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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

MICRODELEÇÕES DA REGIÃO AZF (YQ11) DE DESCENDENTES POR PATRILINHAGEM DE HOMENS INFÉRTEIS

Rodovalho, Ricardo Goulart 27 March 2008 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:39:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Goulart Rodovalho.pdf: 490214 bytes, checksum: 86f31d10876ac161981506bf61d01362 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-27 / Male infertility is under a difficult condition of treatment, because it is not a single entity, but reflecting a variety of different pathological conditions, preventing a unique strategy of treatment. Structural changes in Y chromosome have been responsible for male infertility. We examined 26 family members of 13 patients with male infertility and had deletions in the AZF region. In the family 01, a father and a brother did not present a microdeletion. However, one son present a microdeletion in AZFa (sY84) and spermogram azoospermic but the another son present a microdeletion in AZFa (sY84) and AZFb (sY127) and a normal spermogram. The father of the family 02, a severe oligozoospermic man, presented a microdeletion in AZFa (sY84) and his son, conceived by ICSI process, also presented the same microdeletion. In the other families, only the men with changed spermogram had presented the microdeletion. Probably, in family 01, the father and the brother without microdeletions can to present microdeletions of previous or posterior regions to that one analyzed. The treatment with ICSI can lead to the vertical transmission of microdeletions in AZF region and also it can cause in the expansion of the mutation de novo . This result reinforces the need for an investigation of Y chromosome microdeletion in individual candidates for assisted reproduction, as well as a tracking genetic counseling. / A infertilidade masculina é considerada uma condição de difícil tratamento, o que ocorre pelo fato dela não ser uma entidade única, mas refletir uma variedade de diferentes condições patológicas, dificultando uma estratégia única de tratamento. Alterações estruturais no cromossomo Y têm sido o principal responsável pela infertilidade masculina. Nós investigamos 26 familiares de 13 pacientes portadores de infertilidade masculina que apresentaram deleções na região AZF. Na família 01, o pai e um irmão não apresentaram microdeleção. Entretanto um filho apresentou microdeleção em AZFa (sY84) e espermograma azoospérmico, mas o outro filho apresentou microdeleção em AZFa (sY84) e AZFb (sY127) e um espermograma normal. O pai da família 02, oligozoospérmico severo, apresentou microdeleção na região AZFa (sY84) e seu filho, gerado através da ICSI, também apresentou a mesma microdeleção. Nas outras famílias, apenas os homens com espermograma alterado apresentaram a microdeleção. Provavelmente, na família 01, o pai e o irmão sem microdeleção podem apresentar microdeleções em regiões anteriores ou posteriores àquela analisada. O tratamento com ICSI pode levar à transmissão vertical de microdeleções da região AZF e também pode ocasionar na expansão da mutação de novo . Este resultado reforça a necessidade de uma investigação de microdeleção do cromossomo Y em indivíduos candidatos a reprodução assistida, assim como um acompanhamento e aconselhamento genético.
12

Mães soropositivas: análise compreensiva do trajeto de vida pós-transmissão vertical à luz da Psicologia Fenomenologica- Existencial

