No / The purpose of this article is to investigate characteristics of cine phase contrast-calculated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and velocity measures in patients with relapsing-remitting (RR) multiple sclerosis (MS) receiving standard medical treatment who had been diagnosed with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) and underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). This case-controlled, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-blinded study included 15 patients with RR MS who presented with significant stenoses (>/=50% lumen reduction on catheter venography) in the azygous or internal jugular veins. Eight patients underwent PTA in addition to medical therapy immediately following baseline assessments (case group) and seven had delayed PTA after 6 months of medical therapy alone (control group). CSF flow and velocity measures were quantified over 32 phases of the cardiac cycle by a semiautomated method. Outcomes were compared between groups at baseline and at 6 and 12 months of the study by mixed-effect model analysis. At baseline, no significant differences in CSF flow or velocity measures were detected between groups. At month 6, significant improvement in flow (P<.001) and velocity (P = .013) outcomes were detected in the immediate versus the delayed group, and persisted to month 12 (P = .001 and P = .021, respectively). Within-group flow comparisons from baseline to follow-up showed a significant increase in the immediate group (P = .033) but a decrease in the delayed group (P = .024). Altered CSF flow and velocity measures were associated with worsening of clinical and MR outcomes in the delayed group. PTA in patients with MS with CCSVI increased CSF flow and decreased CSF velocity, which are indicative of improved venous parenchyma drainage.

Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit s’articule en trois axes distincts. Dérivation de modèles mathématiques de phénomènes électrophysiologiques en cardiologie Nous utilisons des méthodes d'analyse asymptotique pour dériver un modèle simplifié à partir d'un modèle de tissu auriculaire tridimensionnel, tout en contrôlant l'erreur d'approximation. Ces méthodes ont permis de dériver un modèle bisurfacique qui permet de simuler des comportements tridimensionnels dans les oreillettes pour un coût numérique bidimensionnel afin d'étudier des phénomènes entrant en jeu lors d'arythmies auriculaires, tels que la dissociation électrique ou des hétérogénéités transmurales. La preuve de la convergence du modèle bisurfacique est apportée, et une stratégie d'optimisation du modèle en dehors du régime asymptotique est formalisée. Une méthode d’homogénéisation est également utilisée pour construire un modèle continu homogénéisé de l'activité des myocytes incluant le comportement non linéaire des gap junctions. Processus déclencheurs d'arythmie Des preuves de concepts de mécanismes arythmogènes sont apportées à l'aide de modèles numériques des veines pulmonaires. Le premier mécanisme repose sur un bloc de conduction unidirectionnel engendré par une discontinuité dans la structure fibreuse. Le second est basé sur une dynamique différente lors de la dépolarisation et de la repolarisation lorsque deux couches de fibres de directions différentes sont superposées. Perpétuation des arythmies auriculaires Un modèle bicouche des oreillettes est construit à partir d'une méthode semi-automatique de construction des fibres que nous avons développées. Nous étudions avec l'influence d'hétérogénéités transmurales de fibrose sur la perpétuation des arythmies. Plusieurs protocoles d'ablation sont ensuite testés. Enfin, une méthode de personnalisation du modèle auriculaire est formalisée. / Three axes are explored.Derivation of mathematical models of electrophysiological phenomena applied to cardiology Asymptotic analysis methods allow to derive simplified models from three-dimensional complex atrial ones, while controlling approximation errors. We construct a bilayer surface model that allows to simulate three-dimensional phenomena for a bi-dimensional computational load, and to investigate 3D atrial patterns involved in atrial arrhythmia such as electrical dissociation or transmural heterogeneities. We prove the convergence of the bilayer model, and an optimization strategy to improve the model outside the asymptotic regime is formalised. Homogeneisation methods are also used to construct a homogenized continuous model of the electrical activity of the myocytes that includes the non linear behavior of gap junctions. Triggers of atrial arrhythmia Proofs of concept of arrhythmogenic mechanisms are given by using numerical models of the pulmonary veins. The first mechanism is based on a unidirectional conduction block triggered by a discontinuity of the fibre distribution. The second one comes from a different propagation pattern during the depolarization and the repolarization when two layer of fibres are superimposed. Atrial arrhythmia perpetuation A bilayer model of the atria is constructed from a semi automatic method that we developed. We investigate the influence of transmural heterogeneities of the distribution of fibrosis on the perpetuation of atrial arrhythmia. Several ablation protocols are assessed. Finally, a method of personalization of the model is given.

