the methodology or "check list." This method enabled us to investigate and discribe "Urbville." The life style of Urbville is characterized by people from old cultures who have moved to a new North American setting. Most people in Urbville are newcomers to this country and adaption to the new environment, new surroundings and a different society, consumes a large amount of the energies of the population. Financial means are small in relation to those of other Canadians but a little better than they were in Italy, Greece or China. Social status, however, is felt to be lower. It is therefore more secure to stay close to those who speak the same mother tongue, and who have a common culture, similar experiences and a similar fate. The income of families in 1961 was $4,034 against $5,366 Metro average. Mobility of those living here is very low compared with others in the urban area. Only 40% of the families own a car while the average for the urban area is 63%. Many men work in the district in which they live with their families, and women and children spend most of their time in the same environment, close to home, the church, the school and shopping of the area. The environ, in fact, is like the village in which all life and all public facilities are within walking distance. In the urban setting, however, the village is modified by other communication, transportation and industry. In our case its centre is a street which is also a major traffic artery for trucks and cars leading from the centre to other parts of the urban system. The arising conflicts are too great and must be adjusted, without interrupting the validity of a village centre which may also attract others from the urban area because of what it offers in restaurants, specialty shopping and its specific character. While families with children dominate the residential pattern there are also many other households which must be accommodated in proper balance and ease the close contacts which are the nature of "village life." As street life is important, cars must be removed from the streets. The paved area of the remaining street and the stoop for sitting make for easy informal contact for children and adults. There is some need for outdoor privacy, but in an atmosphere of safety in this culture, that need is small. Because of binding emotional and cultural ties the community is closely knit, although not in an organizational sense. In fact, there is a need for social assistance due to difficulties of adaption. The present formal education in the area is less than average, and pleasure and recreation must be achieved with a minimum of funds in the family with friends and neighbours. Therefore, there is the need to give the greatest wealth of experience within the environ. Home, street, shopping street, institution and green space for recreation are the ingredients of this environ. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate

The thesis provides an integrated review and analysis of strategic scientific information from which management procedures for the environmentally acceptable disposal of dredged materials from Greater Vancouver into the Strait of Georgia are determined. An analysis of reported and suspected contamination of Vancouver's waterways identifies trace metals and hydrophobic organic chemicals that warrant concern by authorities responsible for the management of dredged material disposal. The processes, transformations and pathways of these contaminants in the marine environment subsequent to dredged material disposal are reviewed. It is argued that a really confined degradation of suitable disposal sites is of negligible concern, but that release of contaminants from the disposal area, were it to occur, could have unpredictable and perhaps substantial environmental consequences. The major potential pathway of contaminant release from dredged material during or subsequent to disposal is via the resuspension and transport of fine particulate material. Biological accumulation of contaminants and their transport through the food chain is a potentially significant release pathway for hydrophobic organic contaminants. Biological transformation to more soluble metabolites is also potentially significant for mercury and some of the less chlorinated and lower molecular weight organic compounds of concern. Desorptive release of contaminants from the disposed sediments into solution is usually negligible, with the possible exceptions of cadmium and mercury. A review of the physical factors that promote contaminated sediment erosion and dispersion during or subsequent to dredged material disposal identifies oceanographic characteristics where such release will be minimal. There are only four areas within the Strait of Georgia that exhibit these characteristics. Two of these areas are adjacent to valuable and sensitive biological resources and are consequently unsuitable as ocean dumping sites. Dredged material disposal at the other two sites, one near Smelt Bay, Cortes Island, and the other off McNaughton Point, Sechelt Peninsula, should result in minimal adverse environmental impact. Available methodologies to identify dredged materials with contaminant levels that preclude their environmentally acceptable disposal at these recommended sites are discussed. / Science, Faculty of / Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for / Graduate