Laray, Marília Maciel 14 May 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-06-01T13:15:13Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Capa-Marília Maciel Laray.pdf: 252421 bytes, checksum: 3bbafd51f20e88a67b17d0ca7d6fad51 (MD5) Ficha catalográfica- Marília Maciel Laray.pdf: 1895 bytes, checksum: 28ce72f4948caad2a269faacf0461fd8 (MD5) Dissertação-Marília Maciel Laray.pdf: 820917 bytes, checksum: 6d075a022a84b9d4521f03912a1c5e23 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-01T13:42:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Capa-Marília Maciel Laray.pdf: 252421 bytes, checksum: 3bbafd51f20e88a67b17d0ca7d6fad51 (MD5) Ficha catalográfica- Marília Maciel Laray.pdf: 1895 bytes, checksum: 28ce72f4948caad2a269faacf0461fd8 (MD5) Dissertação-Marília Maciel Laray.pdf: 820917 bytes, checksum: 6d075a022a84b9d4521f03912a1c5e23 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-01T13:42:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Capa-Marília Maciel Laray.pdf: 252421 bytes, checksum: 3bbafd51f20e88a67b17d0ca7d6fad51 (MD5) Ficha catalográfica- Marília Maciel Laray.pdf: 1895 bytes, checksum: 28ce72f4948caad2a269faacf0461fd8 (MD5) Dissertação-Marília Maciel Laray.pdf: 820917 bytes, checksum: 6d075a022a84b9d4521f03912a1c5e23 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-01T13:42:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Capa-Marília Maciel Laray.pdf: 252421 bytes, checksum: 3bbafd51f20e88a67b17d0ca7d6fad51 (MD5) Ficha catalográfica- Marília Maciel Laray.pdf: 1895 bytes, checksum: 28ce72f4948caad2a269faacf0461fd8 (MD5) Dissertação-Marília Maciel Laray.pdf: 820917 bytes, checksum: 6d075a022a84b9d4521f03912a1c5e23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-14 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attacks the immune system, responsible for defending the body from invading organisms. This is the virus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which makes, in its advanced state, the human body more vulnerable to other diseases – so called opportunistic. Admittedly, both in biological and social aspect, there has been significant progress and positive development in these last three decades. The patients, who in early decades would have the virus rampantly spreading itself through their system, nowadays have extensive medical care and treatment, being able to gain control over it thus making it possible for them develop a healthy lifestyle. In the case of HIV-positive mothers, beyond all expectation and steadiness put on their shoulders, the chances of virus transmission to the child can result in anxiety throughout the maternity process. In this context, this research is aimed at understanding, through discourse, how mothers experience: the communication of the vertical transmission diagnosis and the route taken after this communication, from the philosophy by Martin Heidegger. It is a qualitative research, developed in accordance with the precepts of the phenomenological method, which advocates to understand the later on what it meant within its speech. Data collection was carried out by the assessment of individual interviews that originated from a guiding question through which various scenarios emerged and led to successful achievement of the proposed objective. In order to do an analysis that targets only the observed fact, the research is based on phenomenology, since it aims to directly investigate the phenomena that are experienced by consciousness, free of assumptions and prejudice. The interview was applied in six mothers who met the pre-established criteria. From the reports of the experiences six meanings attributed to the experience of mothers in the situation of vertical transmission of HIV were categorized, being related to the following themes: living with the facticity; feeling safe with the facticity: the various supports; living with the disease: characteristics of the living; idiosyncrasies of living with AIDS; and the transformations take place; present, past and future: temporalizing facticity. / O Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) ataca o sistema imunológico, responsável por defender o corpo de organismos invasores Esse vírus é o causador da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS), que consiste em seu estado avançado, tornando o organismo humano mais vulnerável a outras doenças – chamadas de oportunistas. É certo que, tanto no aspecto biológico quanto no social, houve avanços significativos nessas últimas três décadas e evolução positiva no tratamento. O vírus, antes se espalhando descontrolado no indivíduo portador, hoje este possui amplo tratamento medicamentoso e assistencial. A doença, atualmente, é capaz de ser controlada e, consequentemente, a pessoa pode desenvolver uma vida saudável. No caso das mães soropositivas, além de toda cobrança e posição que as pessoas em geral esperam de uma mãe, a possibilidade de transmissão do vírus ao filho pode acarretar momentos de ansiedade ao processo de maternidade. Neste contexto, esta investigação se propôs a compreender, através do discurso, como as mães vivenciam: a comunicação do diagnóstico de transmissão vertical e o trajeto percorrido após essa comunicação; a partir da filosofia de Martin Heidegger. É uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa e desenvolveu-se de acordo com os preceitos do método fenomenológico, que preconiza compreender o outro naquilo que ele traz em seu discurso. A obtenção dos dados deu-se através da realização de entrevistas individuais que partiram de uma questão norteadora através da qual surgiram vários desdobramentos que possibilitaram alcançar o objetivo proposto. Com a finalidade de se fazer uma análise que visasse unicamente o fato observado, a pesquisa é baseada na fenomenologia, já que esta tem por objetivo investigar de forma direta os fenômenos que são experienciados pela consciência, livres de pressupostos e preconceitos. A entrevista foi aplicada em seis mães que preenchiam os critérios pré-estabelecidos para a escolha das mesmas. A partir dos relatos das experiências categorizamos seis significados atribuídos à vivência das mães na situação de transmissão vertical do HIV. Sendo esses relacionados aos seguintes temas: diante da facticidade; sentir-se segura diante da facticidade: os vários apoios; con-vivendo com a patologia: características da vivência; as idiossincrasias do viver com AIDS; e as transformações acontecem; presente, passado e futuro: temporalizando a facticidade.
13