Einleitung: Die Vena jugularis interna (VJI) gilt als das wichtigste Gefäß der zerebralen Drainage. Es gibt jedoch Hinweise darauf, dass das vertebrale Venensystem in Abhängigkeit von der Körperposition, an der zerebralen venösen Drainage beteiligt ist. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit soll die Bedeutung der VJI und des vertebralen Venensystems für die zerebralvenöse Drainage in unterschiedlichen Körperpositionen untersucht werden. Methode: Bei 23 gesunden Probanden wurde der Blutfluss in den VJI und den Vv. vertebrales (VV) duplexsonographisch bestimmt. Dazu wurde die Person auf einem Kipptisch gelagert. Die Messungen wurden in den Positionen -15° (Kopftieflage), 0° (horizontal), 15°, 30°, 45°, und 90° (Stehen) durchgeführt. Der arterielle zerebrale Blutfluss (CBFA) wurde in den Positionen 0° und 45° bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Der Blutfluss der VJI ging von 810 ? 360 ml/min in Kopftieflage (-15°) auf 70 ? 100 ml/min im Stehen zurück. Gleichzeitig stieg der Blutfluss VV von 20 ? 15 ml/min in Kopftieflage auf 210 ? 120 ml/min im Stehen an. Der CBFA betrug 800 ? 153 ml/min in der 0°-Position und 720 ? 105 ml/min in der 45°-Position. Diskussion: Es konnte eine deutliche Lageabhängigkeit der zerebralvenösen Drainage nachgewiesen werden. Es zeigte sich, dass die zentrale Bedeutung der VJI für die zerebrale venöse Drainage auf die liegende Position beschränkt ist. Im Stehen verläuft die zerebrale venöse Drainage weitgehend über das vertebrale Venensystem. / Background: The internal jugular veins (IJV) are considered to be the main outflow of cerebral venous blood. However, there is evidence that the vertebral venous system also forms part of the cerebral venous outflow, depending on the position of the body. This paper asseses the hemodynamic consequences of postural changes in cerebral venous drainage by color-coded duplex sonography. Methods: Volume-blood-flow-measurements were conducted in 23 healthy volunteers in supine position on a tilt table. Both IJV and VV were studied in -15° (head-down tilt), 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, and 90° (upright position) tilt. Arterial cerebral blood flow (CBFA) was measured in 0° and 45°-position. Results: Bloodflow in the IJV dropped from 810 ? 360 ml/min in the head-down-position (-15°) to 70 ? 100 ml/min at 90°. Simultaneously blood flow in the VV increased from 20 ? 15 ml/min in -15°-position to 210 ? 120 ml/min in the 90°-position. Discussion: The results show, that the cerebral blood drainage pathways depend heavily on the inclination of the body. The role of the IJV as the main drainage pathway of the cerebral blood appears to be confined to the supine position. In the erect position, the vertebral venous system was found to be the major outflow pathway in humans.