Over the last decade gentrification has demanded a great deal of attention from urban scholars. In spite of this attention, the literature is characterized more by speculation than answers especially with regards to gentrification's consequences and planning implications. In response to this deficiency, this thesis sets out to determine the effects of gentrification on inner city neighbourhood public service demand. Because it is not clear how gentrification affects public service demand, urban policy makers are unable to plan for changes in demand. Knowing what will be demanded could facilitate efficient delivery of new services and efficient closure of costly underused services. Moreover, knowing what will be demanded may help decision makers arrive at better informed decisions. A case study area, Vancouver's Grandview Woodland, was chosen because it was able to provide a sample of gentrifiers and of traditional inner city residents. Forty one gentrifier and forty one traditional resident households were interviewed using a questionnaire designed to gather information about each group's demographics, satisfaction with street and traffic conditions, and their use of, satisfaction with, and attitudes toward neighbourhood public services. The attitudinal data indicate that gentrifiers value neighbourhood amenities such as parks, good street and traffic conditions, and other public services significantly more than the traditional residents do. This is expressed in their positive and negative perceptions of the neighbourhood's characteristics. There is also evidence that the gentrifiers are motivated to secure the public services they desire, for they feel that the services which they use are very important to their households. The behavioural data indicate that the gentrifiers present greater demands for parks, family centres, public health clinics, tennis and racquetball courts, and community centres. They only decrease demand for ethnic centres, and they maintain demand for other neighbourhood public services. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This thesis uses theories of the state in order to explain the City of Vancouver's housing actions from 1900-1973. Theories of the state are used to identify and contribute to an understanding of the constraints and opportunities a municipality faces in intervening in housing. The theoretical discussion, developed by a literature review, is in three major parts. First, the role of the state in capitalist society is discussed. The neo-Marxist perspective of the role of the state is adopted. According to this perspective the state has a two fold role. First the state functions to aid in capital accumulation. Second, the state functions to legitimate the capitalist system. The second part of the discussion rests on theoretical distinctions on the ways in which the state fulfills its role. Pluralist, instrumentalist and corporatist/managerialist perspectives are analyzed and it is concluded that at different times and circumstances it is possible that all three might apply to the way a state acts. The third part of the theoretical discussion is on the local state. The local state is not separate from the state, though it does have some autonomy. In the areas where the local state does have some autonomy the way it acts can be explained by the three differing theoretical perspectives. The history of the City of Vancouver's role in housing is presented by describing policies, programs and plans undertaken by the City from 1900 to 1973. This research was accomplished primarily by reading original government records in the Vancouver City Archives. With respect to housing initiatives, the City was constrained by its financial and jurisdictional ties to the national state. However, this thesis shows that at times the City was able to define its own terms and conditions and exhibit some autonomy. The details of the housing history also show that the City of Vancouver's role was in capital accumulation and the legitimation of capitalism. For most of the period studied the City of Vancouver was the instrument of the capitalist class. However, this neo-Marxist interpretation is tempered by evidence that both the corporate goals of the City itself and the pressure exerted by local interest groups have had a significant impact on the City of Vancouver's housing actions. This is explained by the nature of housing as a consumption item, as well as by the need to account for human elements in state actions. The fact that the local state is necessary for democratic legitimation and that housing can be made important to critical production issues presents opportunities at the local government level for housing reforms. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This thesis is concerned with analysing vertebrate fauna (mammals, birds, and fish) from the Locarno Beach culture (3300-2400 B.P.) of the Fraser River Delta area in southern British Columbia. The principal objective is to reconstruct site level vertebrate exploitative patterns for the Locarno Beach culture components at the Locarno Beach (DhRt 6), Whalen Farm (DfRs 3), and Musqueam NE (DhRt 4) sites. Qualitative and quantitative faunal analytic methods are employed to evaluate faunal data from each component. Data are also evaluated by seasonal availability and preferred habitat categories. The results of the faunal analysis indicate that Locarno Beach culture populations exploited mainly riverine and foreshore resources. Salmon is the major vertebrate resource, followed by land mammals (deer and elk) and waterfowl (mainly diving species). Intensive herring, flatfish, and waterfowl exploitation took place at two sites (DhRt 6 and DfRs 3), probably in conjunction with shellfish harvesting during the late winter through early spring (February to April). DhRt 6 was also occupied during the spring to early summer (April to June) for surf smelt procurement. The third site (DhRt 4) was occupied from late winter through the summer and may have been a major encampment for Fraser River salmon procurement. DhRt 4 also shares many attributes associated with Marpole and Late Prehistoric culture village sites. It is concluded that the Locarno Beach culture vertebrate subsistence economy is part of the Northwest Coast pattern. The Locarno Beach culture is a development from the St. Mungo culture (4300 - 3300 B.P.) with greater emphasis on riverine resources, especially salmon. Locarno Beach culture vertebrate fauna data indicate a range of site types, including seasonal resource extraction sites, salmon fishing sites, and possibly a winter village site. Similar to Marpole (2400-1600 B.P.) and Late Prehistoric (1600-1100 B.P.) cultures, Locarno Beach culture populations of the Fraser Delta exploited aggregated resources (e.g. herring, flatfish, waterfowl, and shellfish) at seasonally occupied camps during the late winter to early spring. The primary summer subsistence activity was salmon procurement. Preliminary evidence suggests that Fraser River sockeye salmon runs (late summer to fall) were intensively exploited with fishing nets near DhRt 4. Prolonged occupation at DhRt 4 during the winter may indicate that this site was a winter village, as well as a fishing site. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

