Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Oceânica, Escola de Engenharia, 2011. / Submitted by Lilian M. Silva (lilianmadeirasilva@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-22T19:33:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Modelagem e controle de atuadores robóticos e veículos subaquáticos não tripulados.pdf: 2108153 bytes, checksum: 01646a2e791884ffca750c5291ce8bd1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2013-06-03T19:14:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Modelagem e controle de atuadores robóticos e veículos subaquáticos não tripulados.pdf: 2108153 bytes, checksum: 01646a2e791884ffca750c5291ce8bd1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-03T19:14:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Modelagem e controle de atuadores robóticos e veículos subaquáticos não tripulados.pdf: 2108153 bytes, checksum: 01646a2e791884ffca750c5291ce8bd1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Esta dissertação trata da modelagem e do controle de um atuador robótico e de veículos subaquáticos não tripulados. Primeiramente o trabalho compara e valida experimentalmente dois modelos de atrito existentes na literatura (LuGre e Gomes). Desenvolve-se um controle de posição baseado em estrutura variável para o atuador robótico do tipo harmonic-drive. Simulações são realizadas a fim de verificar a robustez do controlador perante a variação paramétrica em comparação com o controle proporcional, integral e derivativo (PID). Resultados experimentais das aplicações dos controles são obtidos mostrando desempenhos muito próximos aos de simulação. Posteriormente é feito um estudo sobre veículos subaquáticos não tripulados (Tatuí e Nerov). A modelagem cinemática é descrita por ângulos de Euler e a modelagem dinâmica inclui a interação da estrutura mecânica do veículo com o meio aquático e a ação dos propulsores. Desenvolve-se um sistema de controle de posição e orientação utilizando estrutura variável. Resultados de simulação ilustram as características do controlador com incertezas paramétricas e correntes oceânicas em comparação com o PID usando a estratégia de linearização por realimentação. / The subject of this dissertation is the modeling and control of a robotic actuator and also of unmanned underwater vehicles. Firstly, it compares and experimentally validates two friction models (LuGre and Gomes). A position control based on a variable structure is developed for the harmonic-drive type of robotic actuator. Simulations are performed to verify the robustness of the controller against the parametric variation and to compare to the proportional, integral and derivative control (PID). Experiments then show results similar to those from simulations. Later, we a study about unmanned underwater vehicles (Tatuí and Nerov) is presented. The kinematics modeling is described by Euler’s angles. The dynamics modeling includes the interaction of the vehicle’s mechanical structure with the aquatic environment and the actuation of the propellers. By using a variable structure, a position and orientation control system is developed. The simulation results then show the characteristics of the controler with parametric uncertainties and ocean streams, and compares them with those from a PID controler with feedback linearization.

The fast-growing electric vehicles (EVs) market demands huge efforts from car manufacturers to develop and improve their current products’ systems. A fast charge of the battery pack is one of the challenges encountered due to the battery limitations regarding behaviour and additional degradation when exposed to such a rough situation. In addition, the outcome of a study performed on a battery does not apply to others, especially if their chemistries are different. Hence, extensive testing is required to understand the influence of design decisions on the particular energy storage device to be implemented. Due to batteries’ nonlinear behaviour that is highly dependent on external variables such as temperature, the dynamic load and aging, another defying task is the widely studied state of charge (SOC) estimation, commonly considered one of the most significant functions in a battery management system (BMS). This thesis presents an extensive battery fast charging aging test study equipped with promising current charging profiles from published literature to minimize aging. Four charging protocols are carefully designed to charge the cell from 10 to 80% SOC within fifteen minutes and have their performances discussed. A dual state estimation algorithm is modelled to estimate the SOC with the assistance of a capacity state of health (SOHcap) estimation. Finally, the dual state estimation model is validated with the fast charging aging test data. / Thesis / Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering (MSME)