Submitted by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-09-28T13:11:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO KLAUS STEINBRUCK.pdf: 1704112 bytes, checksum: 061dda187540e95c23369cc5a57f8c98 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-09-28T13:12:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO KLAUS STEINBRUCK.pdf: 1704112 bytes, checksum: 061dda187540e95c23369cc5a57f8c98 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-28T13:12:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO KLAUS STEINBRUCK.pdf: 1704112 bytes, checksum: 061dda187540e95c23369cc5a57f8c98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso, Serviço de Cirurgia Hepato-Biliar / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as complicações associadas às reconstruções vasculares nos receptores de Transplante Hepático Intervivos operados no Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso, no período de dezembro de 2001 e fevereiro de 2011. Foram levantados dados referentes aos receptores, seus respectivos doadores e relacionados ao procedimento cirúrgico, visando identificar possíveis fatores de risco ao desenvolvimento das complicações vasculares. Cento e quarenta e quatro transplantes foram realizados em 141 receptores, 76 adultos e 65 crianças. Foram identificadas sete complicações (4,9% do total) da artéria hepática, cinco complicações (3,5%) da veia porta e uma complicação (0,7%) da veia hepática. Devido ao pequeno número de complicações, não foi possível realizar análise estatística de fatores de risco. A sobrevida em um ano dos pacientes com e sem complicação vascular foi de 26% e 82%, respectivamente. A sobrevida em um ano dos enxertos utilizados em pacientes com e sem complicação vascular foi de 15% e 82%, respectivamente. Houve diferença estatística (p < 0,001) na sobrevida de pacientes e enxertos, que foi menor no grupo que apresentou complicações vasculares. Concluiu-se que as técnicas de reconstrução vascular utilizadas no Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso apresentam resultados comparáveis aos grandes centros internacionais. A presença de complicação na reconstrução vascular diminui a sobrevida do receptor e do enxerto / The objective of this study was to evaluate the complications associated with vascular reconstruction in recipients of living donor liver transplantation at Bonsucesso Federal Hospital, between December 2001 and February 2011. Data associated to recipients, their donors and surgical procedure were collected to identify possible risk factors for vascular complications development. One hundred and forty-four transplants were performed in 141 recipients, 76 adults and 65 children. We identified seven hepatic artery complications (4.9% of total), five complications (3.5%) of portal vein and one complication (0.7%) of hepatic vein. Due to the small number of complications, statistical analysis of risk factors could not be performed. The 1-year survival of patients with and without vascular complications was 26% and 82%, respectively. The 1-year survival of grafts in patients with and without vascular complications was 15% and 82%, respectively. There was statistical difference (p <0.001) on survival of patients and grafts, which was lower in the group with vascular complications. It was concluded that techniques used in vascular reconstruction at Bonsucesso Federal Hospital showed results comparable to major international centers. The presence of vascular complications in the reconstruction decreases survival of recipients and grafts

No description available.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La fibrilación auricular (FA) es la arritmia cardíaca más común. A pesar de la gran popularidad de la ablación con catéter (AC) como tratamiento principal, todavía hay margen de mejora. Aunque las venas pulmonares (VPs) son los principales focos de FA, muchos sitios pueden contribuir a su propagación, formando el sustrato de la FA (SFA). El mapeo preciso del SFA y el registro de la modificación del SFA, como marcador positivo después de AC, son fundamentales. Los electrocardiogramas (ECG) y los electrogramas (EGM) se reclutan para este propósito. Los EGM se utilizan para detectar candidatos de AC como áreas que provocan o perpetúan la FA. Por lo tanto, el análisis de EGM es una parte indispensable de AC. Con la capacidad de observar las aurículas globalmente, la principal aplicación de los ECG es evaluar la modificación del SFA analizando las ondas f o P. A pesar del extenso análisis de cualquiera de los tipos de registro, existen algunas brechas. La AC no-VP aumenta el tiempo en quirófano, provocando mayores riesgos y costos. En cuanto al análisis de la modificación del SFA, se utilizan varios umbrales para definir una onda P prolongada. El principal objetivo de la presente Tesis es contribuir al esfuerzo de análisis de SFA y de modificación de SFA. Para ello, la presente Tesis se desarrolló bajo dos hipótesis principales. Que la calidad de la información extraída durante el SFA y el análisis de modificación del SFA se puede mejorar mediante la introducción de pasos innovadores. Además, la combinación de análisis de ECG y EGM puede aumentar la resolución del mapeo y revelar nueva información sobre los mecanismos de FA. Para cumplir con el objetivo principal, el análisis se divide en 4 partes, conformando los 4 capítulos del Compendio de articulos. En primer lugar, se reclutó la dimensión de correlación de grano grueso (DCGG). DCGG localizó de manera confiable EGM complejos y la clasificación por tipos de FA arrojó una precisión del 84 %. Luego, se adoptó un análisis alternativo de la onda P, estudiando por separado su primera y su segunda parte, correspondientes a la aurícula derecha (AD) e izquierda (AI). Los resultados indicaron LA como la principal fuente de modificación del SFA y subrayaron la importancia de estudiar partes integrales de ECG. Los hallazgos de este estudio también sugieren la implementación de partes integrales de ondas P como un posible alivio de las discrepancias en los umbrales de ondas P para definir el tejido fibrótico. Posteriormente, se estudió el efecto diferente del aislamiento de la VP izquierda (AVPI) y derecha (AVPD) sobre la modificación del SFA. AVPI fue la parte crítica, siendo la fuente exclusiva de acortamiento de onda P. El análisis de los registros durante la AC también permitió una observación más cercana de las fluctuaciones de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca (VFC) a lo largo del procedimiento de CA, lo que reveló información sobre el efecto de la energía de radiofrecuencia (RF) en el tejido auricular. La última parte se centró en el seno coronario (SC), una estructura fundamental en el mapeo de FA para aumentar la resolución de la información. Se definieron los canales más y menos robustos durante el ritmo sinusal (RS) y se investigó la utilidad de SC en la evaluación de la modificación del SFA. Aunque CS no proporcionó una imagen global de la alteración del SFA, pudo registrar con mayor sensibilidad las fluctuaciones en la respuesta auricular durante la AC. Los hallazgos presentados en esta Tesis Doctoral ofrecen una perspectiva alternativa sobre la modificación del SFA y contribuyen al esfuerzo general sobre el mapeo de FA y la evaluación del sustrato posterior a la CAAC, abriendo futuras líneas de investigación hacia una resolución más alta y un mapeo más eficiente de los mecanismos desencadenantes de la FA. / [CA] La fibril·lació auricular (FA) és l'arítmia cardíaca més comú. Tot i la gran popularitat de l'ablació amb catèter (AC) com a tractament principal, encara hi ha marge de millora. Tot i que les venes pulmonars (VPs) són els principals focus de FA, molts llocs poden contribuir a la seva propagació, formant el substrat de la FA (SFA). El mapatge precís de l'SFA i el registre de la modificació de l'SFA, com a marcador positiu després d'AC, són fonamentals. Els electrocardiogrames (ECG) i els electrogrames (EGM) es recluten per a aquest propòsit. Els EGM es fan servir per detectar candidats d'AC com a àrees que provoquen o perpetuen la FA. Per tant, lanàlisi dEGM és una part indispensable dAC. Amb la capacitat d'observar les aurícules globalment, la principal aplicació dels ECG és avaluar la modificació de l'SFA analitzant les ones f o P. Tot i l'extensa anàlisi de qualsevol dels tipus de registre, hi ha algunes bretxes. L'AC no-VP augmenta el temps a quiròfan, provocant majors riscos i costos. Pel que fa a l'anàlisi de la modificació de l'SFA, s'utilitzen diversos llindars per definir una ona P perllongada. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta Tesi és contribuir a l'esforç d'anàlisi de SFA i de modificació de SFA. Per això, aquesta Tesi es va desenvolupar sota dues hipòtesis principals. Que la qualitat de la informació extreta durant el SFA i lanàlisi de modificació de lSFA es pot millorar mitjançant la introducció de passos innovadors. A més, la combinació d'anàlisi d'ECG i EGM pot augmentar la resolució del mapatge i revelar informació nova sobre els mecanismes de FA. Per complir amb l'objectiu principal, l'anàlisi es divideix en 4 parts i es conforma els 4 capítols del Compendi d'articles. En primer lloc, es va reclutar la dimensió de correlació de gra gruixut (DCGG). DCGG va localitzar de manera fiable EGM complexos i la classificació per tipus de FA va donar una precisió del 84%. Després, es va adoptar una anàlisi alternativa de l'ona P, estudiant per separat la primera i la segona part corresponents a l'aurícula dreta (AD) i esquerra (AI). Els resultats van indicar LA com la font principal de modificació de l'SFA i van subratllar la importància d'estudiar parts integrals d'ECG. Les troballes d'aquest estudi també suggereixen la implementació de parts integrals d'ones P com a possible alleugeriment de les discrepàncies als llindars d'ones P per definir el teixit fibròtic. Posteriorment, es va estudiar l'efecte diferent de l'aïllament de la VP esquerra (AVPI) i la dreta (AVPD) sobre la modificació de l'SFA. AVPI va ser la part crítica, sent la font exclusiva d'escurçament d'ona P. L'anàlisi dels registres durant l'AC també va permetre una observació més propera de les fluctuacions de la variabilitat de la freqüència cardíaca (VFC) al llarg del procediment de CA , cosa que va revelar informació sobre l'efecte de l'energia de radiofreqüència (RF) en el teixit auricular. L'última part es va centrar al si coronari (SC), una estructura fonamental al mapeig de FA per augmentar la resolució de la informació. Es van definir els canals més i menys robustos durant el ritme sinusal (RS) i es va investigar la utilitat de SC a l'avaluació de la modificació de l'SFA. Tot i que CS no va proporcionar una imatge global de l'alteració de l'SFA, va poder registrar amb més sensibilitat les fluctuacions a la resposta auricular durant l'AC. Les troballes presentades en aquesta Tesi Doctoral ofereixen una perspectiva alternativa sobre la modificació de l'SFA i contribueixen a l'esforç general sobre el mapeig de FA i l'avaluació del substrat posterior a la CAAC, obrint futures línies de recerca cap a una resolució més alta i un mapeig més eficient dels mecanismes desencadenants de la FA. / [EN] Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the commonest cardiac arrhythmia. Despite the high popularity of catheter ablation (CA) as the main treatment, there is still room for improvement. Time spent in AF affects the AF confrontation and evolution, with 1,15% of paroxysmal AF patients progressing to persistent annually. Therefore, from diagnosis to follow-up, every aspect that contributes to the AF confrontation is of utmost importance. Although pulmonary veins (PVs) are the main AF foci, many sites may contribute to the AF propagation, by triggering or sustaining the AF, forming the AF substrate. Precise AF substrate mapping and recording of the AF substrate modification, as a positive marker after CA sessions, are critical. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) and electrograms (EGMs) are vastly recruited for this purpose. EGMs are used to detect candidate CA targets as areas that provoke or perpetuate AF. Hence, EGMs analysis is an indispensable part of the CA procedure. With the ability to observe the atria globally, ECGs' main application is to assess the AF substrate modification by analyzing f- or P-waves from recordings before and after CA. Despite the extensive analysis on either recording types, some gaps exist. Non-PV CA increases the time in operation room, provoking higher risks and costs. Furthermore, whether non-PV CA is beneficial is under dispute. As for the AF substrate modification analysis, various thresholds are used to define a prolonged P-wave, related with poor CA prognostics. The main objective of the present Thesis is to contribute to the effort of AF substrate and AF substrate modification analysis. For this purpose, the present Thesis was developed under two main hypotheses. That the information quality