It is the belief in the discipline of Urban Land Economics that as one moves further from the city center population density decreases and average household income increases. These two hypotheses have shown to be accurate in describing cities in the United States, but few studies have been done to see if the two hypotheses are also true for Canadian cities. The general intent of the thesis, therefore, was to properly model the population density pattern and income pattern of Metropolitan Vancouver to see how well they could be explained and to see if they followed the patterns of American cities. In order to address the general intent, several specific issues dealing with density and income studies had to be examined: the functional form of the models, the best proxy of access (straight-line distance or time spent in travel to the city center), whether determinants other than distance should be used in the density equation, and whether Metropolitan Vancouver should be modelled as a monocentric or multi-centric city. The techniques applied to answer these questions and fulfil the general intent included reviewing the literature, applying theory to develop models and then using ordinary least squares to test the models. The results were very good. Although no functional form could be derived for the income pattern, the negative exponential form proved, theoretically and practically, to work well for the density pattern. The distance variable was a better determinant of density than the travel time variable. Two variables, income and distance, proved to be the best determinants of population density by explaining almost half of the variation in population density. Finally, Metropolitan Vancouver was shown to be a multi-centric region but added effects of the extra center did little to help explain the density patterns. The results also showed that population density in Metropolitan Vancouver does decrease and, although not conclusive, income does generally increase with distance from the city center. These facts support the hypotheses and suggest that the density and income patterns are much like those of major U.S. cities. / Business, Sauder School of / Real Estate Division / Graduate

Career Preparation programs have been offered in British Columbia since 1980. However, in that time very little formal evaluation has been conducted to determine if Career Preparation programs are achieving the stated objectives. This study, based on Business Education Career Preparation programs in Vancouver secondary schools, surveyed Career Preparation students one, two, and three years after graduation. Schools which had started Business Education Career Preparation programs in September 1982 or earlier were selected. Graduates of these schools who completed a Business Education Career Preparation program in 1984, 1985, or 1986, were surveyed to determine their employment and post-secondary education experiences, whether their post-secondary education or employment was related to their Career Preparation specialties, and their perceptions of the program. The purpose of the study was to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the Business Education Career Preparation programs offered in Vancouver Secondary Schools in order to make recommendations for program improvements. The results show that 94% of respondents held at least one job since graduating from secondary school; 77% of respondents continue their education at a post-secondary institution; 67% of post-secondary programs enrolled in by respondents were at least somewhat related to their Career Preparation specialty; and 67% of jobs held since graduating from secondary school were at least somewhat related to their Career Preparation specialty. The Career Preparation program was rated at least somewhat helpful in facilitating progress in post-secondary education by 81% of respondents; 93% of respondents rated Career Preparation at least somewhat helpful in making career choices; 91% rated it at least somewhat helpful in providing employable skills; 85% rated it at least somewhat helpful in providing job search skills; and 68% rated it at least somewhat helpful in providing employment contacts. Overall, the Business Education Career Preparation program offered in Vancouver was judged as meeting the program objectives of the provincial curriculum. Recommendations are made for the program, including: matching students more carefully to work experience placements which meet their interests, career goals and specialty; more careful monitoring of work experience sites to ensure that appropriate tasks are being assigned; offering programs which will interest both males and females; coordinating employment opportunities for graduates; improving articulation with post-secondary programs; and structuring Career Preparation programs to allow for flexibility in course requirements and work experience. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