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are amongst the most commonly used types in Electric (EVs) and Hybrid Electric (HEVs) Vehicles due to their high energy and power densities, as well as long lifetime. A battery is one of the most important components of an EV and hence it needs to be monitored and controlled accurately. The safety, and reliability of battery packs must then, be ensured by accurate management, control, and monitoring functions by using a Battery Management System (BMS). A BMS is also responsible for accurate real-time estimation of the State of Charge (SoC), State of Health (SoH) and State of Power (SoP) of the battery. The battery SoC provides information on the amount of energy left in the battery. The SoH determines the remaining capacity and health of a pack, and the SoP represents the maximum available power. These critical battery states cannot be directly measured. Therefore, they have to be inferred from measurable parameters such as the current delivered by the battery as well as its terminal voltage. Consequently, in order to offer accurate monitoring of SoC, SoH and SoP, advanced numerical estimation methods need to be deployed. In the estimation process, the states and parameters of a system are extracted from measurements. The objective is to reduce the estimation errors in the presence of uncertainties and noise under different operating conditions. This thesis uses and provides different enhancements to a robust estimation strategy referred to as the Smooth Variable Structure Filter (SVSF) for condition monitoring of batteries. The SVSF is a predictor-corrector method based on sliding mode control that enhances the robustness in the presence of noise and uncertainties. The methods are proposed to provide accurate estimates of the battery states of operation and can be implemented in real-time in BMS. To improve the performance of battery condition monitoring, a measurement-based SoC estimation method called coulomb counting is paired with model-based state estimation strategy. Important considerations in parameter and state estimation are model formulation and observability. In this research, a new model formulation that treats coulomb counting as an added measurement is proposed. It is shown that this formulation enhanced information extraction, leading to a more accurate state estimation, as well as an increase in the number of parameters and variables that can be estimated while maintaining observability. This model formulation is used for characterizing the battery in a range of operating conditions. In turn, the models are integral to a proposed adaptive filter that is a combination of the Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) concept and the SVSF. It is shown that this combined strategy is an efficient estimation approach that can effectively deal with battery aging. The proposed method provides accurate estimation for various SoH of a battery. Further to battery aging adaptation, measurement errors such as sensor noise, drift, and bias that affect estimation performance, are considered. To improve the accuracy of battery state estimation, a noise covariance adaptation scheme is developed for the SVSF method. This strategy further improves the robustness of the SVSF in the presence of unknown physical disturbances, noise, and initial conditions. The proposed estimation strategies are also considered for their implementation on battery packs. An important consideration in pack level battery management is cell-to-cell variations that impact battery safety. This study considers online battery parametrization to update the pack’s model over time and to detect cell-to-cell variability in parallel-connected battery cells configurations. Experimental data are used to validate and test the efficacy of the proposed methods in this thesis. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / To address the critical issue of climate change, it is necessary to replace fossil-fuel vehicles with battery-powered electric vehicles. Despite the benefits of electric vehicles, their popularity is still limited by the range anxiety and the cost determined by the battery pack. The range of an electric vehicle is determined by the amount of charge in its battery pack. This is comparable to the amount of gasoline in a gasoline vehicle’s tank. In consideration of the need for methods to address range anxiety, it is necessary to develop advanced algorithms for continuous monitoring and control of a battery pack to maximize its performance. However, the amount of charge and health of a battery pack cannot be measured directly and must be inferred from measurable variables including current, voltage and temperature. This research presents several algorithms for detecting the range and health of a battery pack under a variety of operating conditions. With a more accurate algorithm, a battery pack can be monitored closely, resulting in lower long-term costs. Adaptive methods for determining a battery’s state of charge and health in uncertain and noisy conditions have been developed to provide an accurate measure of available charge and capacity. Methods are then extended to improve the determination of state of charge and health for a battery module.

No description available.