Evolution and ecology of Drosophila sigma viruses

Longdon, Ben John January 2011 (has links)
Insects are host to a diverse range of vertically transmitted micro-organisms, but while their bacterial symbionts are well-studied, little is known about their vertically transmitted viruses. The sigma virus (DMelSV) is currently the only natural hostspecific pathogen to be described in Drosophila melanogaster. In this thesis I have examined; the diversity and evolution of sigma viruses in Drosophila, their transmission and population dynamics, and their ability to host shift. I have described six new rhabdoviruses in five Drosophila species — D. affinis, D. obscura, D. tristis, D. immigrans and D. ananassae — and one in a member of the Muscidae, Muscina stabulans (Chapters two and four). These viruses have been tentatively named as DAffSV, DObsSV, DTriSV, DImmSV, DAnaSV and MStaSV respectively. I sequenced the complete genomes of DObsSV and DMelSV, the L gene from DAffSV and partial L gene sequences from the other viruses. Using this new sequence data I created a phylogeny of the rhabdoviruses (Chapter two). The sigma viruses form a distinct clade which is closely related to the Dimarhabdovirus supergroup, and the high levels of divergence between these viruses suggest that they may deserve to be recognised as a new genus. Furthermore, this analysis produced the most robustly supported phylogeny of the Rhabdoviridae to date, allowing me to reconstruct the major transitions that have occurred during the evolution of the family. This data suggests that the bias towards research into plants and vertebrates means that much of the diversity of rhabdoviruses has been missed, and rhabdoviruses may be common pathogens of insects. In Chapter three I examined whether the new sigma viruses in Drosophila affinis and Drosophila obscura are both vertically transmitted. As is the case for DMelSV, both males and females can transmit these viruses to their offspring. Males transmit lower viral titres through sperm than females transmit through eggs, and a lower proportion of their offspring become infected. I then examined natural populations of D. obscura in the UK; 39% of flies were infected and the viral population shows clear evidence of a recent expansion, with extremely low genetic diversity and a large excess of rare polymorphisms. Using sequence data I estimate that the virus has swept across the UK within the last ~11 years, during which time the viral population size doubled approximately every 9 months. Using simulations based on lab estimates of transmission rates, I show that the biparental mode of transmission allows the virus to invade and rapidly spread through populations, at rates consistent with those measured in the field. Therefore, as predicted by the simulations, the virus has undergone an extremely rapid and recent increase in population size. In Chapter four I investigated for the first time whether vertically transmitted viruses undergo host shifts or cospeciate with their hosts. Using a phylogenetic approach I show that sigma viruses have switched between hosts during their evolutionary history. These results suggest that sigma virus infections may be short-lived in a given host lineage, so that their long-term persistence relies on rare horizontal transmission events between hosts. In Chapter five I examined the ability of three Drosophila sigma viruses to persist and replicate in 51 hosts sampled across the Drosophilidae phylogeny. I used a phylogenetic mixed model to account for the non-independence of host taxa due to common ancestry, which additionally allows integration over the uncertainty in the host phylogeny. In two out of the three viruses there was a negative correlation between viral titre and genetic distance from the natural host. Additionally the host phylogeny explains an extremely high proportion of the variation (after considering genetic distance from the natural host) in the ability of these viruses to replicate in novel hosts (>0.8 for all viruses). There were strong phylogenetic correlations between all the viruses (>0.65 for all pairs), suggesting a given species’ level of resistance to one virus is strongly correlated with its resistance to other viruses. This suggests the host phylogeny, and genetic distance from the natural host, may be important in determining viruses ability to host switch. This work has aimed to address fundamental questions relating to host-parasite coevolution and pathogen emergence. The data presented suggests that sigma viruses are likely to be widespread vertically transmitted insect viruses, which have dynamic interactions with their hosts. These viruses appear to have switched between hosts during their evolutionary history and it is likely the host phylogeny is a determinant of such host shifts.
14

Bayesian compartmental models for zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas

Ozanne, Marie Veronica 01 May 2019 (has links)
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious neglected tropical disease that is endemic in 98 countries and presents a significant public health risk. The epidemiology of VL is complex. In the Americas, it is a zoonotic disease that is caused by a parasite and transmitted among humans and dogs through the bite of an infected sand fly vector. The infection also can be transmitted vertically from mother to child during pregnancy. Infected individuals can be classified as asymptomatic or symptomatic; both classes can transmit infection. In part due to its complexity, VL transmission dynamics are not fully understood. Stochastic compartmental epidemic models are a powerful set of tools that can be used to study these transmission dynamics. Past compartmental models for VL have been developed in a deterministic framework to accommodate complexity while remaining computationally tractable. In this work, we propose stochastic compartmental models for VL, which are simpler than their deterministic counterparts, but also have several advantages. Notably, this framework allows us to: (1) define a probability of infection transmission between two individuals, (2) obtain both parameter estimates and corresponding uncertainty measures, and (3) employ formal model comparisons. In this dissertation, we develop both population level and individual level Bayesian compartmental models to study both vector and vertical VL transmission dynamics. As part of this model development, we introduce a compartmental model that allows for two infectious classes. We also derive source specific reproductive numbers to quantify the contributions of different species and infectious classes to maintaining infection in a population. Finally, we propose a formal model comparison method for Bayesian models with high-dimensional discrete parameter spaces. These models, reproductive numbers, and model comparison method are explored in the context of simulations and real VL data from Brazil and the United States.
15

Host factors that alter Leishmania infantum transmission

Toepp, Angela Jean 01 May 2018 (has links)
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that affects humans and animals in more than 98 countries across the globe placing more than 1 billion people at risk for the disease and killing more than 20,000 people per year. In the United States the disease is enzootic within the hunting dog population and vertical transmission has been identified as the primary route of transmission in this population. In Brazil the disease is endemic in the human population and enzootic in the dog population with vector and vertical transmission having been reported. In many diseases reports have found there is increased disease severity when an individual is co-infected with another organism. Case reports have suggested this may also occur with tick borne diseases and leishmaniosis in dogs but there is limited longitudinal data to support this relationship. Even less is known and understood regarding the risk factors and basic reproduction number, number of secondary cases one infected individual can cause in a susceptible population, of leishmaniosis in regards to vertical transmission. The goal of the work presented in this thesis is to address host factors related to the transmission of L. infantum and the way in which co-infections affect the progression of the disease both in the U.S. and in Brazil. Understanding the risk factors associated with the transmission of the parasite Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of the disease, are necessary to controlling and potentially elimination the disease. Utilizing a large prospective cohort and both active and passive surveillance it was identified that leishmaniosis can be maintained in a population via vertical transmission at prevalence rates similar to other endemic countries, 20%. With this knowledge an additional study examining a longitudinal cohort and assessing the impact of tick borne disease co-infections upon disease transmission was performed. It was identified that dogs exposed to three or more tick borne diseases were 11x more likely to progress to clinical disease (Adjusted RR: 11.64 95% CI: 1.22-110.99 p-value: 0.03) than dogs with no tick borne disease exposures. Furthermore, dogs with Leishmania and tick borne disease were 5x more likely to die within the study (RR: 4.85 95% CI: 1.65-14.24 p-value: 0.0051). When examining this relationship in a cross-sectional study in Brazil it was found that dogs with multiple tick borne disease exposures had 1.68x greater risk of being positive for Leishmania (Adjusted RR: 1.68 95% CI: 1.09-2.61 p-value: 0.019). Using a retrospective cohort of dogs and information regarding their dam’s diagnostic status near the time of pregnancy risk factors associated with vertical transmission and the basic reproduction number were calculated. It was found that dogs who were born to dams that were ever diagnostically positive for exposure and/or infection with L. infantum were 13.84x more likely become positive for L. infantum within their lifetime (RR: 13.84 95% CI: 3.54-54.20 p-value < 0.0001). The basic reproduction number for vertically transmitted L. infantum within this cohort was 4.16. The results of these studies suggest that leishmaniosis can be maintained in a population through vertical transmission. Furthermore, the studies show the risk factors associated with vertical transmission relate to the mother’s diagnostic status at time of pregnancy. The results of the co-infection studies highlight the importance of tick prevention in order to reduce disease progression. With increased disease severity associated with increased transmission to potential vectors these studies underline the need for immunotherapies and prevention measures to reduce disease progression in order to reduce transmission. Furthermore, these studies highlight the need for public health control and prevention programs to address vertical transmission if elimination of the disease is to ever be successful.
16

The Impact of GB Virus C co-infection on Mother to Child transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Bhanich Supapol, Wendy C. 03 March 2010 (has links)
GB virus C (GBV-C) is a common, apathogenic virus that can inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in vitro. Persistent coinfection with GBV-C has been associated with improved survival among HIV-infected adults while loss of GBV-C viremia has been associated with poor survival. If GBV-C does inhibit HIV replication, it is possible that GBV-C infection may reduce mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HIV. This study investigated whether maternal or infant GBV-C infection was associated with reduced MTCT of HIV infection. The study population consisted of 1,783 pregnant women from three Bangkok perinatal HIV transmission studies (1992-94, 1996-7, 1999-2004). We tested plasma collected at delivery for GBV-C RNA, GBV-C antibody, and GBV-C viral genotype. If maternal GBV-C RNA was detected, the four- or six-month infant specimen was tested for GBV-C RNA. Rates of MTCT of HIV in GBV-C-infected and GBV-C-uninfected women and infants were compared using multiple logistic regression as were associations with MTCT of GBV-C and prevalence of GBV-C infection. The prevalence of GBV-C infection (i.e. presence of RNA or antibody) was 33% among HIV-infected women and 15% among HIV-uninfected women. Forty-one percent of GBV-C-RNA-positive women transmitted GBV-C to their infants. Only two of 101 (2.0%) GBV-C-RNA-positive infants acquired HIV infection compared to 162 (13.2%) of 1,232 of GBV-C-RNA-negative infants (RR 0.15, p<0.0001). This association remained after adjustment for maternal HIV viral load, antiretroviral prophylaxis, CD4+ count and other covariates. MTCT of HIV was not associated with presence of maternal GBV-C RNA or maternal GBV-C antibody. Maternal receipt of antiretroviral therapy was associated with increased MTCT of GBV-C, as was high GBV-C viral load, vaginal delivery and absence of infant HIV infection. GBV-C infection among women was independently associated with more than one lifetime sexual partner, intravenous drug use and HIV-infection. We observed a higher prevalence of GBV-C infection among HIV-infected compared to HIV-uninfected pregnant women in Thailand, likely due to common risk factors. Antiretroviral therapy appears to increase MTCT of GBV-C. Infant GBV-C acquisition, but not maternal GBV-C infection, was significantly associated with reduced MTCT of HIV. Mechanisms for these later two associations are unknown. / Bhanich Supapol W, Remis RS, Raboud J, Millson M, Tappero J, Kaul R, Kulkarni P, McConnell MS, Mock PA, Culnane M, McNicholl J, Roongpisuthipong A, Chotpitayasunondh T, Shaffer N, Butera S. 2008. Reduced mother-to-child transmission of HIV associated with infant but not maternal GB virus C infection. J Infect Dis 197(10):1369-1377. Bhanich Supapol W, Remis RS, Raboud J, Millson M, Tappero JW, Kaul R, Kulkarni P, McConnell MS, Mock PA, McNicholl JM, Vanprarar N, Asavapiriayanont S, Shaffer N, Butera ST. 2009. Mother-to-child transmission of GB virus C in a cohort of women coinfected with GB virus C and HIV in Bangkok, Thailand. J Infect Dis 200:227-235.
17

The Impact of GB Virus C co-infection on Mother to Child transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Bhanich Supapol, Wendy C. 03 March 2010 (has links)
GB virus C (GBV-C) is a common, apathogenic virus that can inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in vitro. Persistent coinfection with GBV-C has been associated with improved survival among HIV-infected adults while loss of GBV-C viremia has been associated with poor survival. If GBV-C does inhibit HIV replication, it is possible that GBV-C infection may reduce mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HIV. This study investigated whether maternal or infant GBV-C infection was associated with reduced MTCT of HIV infection. The study population consisted of 1,783 pregnant women from three Bangkok perinatal HIV transmission studies (1992-94, 1996-7, 1999-2004). We tested plasma collected at delivery for GBV-C RNA, GBV-C antibody, and GBV-C viral genotype. If maternal GBV-C RNA was detected, the four- or six-month infant specimen was tested for GBV-C RNA. Rates of MTCT of HIV in GBV-C-infected and GBV-C-uninfected women and infants were compared using multiple logistic regression as were associations with MTCT of GBV-C and prevalence of GBV-C infection. The prevalence of GBV-C infection (i.e. presence of RNA or antibody) was 33% among HIV-infected women and 15% among HIV-uninfected women. Forty-one percent of GBV-C-RNA-positive women transmitted GBV-C to their infants. Only two of 101 (2.0%) GBV-C-RNA-positive infants acquired HIV infection compared to 162 (13.2%) of 1,232 of GBV-C-RNA-negative infants (RR 0.15, p<0.0001). This association remained after adjustment for maternal HIV viral load, antiretroviral prophylaxis, CD4+ count and other covariates. MTCT of HIV was not associated with presence of maternal GBV-C RNA or maternal GBV-C antibody. Maternal receipt of antiretroviral therapy was associated with increased MTCT of GBV-C, as was high GBV-C viral load, vaginal delivery and absence of infant HIV infection. GBV-C infection among women was independently associated with more than one lifetime sexual partner, intravenous drug use and HIV-infection. We observed a higher prevalence of GBV-C infection among HIV-infected compared to HIV-uninfected pregnant women in Thailand, likely due to common risk factors. Antiretroviral therapy appears to increase MTCT of GBV-C. Infant GBV-C acquisition, but not maternal GBV-C infection, was significantly associated with reduced MTCT of HIV. Mechanisms for these later two associations are unknown. / Bhanich Supapol W, Remis RS, Raboud J, Millson M, Tappero J, Kaul R, Kulkarni P, McConnell MS, Mock PA, Culnane M, McNicholl J, Roongpisuthipong A, Chotpitayasunondh T, Shaffer N, Butera S. 2008. Reduced mother-to-child transmission of HIV associated with infant but not maternal GB virus C infection. J Infect Dis 197(10):1369-1377. Bhanich Supapol W, Remis RS, Raboud J, Millson M, Tappero JW, Kaul R, Kulkarni P, McConnell MS, Mock PA, McNicholl JM, Vanprarar N, Asavapiriayanont S, Shaffer N, Butera ST. 2009. Mother-to-child transmission of GB virus C in a cohort of women coinfected with GB virus C and HIV in Bangkok, Thailand. J Infect Dis 200:227-235.
18

Parasites of Feral Cats and Native Fauna from Western Australia: The Application of Molecular Techniques for the Study of Parasitic Infections in Australian Wildlife

Padams@central.murdoch.edu.au, Peter John Adams January 2003 (has links)
A survey of gastro-intestinal parasites was conducted on faecal samples collected from 379 feral cats and 851 native fauna from 16 locations throughout Western Australia. The prevalence of each parasite species detected varied depending upon the sampling location. Common helminth parasites detected in feral cats included Ancylostoma spp. (29.8%), Oncicola pomatostomi (25.6%), Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (14%), Taenia taeniaeformis (4.7%), Physaloptera praeputialis (3.7%) and Toxocara cati (2.6%). The most common protozoan parasites detected in feral cats were Isospora rivolta (16.9%) and I. felis (4.5%). The native mammals were predominately infected with unidentified nematodes of the order Strongylida (59.1%), with members of the orders Rhabditida, Spirurida and Oxyurida also common. Oxyuroid nematodes were most common in the rodents (47.9%) and western grey kangaroos (27.8%). Several species of Eimeria were detected in the marsupials whilst unidentified species of Entamoeba and coccidia were common in most of the native fauna. Primers anchored in the first and second internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were used to develop a polymerase chain reaction-linked restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique to differentiate the species of Ancylostoma detected in feral cats. Amplification of the ITS+ region (ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S gene) followed by digestion with the endonuclease RsaI produced characteristic patterns for A. tubaeforme, A. ceylanicum and A. caninum, which were detected in 26.6%, 4.7% and 0% of feral cats respectively. Giardia was detected in a cat, dingo, quenda and two native rodents. Sequence analysis at the small subunit rDNA gene (SSU-rDNA) identified the cat and dingo as harbouring G.duodenalis infections belonging to the genetic assemblages A and D respectively. Subsequent analysis of the SSU-rDNA and elongation factor 1 alpha (ef1á) identified a novel species of Giardia occurring in the quenda. Attempts to genetically characterise the Giardia in the two native rodents were unsuccessful. Serological detection of Toxoplasma gondii was compared to a one tube hemi-nested PCR protocol to evaluate its sensitivity. PCR was comparable to serology in detecting T. gondii infections, although PCR was a much more definitive and robust technique than serology for large numbers of samples. Amplification of T. gondii DNA detected infections in 4.9% of feral cats and 6.5% of native mammals. The distribution of T. gondii does not appear to be restricted by environmental factors, which implies that vertical transmission is important for the persistence of T. gondii infections in Western Australia. These results demonstrate that cats carry a wide range of parasitic organisms, many of which may influence the survival and reproduction of native mammals. As such, the large-scale conservation and reintroduction of native fauna in Western Australia must not disregard the potential influence parasites can have on these populations.
19

"Quando eu descobri tive um baque: os desafios da prevenção da transmissão vertical do HIV / "I had a shock when I discovered" - the challenges of preventing vertical transmission of HIV

Sarah Rachel de Souza Kitchenman 04 April 2012 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A eficácia da quimioprofilaxia da transmissão vertical do HIV tem contribuído para minimizar o numero de crianças infectadas pelo vírus. No entanto é essencial para essa finalidade o uso correto do protocolo pela mãe. Mas onde estão as falhas desse processo? Porque ainda há crianças sendo desnecessariamente expostas ao vírus HIV? Foi objetivo desse estudo conhecer as concepções sobre gravidez, HIV/AIDS e transmissão vertical de gestantes e mães soropositivas. A partir disso, fornecer subsídios para o aperfeiçoamento da prevenção da transmissão vertical. Partiu-se da hipótese de que aspectos sociais, culturais e econômicos das mulheres podem estar envolvidos na adesão ou não da prevenção da transmissão vertical da AIDS. Quatorze mulheres soropositivas, sendo onze com filhos já nascidos e três gestantes, deram seus depoimentos através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas orientadas por roteiro. Os Fatores sócio culturais das mulheres não foram investigados de forma direta, mas foi possível registrar através das falas uma possível associação destes com a quimioprofilaxia da transmissão vertical do HIV. Ainda que de forma incompleta todas realizaram a quimioprofilaxia, com exceção de uma mulher que teve o diagnostico somente após o parto. Através da análise dos depoimentos foi possível identificar que as mulheres que possuíam nível sócio cultural mais elevado demonstraram maior domínio quanto à importância do tratamento, embora a principal motivação para a realização do tratamento tenha sido a não contaminação de seus filhos. Foram descritos alguns determinantes envolvidos na adesão das mulheres ao tratamento, dentre eles; o conhecimento acerca do tratamento e aspectos ligados aos serviços de saúde. Algumas falhas no pré-natal foram apontadas como ponto negativo neste processo. Dentre os resultados encontrados ocasionalmente foi ressaltado a forma que os companheiros reagiram à doença. E a constatação de que a grande maioria das mulheres ao não reconhecerem sua posição de risco para a infecção pelo HIV, descobrem-se soropositivas somente no pré-natal.
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Abordagem profissional no cuidado de mulheres portadoras do vírus HIV impossibilitadas de amamentar