extracted during AF substrate and AF substrate modification analysis can be improved by introducing innovative steps. Also, that combining ECG and EGM analysis can augment the mapping resolution and reveal new information regarding AF mechanisms. To accomplish the main objective, the analysis is split in 4 parts, forming the 4 chapters of the Compendium of publications. Firstly, coarse-grained correlation dimension (CGCD) was recruited. CGCD reliably localized highly complex EGMs and classification by AF types yielded 84% accuracy. Then, an alternative P-wave analysis was suggested, studying separately the first and second P-wave parts, corresponding to the right (RA) and left (LA) atrium. The findings indicated LA as the main AF substrate modification source and underlined the importance of studying integral ECG parts. The findings of this study additionally suggest the implementation of integral P-wave parts as a possible alleviation for the discrepancies in P-wave thresholds to define fibrotic tissue. Afterwards, the different effect of left (LPVI) and right pulmonary vein isolation (RPVI) on the AF substrate modification was studied. LPVI was the critical part, being the exclusive source of P-wave shortening. Analysis of recordings during CA also allowed a closer observation of the heart rate variability (HRV) fluctuations throughout the CA procedure, revealing information on the effect of radiofrequency (RF) energy on the atrial tissue. The last part was focused on coronary sinus (CS), a fundamental structure in AF mapping to increase the information resolution. The most and least robust channels during sinus rhythm (SR) were defined and the utility of CS in AF substrate modification evaluation was investigated. Although CS did not provide a global picture of the AF substrate alteration, it was able to record with higher sensitivity the fluctuations in the atrial response during the application of RF energy. The findings presented in this Doctoral Thesis offer an alternative perspective on the AF substrate modification and contribute to the overall effort on AF mapping and post-CA substrate evaluation, opening future lines of research towards a higher resolution and more efficient mapping of the AF drivers. / Vraka, A. (2022). Characterization of the Substrate Modification in Patients Undergoing Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/191410 / Compendio

Use of Re-Os systematics in sulfides from the Bagdad porphyry Cu-Mo deposit provide information on the timing of mineralization and the source of the ore -forming elements. Analyzed samples of pyrite, chalcopyrite and molybdenite mainly from the quartz monzonite and porphyritic quartz monzonite units are characterized by a moderate to strong potassic alteration (secondary biotite and K- feldspar). Rhenium concentrations in molybdenite are between 330 and 730 ppm. Two molybdenite samples from the quartz monzonite and porphyritic quartz monzonite provide a Re-Os isotope age of 71.7 ± 0.3 Ma. A third sample from a molybdenite vein in Precambrian rocks yields an age of 75.8 ± 0.4 Ma. These molybdenite ages support previous suggestions of two mineralization episodes in the Bagdad deposit. An early event at 76 Ma and a later episode at 72 Ma. Pyrite Os and Re concentrations range between 0.008-0.016 and 3.9-6.8 ppb, respectively. Chalcopyrite contains a wide range of Os (6 to 91 ppt) and Re (1.7 to 69 ppb) concentrations and variable ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios that range between 0.13 to 22.27. This variability in the chalcopyrite data may be attributed to different copper sources, one of them the Proterozoic volcanic massive sulfides in the district, or to alteration and remobilization of Re and Os. Analyses from two pyrite samples yield an eight point isochron with an age of 77 ± 15 Ma and an initial ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratio of 2.12. This pyrite Re-Os isochron age is in good agreement with the molybdenite ages. We interpret the highly radiogenic initial 1870s/188Os as an indication that the source of Os and, by inference, the ore-forming elements for the Bagdad deposit, was mainly the crust. This conclusion agrees with previous Pb and Nd isotope studies and supports the notion that a significant part of the metals and magmas have a crustal source.

No / BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance imaging and echo color Doppler (ECD) scan techniques do not accurately assess the cerebral venous return. This generated considerable scientific controversy linked with the diagnosis of a vascular syndrome known as chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) characterized by restricted venous outflow from the brain. The purpose of this study was to assess the cerebral venous return in relation to the change in position by means of a novel cervical plethysmography method. METHODS: This was a single-center, cross-sectional, blinded case-control study conducted at the Vascular Diseases Center, University of Ferrara, Italy. The study involved 40 healthy controls (HCs; 18 women and 22 men) with a mean age of 41.5 +/- 14.4 years, and 44 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS; 25 women and 19 men) with a mean age of 41.0 +/- 12.1 years. All participants were previously scanned using ECD sonography, and further subset in HC (CCSVI negative at ECD) and CCSVI groups. Subjects blindly underwent cervical plethysmography, tipping them from the upright (90 degrees ) to supine position (0 degrees ) in a chair. Once the blood volume stabilized, they were returned to the upright position, allowing blood to drain from the neck. We measured venous volume (VV), filling time (FT), filling gradient (FG) required to achieve 90% of VV, residual volume (RV), emptying time (ET), and emptying gradient (EG) required to achieve 90% of emptying volume (EV) where EV = VV - RV, also analyzing the considered parameters by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and principal component mathematical analysis. RESULTS: The rate at which venous blood discharged in the vertical position (EG) was significantly faster in the controls (2.73 mL/second +/- 1.63) compared with the patients with CCSVI (1.73 mL/second +/- 0.94; P = .001). In addition, respectively, in controls and in patients with CCSVI, the following parameters were highly significantly different: FT 5.81 +/- 1.99 seconds vs 4.45 +/- 2.16 seconds (P = .003); FG 0.92 +/- 0.45 mL/second vs 1.50 +/- 0.85 mL/second (P < .001); RV 0.54 +/- 1.31 mL vs 1.37 +/- 1.34 mL (P = .005); ET 1.84 +/- 0.54 seconds vs 2.66 +/- 0.95 seconds (P < .001). Mathematical analysis demonstrated a higher variability of the dynamic process of cerebral venous return in CCSVI. Finally, ROC analysis demonstrated a good sensitivity of the proposed test with a percent concordant 83.8, discordant 16.0, tied 0.2 (C = 0.839). CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral venous return characteristics of the patients with CCSVI were markedly different from those of the controls. In addition, our results suggest that cervical plethysmography has great potential as an inexpensive screening device and as a postoperative monitoring tool.

“Overworking to death” is a phenomenon that has been noticeable in developing countries. The cause of death is mainly through ischemic strokes. While the victims’ occupations differed, they all shared a common characteristic, being positioned in a sedentary work, ranging from IT workers to doctors. This project’s aim was to develop a product that prevented or decreased the strokes that derived from sedentary overwork. This was mainly tackled by preventing one of the three causes of developing blood props, slowed blood flow. In order to gather rich data of the phenomenon, a qualitative study was conducted in China, during two months. By doing an extensive structured sampling, information rich data could be gathered during a short period of time. Data were derived from observations, questionnaires and an interview, which then was interpreted to customer needs and the final product specification. The final product became a trouser with an in built dynamic compression mechanic, that can compress the veins mostly during sitting activities, in order to prevent blood stasis. The compression mechanic works like the Chinese finger trap; compressing the calves while sitting and stretching the legs forward. It is made only out of polysaccharides fibres; cotton and corn. / "Guolaosi" eller död från överarbete är ett fenomen som i regel uppkommer bland utvecklingsländer. Dödsorsaken är huvudsakligen genom stroke. Offrens yrken varierar allt från professorer, IT-arbetare till läkare. De delar dock en sak gemensamt; att arbeta under långa perioder stillasittande. Projektets mål var att utveckla en produkt som minskar dödliga följderna av sedentära överarbete, genom att förebygga en av de tre orsakerna för att utveckla blodproppar; saktad blodström. Målgruppen var då kineser av de yrken som hade tidigare drabbats av fenomenet. För att samla informationsrika data om fenomenet genomfördes en kvalitativ studie i Kina under två månader. Genom att göra en omfattande strukturerad provtagning kunde informationsrika data samlas under en kort tidsperiod. Fältstudien bestod av observationer, frågeformulär och en intervju, som då tolkades till kundbehov och eventuellt produktspecifikationen. Den slutliga produkten kom att bli ett par byxor med en inbyggd dynamisk komprimeringsmekanism, som kan komprimera venerna under sittande aktiviteter, för att förhindra saktad blodström. Kompressionsmekanismen fungerar som den kinesiska fingerfällan. Den komprimerar blodkärlen medan personen sitter och sträcker benen framåt. Produkten är konstruerad på så sätt att den kan tillverkas endast av polysackariders tråd, från bomull och majs. Vilket är lämpligt för Kinas lokala resurser.