Faulty manufactured alternators lead to commercial and safety concerns when installed in vehicles. Alternators have a major role in the Electrical Power Generation System (EPGS) of vehicles, and a defective alternator will lead to damaging of the battery and other important electric accessories. Therefore, fault detection and diagnosis of alternators can be implemented to quickly and accurately determine the health of an alternator during end of line testing, and not let faulty components leave the manufacturer. The focus of this research is to develop a Model Based Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) strategy for detecting alternator faults during end of line testing. The proposed solution uses Extended Kalman Smooth Variable Structure Filter (EK-SVSF) to detect common alternator faults. A solution using the Dual Extended Kalman Filter (DEKF) is also discussed. The alternator faults were programmatically simulated on alternator measurements. The experimental results prove that both the EK-SVSF and DEKF strategies were very effective in alternator modeling and detecting open diode faults, shorted diode faults, and stator imbalance faults. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo comparativo entre quatro controladores H não lineares aplicados a um manipulador robótico com restrições de força e posição. Para estudar o comportamento de cada controlador as seguintes estratégias foram adotadas: (1) o modelo nominal do robô é considerado conhecido e são utilizadas técnicas inteligentes para estimar incertezas paramétricas, dinâmicas não modeladas e distúrbios externos; (2) O modelo do sistema é considerado completamente desconhecido e as técnicas inteligentes são utilizadas para estimar o modelo completo. As técnicas inteligentes utilizadas são baseadas em redes neurais e lógica fuzzy. Resultados experimentais baseados em um manipulador planar de três juntas rotacionais são apresentados, sendo que as restrições de posicionamento e forças são referentes ao movimento sobre uma linha reta. Ainda neste projeto é desenvolvido um sensor para medição de forças e momentos em três eixos ortogonais, sendo este sensor o dispositivo utilizado para fornecer informações necessárias para o controle do manipulador robótico com restrições / In this work, we present a comparative study among four H nonlinear controllers applied to a manipulator subject to position and force constraints. In order to study the behavior of each controller the following strategies have been adopted: (1) the nominal model of the robot is considered known and intelligent techniques are used to estimate parametric uncertainties, nonmodeled dynamics and external disturbances; (2) the system model is considered completely unknown and intelligent techniques are used to estimate the complete model. The intelligent techniques considered are based on neural networks and fuzzy logic. Experimental results based on a planar manipulator with three rotational joints are presented where position and force constraints refer to a movement on a straight line. To perform these experiments we developed a sensor to measure forces and moments in three orthogonal axes

Submitted by Lucas Mangili Esteves null (lucas82031@aluno.feis.unesp.br) on 2017-02-09T18:36:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Lucas_final.pdf: 3159641 bytes, checksum: 2ee0f12201f163a9442f08759eb6e685 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-14T16:49:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 esteves_lm_me_ilha.pdf: 3159641 bytes, checksum: 2ee0f12201f163a9442f08759eb6e685 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-14T16:49:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 esteves_lm_me_ilha.pdf: 3159641 bytes, checksum: 2ee0f12201f163a9442f08759eb6e685 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho apresenta uma análise do motor de indução trifásico (MIT), que é um dos motores mais utilizados em aplicações industriais, e de diferentes metodologias de controle de velocidade aplicadas para este tipo de motor. A princípio realizou-se um estudo do funcionamento do MIT sem nenhum tipo de controle, para somente depois analisar-se tanto técnicas clássicas e já bastante difundidas no controle deste tipo de máquina como também um tipo específico de controlador robusto, a fim de utilizá-lo para substituir os controladores clássicos na intenção de obter-se um desempenho superior. O controlador robusto escolhido foi do tipo com Estrutura Variável e Modos Deslizantes (CEV-MD). Este trabalho foca no estudo do Controle Vetorial Indireto com Orientação sobre o Fluxo do Rotor, sendo utilizados juntamente deste método um controlador clássico (do tipo PI, Proporcional Integral) e o controlador robusto projetado (do tipo CEV-MD), no intuito de realizar-se uma comparação entre o desempenho dos dois controladores mediante diferentes condições de operação, incluindo-se variação de parâmetros do motor e falhas de queda de tensão nos terminais da máquina. Todos os estudos e projetos resultaram em um conjunto de simulações no ambiente MATLAB/Simulink, a partir das quais constatou-se que o controlador robusto projetado apresentou um desempenho um pouco superior ao do PI, tanto no controle da velocidade quanto em relação a tolerar as falhas de queda de tensão. / This paper presents a three phase induction motor analysis, one of the most used machines in industries applications, and also shows different speed control methods for this kind of machine. At first a study about the IM (induction motor) was made without any control technique, and then an analysis of the classic and well known methods is presented, as well as an analysis of a robust controller, in order to replace the classic controllers by this one and achieve better performance. The chosen robust controller was a Variable Structure Controller with Sliding Mode. This paper focus is the study of the Indirect Vector Control with Rotor Orientation, which was used along a classic controller (PI – Proportional Integral) and the above proposed robust controller, in order to make a balance between both considering several operational conditions, including parameters variation and a particular fault (voltage drops on the motor terminals). All the analysis culminated in a set of simulations on the MATLAB/Simulink ambient, from which it was observed that the proposed robust controller showed a better performance than the PI, both on the speed control and the voltage drops faults tolerance.

Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo comparativo entre quatro controladores H não lineares aplicados a um manipulador robótico com restrições de força e posição. Para estudar o comportamento de cada controlador as seguintes estratégias foram adotadas: (1) o modelo nominal do robô é considerado conhecido e são utilizadas técnicas inteligentes para estimar incertezas paramétricas, dinâmicas não modeladas e distúrbios externos; (2) O modelo do sistema é considerado completamente desconhecido e as técnicas inteligentes são utilizadas para estimar o modelo completo. As técnicas inteligentes utilizadas são baseadas em redes neurais e lógica fuzzy. Resultados experimentais baseados em um manipulador planar de três juntas rotacionais são apresentados, sendo que as restrições de posicionamento e forças são referentes ao movimento sobre uma linha reta. Ainda neste projeto é desenvolvido um sensor para medição de forças e momentos em três eixos ortogonais, sendo este sensor o dispositivo utilizado para fornecer informações necessárias para o controle do manipulador robótico com restrições / In this work, we present a comparative study among four H nonlinear controllers applied to a manipulator subject to position and force constraints. In order to study the behavior of each controller the following strategies have been adopted: (1) the nominal model of the robot is considered known and intelligent techniques are used to estimate parametric uncertainties, nonmodeled dynamics and external disturbances; (2) the system model is considered completely unknown and intelligent techniques are used to estimate the complete model. The intelligent techniques considered are based on neural networks and fuzzy logic. Experimental results based on a planar manipulator with three rotational joints are presented where position and force constraints refer to a movement on a straight line. To perform these experiments we developed a sensor to measure forces and moments in three orthogonal axes

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:11:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio_Chiella.pdf: 1495489 bytes, checksum: c662fb0b19b070474b00c5dcbb37ba11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In recent years, there has been a growth in the interest of industry and the scientific community for autonomous platforms, among these so-called AUVs (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle). Part of this interest is due to technological progress, with improved electronics and the reduction of its cost. Another part is due to application of this equipment in a variety of tasks such as inspection and maintenance of underwater structures in marine environment (oil and gas platforms) and recently inspection of hydroelectric plants. These robots allow the removal the operator of the region conducting task, reducing the risks in carrying it. In an attempt to make these fully autonomous platforms, reducing the efforts of the operator, challenges related to its control position emerge. In this work, the AUVs positioning control problem is addressed. The kinematic and dynamic models for the 6 degrees of freedom of these robots, as well as the modeling of the actuators and the external disturbances are presented. Characteristics of the mathematical model are used in the controller design, titled CMDG (Global Sliding Mode Control). The proposed controller is based on the sliding mode control, and its sliding surface was modified so as to delete the so called reaching phase. Numerical simulations show the good performance of the proposed controller when subjected to disturbances such as current, non-zero buoyancy and initial position errors. / Nos últimos anos, houve um crescimento no interesse da indústria e da comunidade científica por plataformas autônomas, entre essas os chamados AUVs (do inglês, Autonomous Underwater Vehicle). Parte deste interesse se deve ao avanço tecnológico, com a melhoria dos equipamentos eletrônicos e a diminuição de seu custo. Outra parte se deve a aplicação destes equipamentos em tarefas variadas, como inspeção e manutenção de estruturas subaquáticas em ambiente marinho (plataformas de óleo e gás) e recentemente inspeção de usinas hidrelétricas. Estes robôs permitem o afastamento do operador da região de realização da tarefa, reduzindo os riscos na execução da mesma. Na tentativa de deixar estas plataformas totalmente autônomas, diminuindo os esforços do operador, desafios relacionados ao seu controle de posição emergem. Neste trabalho, o problema do controle de posicionamento de AUVs é abordado. O modelo cinemático e dinâmico para os 6 graus de liberdade destes robôs, bem como a modelagem dos atuadores e das perturbações externas são apresentados. Características do modelo matemático são utilizadas no projeto do controlador, intitulado de CMDG (Controle por Modos Deslizantes Global). O controlador proposto, é baseado no controle por modos deslizantes, sendo sua superfície de deslizamento modificada, de forma a se eliminar a chamada fase de alcance. Simulações numéricas, mostram o bom desempenho do controlador proposto quando submetido a perturbações como correnteza, flutuabilidade não nula e erros de posição inicial.

Many problems in tracking control have been identified over the years, such as the availability of systems states, the presence of noise and system uncertainties, and speed of response, just to name a few. This thesis is concerned with developing novel integrated control and estimation algorithms to overcome some of these problems in order to achieve an efficient tracking performance. Since there are some significant advantages associated with Sliding Mode Control (SMC) or Variable Structure Control (VSC), (fast regulation rate and robustness to uncertainties), this research reviews and extends new filtering concepts for state estimation, referred to as the Variable Structure Filter (VSF)and Smooth Variable Structure Filter (SVSF). These are based on the philosophy of Sliding Mode Control.<p>The VSF filter is designed to estimate some of the states of a plant when noise and uncertainties are presented. This is accomplished by refining an estimate of the states in an iterative fashion using two filter gains, one based on a noiseless system with no uncertainties and the second gain which reflects these uncertainties. The VSF is combined seamlessly with the Sliding Mode Controller to produce an integrated controller called a Sliding Mode Controller and Filter (SMCF). This new controller is shown to be a robust and effective integrated control strategy for linear systems. For nonlinear systems, a novel integrated control strategy called the Smooth Sliding Mode Controller and Filter (SSMCF), fuses the SMC and SVSF in a particular form to address nonlinearities. The gain term in the SVSF is redefined to form a new algorithm called the SVSF with revised gain in order to obtain a better estimation performance. Its performance is compared to that of the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) when applied to a particular nonlinear plant.<p>The SMCF and SSMCF are applied to the experimental prototype of a precision positioning hydraulic system called an ElectroHydraulic Actuator (EHA) system. The EHA system is known to display nonlinear characteristics but can approximate linear behavior under certain operating conditions, making it ideal to test the robustness of the proposed controllers.<p>The main conclusion drawn in this research was that the SMCF and SSMCF as developed and implemented, do exhibit robust and high performance state estimation and trajectory tracking control given modeling uncertainties and noise. The controllers were applied to a prototype EHA which demonstrated the use of the controllers in a real world application. It was also concluded that the application of the concepts of VSC for the controller can alleviate a challenging mechanical problem caused by a slip-stick characteristic in friction. Another conclusion is that the revised form of the SVSF could obtain robust and fast state estimation for nonlinear systems.<p>The original contributions of the research include: i) proposing the SMCF and SSMCF, ii) applying the Sliding Mode Controller to suppress cross-over oscillations caused by the slip-stick characteristics in friction which often occur in mechanical systems, iii) the first application of the SVSF for state estimation and iv) a comparative study of the SVSF and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to the EHA demonstrating the superiority of the SVSF for state estimation performance under both steady-state and transient conditions for the application considered.<p>The dissertation is written in a paper format unlike the traditional Ph.D thesis manuscript. The content of the thesis discourse is based on five manuscripts which are appended at the end of the thesis. Fundamental principles and concepts associated with SMC, VSF, SVSF and the fused controllers are introduced. For each paper, the objectives, approaches, typical results, conclusions and major contributions are presented. Major conclusions are summarized and original contributions reiterated.