Coelho, Sinaide Santos Cerqueira January 2008 (has links)
57f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-05T11:10:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sinaide%20Coelho.pdf: 335096 bytes, checksum: 5c8980de864443c46eaa7c3c35fec9b2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-04-09T17:28:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Sinaide%20Coelho.pdf: 335096 bytes, checksum: 5c8980de864443c46eaa7c3c35fec9b2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-09T17:28:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sinaide%20Coelho.pdf: 335096 bytes, checksum: 5c8980de864443c46eaa7c3c35fec9b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / A excelência do leite materno como alimento ideal para o recém-nascido e lactente vem sendo cada vez mais comprovada. Todavia, com a feminização da Aids houve um maior risco de transmissão vertical da doença, e o Ministério da Saúde lançou medidas de controle, dentre elas a supressão da lactação e a não amamentação pelas mulheres portadoras do vírus, já que a amamentação consiste em um aumento adicional de transmissão de 7 a 22 %. Os(as) profissionais têm apresentado dificuldades em lidar com sentimentos que emergem em puérperas portadoras do vírus HIV pela impossibilidade de amamentar. Considerando que para concretizar o cuidar na perspectiva da integralidade os (as) profissionais devem acolher as mulheres com aconselhamento e suporte emocional e não somente com competência técnica.Assim foi desenvolvido um estudo de caráter qualitativo, que teve como objetivos:1. Conhecer a experiência de profissionais de saúde no cuidado às mulheres portadoras do vírus diante da impossibilidade de amamentar; 2. Descrever as estratégias adotadas por profissionais de saúde para lidar com suas dificuldades em cuidar de mulheres portadoras do vírus HIV; 3.Identificar as conseqüências do impedimento da amamentação para o exercício da maternidade segundo o olhar dos profissionais. Foram utilizados como categorias analíticas gênero e integralidade, uma vez que, gênero consiste numa construção social, histórica e plural que traz em seu significado a diversidade de concepções sobre o lugar social de homens e mulheres. A integralidade consiste na busca contínua de ampliar as possibilidades de apreensão das necessidades de saúde, valorizando o ser humano nos aspectos psicobiológicos e sociais. O material empírico foi produzido por meio da técnica de entrevista semi-estruturada, realizada com uma equipe multiprofissional de uma maternidade pública,na cidade de Salvador-BA; O material empírico foi analisado por meio da técnica de análise de discurso segundo Fiorin, que considera o discurso uma posição social, cujas representações ideológicas são materializadas na linguagem, buscando-se na análise a visão de mundo dos sujeitos inscritos nos discursos. A análise revelou que as ações profissionais no cuidado de puérperas portadoras do HIV traduzem a indissociabilidade mulher, reprodução e aleitamento materno, reproduzindo valores naturalizados socialmente segundo atributos de gênero. O cuidado revelou-se orientado pelo modelo de atenção hegemônico com predominância do cumprimento de protocolos institucionais, distanciando-se da integralidade. As profissionais assumem não estar preparadas para lidar com as especificidades de portadoras do HIV, transferem responsabilidades para outros (as) e apontam a formação acadêmica como deficitária no tocante à qualificação para lidar com a multidimensionalidade humana, o que suscita reorganização de currículos sob novas bases político-pedagógicas. Fazse necessário também que as políticas de incentivo à amamentação incluam ações em saúde que ofereçam suporte às mulheres impossibilitadas de amamentar, de modo a se sentirem mães em plenitude. / Salvador

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