The role of industries and firms in propelling urban economic growth and change is an important issue in urban economic research and policy. A framework for identifying propulsive industries in advanced metropolitan economies is proposed. A propulsive industry is a set of firms, producing substitutable goods or services, which significantly influences urban economic growth and change. The framework examines the opportunities and limits in identifying propulsive industries using existing concepts and data from urban, regional and industrial economic research. Initially, industry characteristics propelling urban economic growth and change are described. These characteristics fall into two categories: propulsive mechanisms which directly stimulate urban income and employment growth; and economic factors which cause propulsive mechanisms to change over time. The analysis shows how nine characteristics can be turned into criteria for identifying local propulsive industries: industry size, growth performance, average employee earnings, occupational profile, multiplier performance, export orientation, vulnerability to import penetration of domestic markets, and sensitivity to economic recession and expansion. Two additional industry characteristics are rejected as criteria for identifying propulsive industries because of inadequate quantitative measures (innovation intensity, and match of occupational demand with local unemployment). A third, industry concentration, is rejected because, of uncertainty in the propulsive relationship with urban economic growth and change. The efficacy of using available data for identifying propulsive industries in metropolitan Vancouver, British Columbia is examined. Data are available for five out of the nine proposed criteria: industry size, net employment growth, average weekly wages, and sensitivity to economic recession and expansion. A provisional ranking of propulsive industries using these five criteria shows the dominant role of services in the metropolitan Vancouver economy. Finally, findings on the opportunities and limits for identifying local propulsive industries and implications for urban economic policy are discussed. The nine proposed criteria provide a more comprehensive and analytical approach for identifying propulsive industries than methods presently used by local economic policymakers. Available data are, however, inadequate for identifying propulsive industries in metropolitan Vancouver. Information on local propulsive industries can be used to set priorities among an increasingly complex and diverse array of urban economic growth programs; evaluate the efficacy of implemented programs; and monitor and evaluate changes in urban economic structure. Metropolitan governments could provide a vital forum for economic research and policy initiatives involving the identification and support of local propulsive industries. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This paper explores urban design possibilities for the enhancement of the Vancouver Art Gallery landscape. It is understood that urban public places are necessary for not only the daily functioning of society, but as venues of and for celebrations, demonstrations, and communication. All public urban spaces have the potential to serve as significant locations of human experience. The designed urban landscape should have the capacity to elicit response and heighten our perceptions, thereby furthering our understanding of the world. Understanding the Vancouver Art Gallery landscape as a central urban space of significant civic importance, it is necessary that its design illuminate the interactions between humans and the physical world - the actors, the audience, and the stage. A literature review is conducted in order to discern possible connections between museum processes and designed landscapes. Analogies are drawn between the processes and display of art within and around galleries and museums, and the cultural meanings associated with these displays. These processes also reveal themselves in the designed landscape. Second, museum-landscape analogs are proposed, and from these, precedents are researched in order to identify criteria that support and reinforce these analogs. These analogs are typologies that may serve to inform the urban design, and landscape architectural process. In response to the research, the Vancouver Art Gallery landscape is designed according to one of the types (analogs) identified - Landscape as Theatre. The design provides a model for the expression of the theatrical aspects of urban life that contribute to the vibrancy and cultural richness of the urban landscape. The conclusions drawn herein are suggestive of urban design enhancement opportunities that exist within central downtown Vancouver, in particular the Vancouver Art Gallery landscape. It is recognized that significant investment in our urban spaces is a requirement for ensuring the successful evolution of urban life. In addition to the enhancement of human experiences within the city, successful urban projects that elicit international acclaim and recognition further the economic growth of, and investment in the city. Certainly, when public spaces are used and enjoyed steadily and repeatedly the experiences of places are enriched, and human experience is enhanced. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate

Since before the opening of the University of British Columbia medical school in 1950, a group of Vancouver citizens has contested the use of laboratory animals by local scientists. The resulting debate has consistently centered around questions of the cruelty and scientific value of animal experimentation. Although antivivisectionists received little coverage in Vancouver's decidedly pro-vivisectionist mainstream press between 1950 and 1980, they nevertheless caused Vancouver researchers to employ a number of tactics to foster a positive image of their animal care practices during this period. By the early 1980s, Vancouver antivivisectionists had succeeded in disseminating highly graphic descriptions of animals undergoing experimentation via local community newspapers, and in using direct action tactics to link these images with specific Vancouver laboratories. In response, medical researchers heightened their longstanding efforts to conceal their experimental practices from public view. The limited public visibility of the animal lab and the commonly held belief in the necessity of animal use for medical progress both helped to limit opposition to animal experimentation between 1950 and 1990, despite an increasingly widespread acknowledgement of the cruelty of this set of practices. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate