A violência doméstica contra a mulher é um evento complexo e muito prevalente no Brasil, sendo os serviços de saúde frequentemente procurados por essas mulheres, o que coloca serviços e profissionais de saúde em lugar de destaque no manejo desses casos. Considerando o papel do enfermeiro dentro do sistema de saúde, o objetivo do estudo foi compreender a percepção destes profissionais sobre a problemática. Para tal utilizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa, em que foram entrevistados 11 enfermeiras que trabalham nas Unidades Distritais de Saúde do município de Ribeirão Preto, utilizando um roteiro semi estruturado. Os dados foram processados, lidos atentamente e organizados nas seguintes unidades temáticas: 1-A visão das enfermeiras sobre a questão de gênero; 2-A visão das enfermeiras sobre a violência contra a mulher; 3-Atendimento: Rezo para não chegar nada no meu plantão[...] Quando chega é um problema!; 4-Aspectos Jurídicos: Está tudo no caderninho! e 5-Formação: Olha se foi, foi uma aula bem superficial. As enfermeiras entrevistadas percebem que houve uma mudança no papel da mulher na sociedade moderna, porém, mantêm uma visão tradicionalista de gênero; assim, identificam um momento de transição em que a \"mulher moderna\" vive entre o paradoxo de ser um sujeito social ativo e ser a \"rainha do lar\". Neste sentido, as enfermeiras entrevistadas percebem que a mulher de hoje apenas multiplicou funções, mas ainda não dividiu responsabilidades. Elas percebem ainda a liberdade sexual feminina como libertinagem; neste sentido prevalece discursos em que às mulheres é vedado o direito de exercerem sua sexualidade de forma livre, sendo este assunto tratado com denotações negativas. Associam a violência contra a mulher a aspectos relacionados à individualidade dos casais; aspectos externos relacionados ao estilo de vida imposto pela sociedade moderna e ao uso de álcool e drogas; atribuem a continuidade das relações violentas pelo medo, pela vergonha e por dependência financeira e moral de seus companheiros e pela falta de apoio social; assim, essas mulheres permanecem nas relações por não verem outra possibilidade de vida. Implícita na temática da violência contra as mulheres, está sempre presente nos discursos o fato das mulheres se manterem em relações assimétricas com seus parceiros, o que as tornam submissas e contribui para a manutenção do ciclo da violência. Quanto ao atendimento, sentemse os profissionais de saúde despreparados para lidar com a situação; reconhecem eles principalmente a violência física e focam sua assistência ao atendimento das lesões, e percebemos então a invisibilidade da violência contra a mulher pelos profissionais de saúde, que possivelmente se distanciam para evitar frustrações frente ao problema com o qual não se sentem preparados para lidar. Não possuem conhecimentos adequados quanto às questões jurídicas; e, assim, ao atender casos de violência, não se prendem aos fatores legais, mas sim a fatores de ordem pessoal, às especificidades do caso atendido e à própria estrutura dos serviços. Por fim, são unânimes em reconhecer a necessidade de treinamento para que possam melhor abordar o tema. / Domestic violence against women is a complex event and very prevalent in Brazil. These women frequently seek for health services, which require them and their health professionals to manage these cases. Considering the role of nurses in the health system, this study aimed to understand the perception of these professionals about the problem. A qualitative method was used and 11 nurses working in the District Health Units in the city of Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil were interviewed through a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were processed, carefully read and organized into the following thematic units: 1- gender\'s conception; 2- understanding of nurses about violence; 3- care delivery: I pray for nobody to arrive during my shift [...] It\'s a problem when someone arrives!; 4- Law aspects; 5- Education- Well, If I had it, it was a very superficial class. Interviewed nurses perceive that women\'s role has changed in modern society; however, there is a traditional view of genders. Therefore, they identify a moment of transition in which the \"modern woman\" lives the paradox of being an active social subject and \"the lady of the house\". In this perspective, the nurses perceive that today\'s women have multiplied their functions but have not shared their responsibilities. They also perceive that women\'s sexual freedom is seen as debauchery in which discourses about women being forbidden to freely exercise their sexuality prevail and is an issue addressed with negative connotation. They associate violence against women with aspects related to the individuality of couples, external aspects related to the life style that is imposed by modern society and the use of alcohol and drugs, attribute the persistence of violent relationships to fear, shame, financial and moral dependency on partners, and lack of social support. Thus, these women remain in these relationships because they do not see other options for their lives. The fact that women keep asymmetric relationships with their partners is implicit in the violence subject. This asymmetry makes them submissive and favors the maintenance of the violence cycle. Professionals feel unprepared to deal with the situation, especially acknowledge physical violence and focus care delivery on lesions. We perceive that violence against women is invisible to the eyes of health professionals, who possibly distance themselves so to avoid frustration in relation to a problem they do not feel prepared to deal with. They do not have appropriate knowledge related to law and therefore, when they attend cases of violence, do not pay attention to legal issues but on factors related to the individual, to the specificities of each case and structure of the services themselves. Finally, they all agree on the need of education so as to better address the subject.

Bakgrund : Studier visar att en av tre kvinnor världen över har blivit utsatta för våld. Undersökningen Slagen dam visar att cirka hälften av Sveriges kvinnor har blivit utsatta för sexuella-och fysiska hot någon gång efter de fyllt 15 år. Våld mot kvinnor finns i alla samhällsklasser och är ett av världshälsoproblemen. Kvinnor som har blivit utsatta för våld söker sig ofta till vården. Därför har hälso-sjukvården en nyckelroll till att upptäcka och stödja våldsutsatta kvinnor. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att sammanställa kunskap om vilken beredskap som finns för sjuksköterskor att bemöta våldsutsatta kvinnor. Metod : Designen är en litteraturöversikt. Datainsamlingen har skett i databaserna Cinahl, Pubmed och Web OF Science. Resultat : Resultatet är baserat på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar och visar tre huvudområden: Vikten av utbildning, Sjuksköterskans beredskap i mötet med den våldsutsatta kvinnan och organisatoriska faktorer. Resultatet visade att vårdpersonal har brist på utbildning och beredskap för att kunna möta kvinnor som har blivit utsatta för våld. Förutom att det finns brist på beredskap finns det också tidsbrist samt kommunikationsbrist mellan myndigheterna något som ytterligare motverkade chansen till att stödja våldsutsatta kvinnor. Slutsats : Utifrån föreliggande litteraturöversikt kan slutsatsen dras att tydliga riktlinjer, utbildning, övning, beredskap behövs och program/ rutiner för att kunna stödja den våldsutsatta kvinnan. Det är vidare avgörande att få stöd från organisatorisk ledare för att kunna uppnå förändring. / Background: Studies show that one of three women worldwide is expose to partner violence. The study slagen dam shows that almost half of the women in Sweden have been exposed to sexual and physical threats sometime after they reach the age of 15. Violence upon women is major public health problem that you can find in every social group in society. Women who are expose to partner violence are more likely to seek hospital help. Purpose: The aim of the literature review was to collocate knowledge and preparedness of nurses when they are encountering women who are exposed to violence. Method: The method is a literature review. Data collection has taken place in databases Cinahl and PubMed and Web of science. Results: The finding is based on 15 scientific articles and 3 key areas: The importance of education, nurse’s preparation for meetings regarding abused women, and organization elements. The result articles illustrate that health-care professional has limited knowledge and preparedness to help and counting women who were victims of abuse. Lack of time and lack of communication between different authorities created a barrier to identify women who were exposed to violence. Conclusions: From this study, the clue can drown that guidelines, knowledge, and training are need, in order to help women who are living with partner violence.

Ao se realizar uma interface entre a violência por parceiro íntimo (VPI) e suas relações para com a saúde da mulher, nota-se que as situações de violência tanto física como a sexual e psicológica afetam claramente a saúde sexual e reprodutiva, com impactos importantes. O presente estudo tem por objetivos: analisar aspectos da saúde reprodutiva das gestantes que estão associados à situação de VPI, durante a presente gestação; e identificar a prevalência de casos de VPI e classificar quanto ao tipo e momento da ocorrência. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, do tipo transversal, desenvolvido com gestantes em acompanhamento de pré-natal no CRSM-MATER, uma maternidade de baixo risco na cidade de Ribeirão Preto-SP. A coleta de dados foi realizada através da aplicação de dois instrumentos, um para investigação da ocorrência da violência e outro para identificação de dados sociodemográficos e de saúde reprodutiva. Para verificar a associação entre as variáveis qualitativas, os dados foram submetidos ao Teste Exato de Fisher. Além disso, a quantificação desta associação foi mensurada por meio de modelos de regressão logística onde se calculou o Odds Ratio bruto (ORb) com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. Todas as análises estatísticas foram realizadas com a utilização do software estatístico SAS® 9.0. A amostra constitui-se por 233 gestantes que passaram por consulta de pré-natal, no período de maio a dezembro de 2012. A ocorrência de VPI alguma vez na vida foi relatada por 55,36% das mulheres, enquanto, no período gestacional, verificou-se uma prevalência de 15,45% de violência geral, sendo 5,15% de violência física, 14,59% de violência psicológica e 0,43% de violência sexual. Observou-se associação entre a VPI e as mulheres que se autorreferiram de cor preta ou parda (p= 0,0052; ORb=3,344; IC 95%: 1,399; 7,997) e que não estavam em um relacionamento com seus companheiros, no período da entrevista (p= 0,0348; ORb =3,840; IC 95%:1,376; 10, 717). Nota-se uma tendência à VPI entre as mulheres em idade mais jovem, com baixa escolaridade e que não exercem atividade remunerada. As características de saúde reprodutiva apontam associação entre a VPI e as mulheres que não desejaram a atual gestação (p= 0,0020; ORb = 4,351; IC 95%: 1,786; 10,602), que raramente frequentam a consulta ginecológica (p= 0,0129; ORb = 2,971; IC 95%: 1,116; 7,911) e que, ao longo da vida, fizeram uso de método contraceptivo do tipo comportamental (p = 0,0572; ORb = 2,372; IC 95%: 1,023; 5,496). O estudo é precursor no Brasil e revelou algumas relações da VPI e suas implicações na saúde reprodutiva. Assim, outros estudos se fazem necessários para se compreender mais amplamente esta relação, além de se direcionar o olhar para a identificação das mulheres em situação de violência, a fim de melhorar as condições de saúde das mesmas, em especial da saúde reprodutiva, repensando as ações interventivas, relacionando-as não somente aos serviços de saúde mas também a uma conjuntura intersetorial / On establishing an interface between intimate partner violence (IPV) and its connection with the woman\'s health, we see that situations of violence, whether physical, sexual or psychological, have a clear effect on sexual and reproductive health, with important types of impact. The present study has two main purposes: first, to analyse those aspects of the reproductive health of pregnant women that are linked to situations of IPV during the pregnancy; and secondly, identification of the prevalence of cases of IPV and classify them according to the type and the moment of the occurrence. This is a descriptive study of the transversal variety, applied to pregnant women who are having antenatal care at CRSM- MATER, a low-risk maternity unit in the city of Ribeirão Preto, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The collection of data was made by applying two different instruments, one for the investigation of the occurrence of violence and the other to identify the social and demographic data and also the data regarding reproductive health. To check the association between qualitative variables, the data were subjected to the Exact Fisher Test. In addition, the quantification of this association was measured using models of logistic regression with the calculation of the raw odds ratio (rOR) with their respective confidence intervals of 95%. All the statistical analyses were carried out with the use of the statistical software SAS® 9.0. The sample consisted of 233 pregnant women who had antenatal care between May and December 2012. The occurrence of IPV at least once in life was reported by 55.36% of the women considered, while during the pregnancy the general violence rate of 15.45%, with 5.15% of physical violence, 14.59% of psychological violence and 0.43% sexual violence. There was a connection between IPV and women who declared themselves as black or partially skin-melaninated (p=0.0052; rOR = 3.840; IC=05%: 1.399; 7.997) and those who were not in a relationship with their partners at the time of the interview (p=0.0348; rOR=3.840; IC 95%: 1.376; 10.717). We also see a greater trend towards the presence of IPV among women who are younger, with lower levels of schooling, and who were not in paid work. The characteristics of reproductive health show an association between IPV and women who did not want the current pregnancy (p=0.0020; rOR=4.351; IC 95%: 1.786; 10.602), who rarely attend appointments with the gynaecologist (p=0.0129; rOR=2.971; IC = 95%: 1.023; 5,496). The study is the first of its kind in Brazil and has shown some relations between IPV and its implications related to reproductive health; other studies are therefore necessary so we may understand this relationship from a wider perspective, and also so we may direct our studies to the identification of those women in a situation of violence, with a rethink of intervention actions, relating them not only to health services but also to an intersectorial underlying situation

Este estudo investigou a concepção de violência de gênero em 12 equipes de saúde da família do Município de Araraquara. Para tanto, os objetivos do estudo foram: conhecer e analisar à luz de gênero a visão dos profissionais das equipes de Saúde da Família acerca de homem e mulher; identificar e analisar, à luz de gênero, a percepção dos membros das equipes sobre a violência de gênero e detectar e analisar, à luz de gênero, as contradições que permeiam as concepções dos profissionais em relação a mulher, homem e violência de gênero. Os dados foram coletados durante uma oficina de trabalho e submetidos à análise de conteúdo, resultando em duas categorias empíricas “Homem e mulher no mesmo barco social" e “Violência de gênero". Foram priorizados os temas mais relevantes de acordo com o objeto de estudo, aderentes às categorias analíticas gênero e violência de gênero. Os resultados evidenciaram que a violência de gênero não é percebida pelos profissionais como originárias da construção social da masculinidade e da feminilidade. Ao mesmo tempo em que se percebe avanços no sentido de uma visão mais crítica a respeito da influência dos processos de construção da masculinidade e da feminilidade na identidade de gênero, coexistem com esta, visões conservadoras respaldadas na concepção de homem-provedor e mulher-reprodutora, condizentes com o senso comum. Da mesma maneira comportam-se os temas relacionados à violência de gênero, coexistindo percepções conservadoras e transformadoras. Esta mescla de concepções e posicionamentos confirma a necessidade de ampliar a qualificação profissional para capacitar os trabalhadores para lidar com um fenômeno tão complexo embora comum na realidade do território abrangido pelo Programa de Saúde da Família / This study investigated gender-related violence in 12 family health staffs in Araraquara city. The objectives were to get to know and to analyze, from the gender perspective: the health professionals point of view about man and woman, the professionals´ perceptions about gender-related violence and the contradictions that exist in the professionals´ conceptions about woman, man and violence against woman. Data were collected during a workshop and the content was analyzed through two different empirical categories: \"man and woman in the same \'social boat\" and \"gender-related violence\". The more relevant themes related to the object of this study received more attention, and were included in two analytical categories: gender and gender-related violence. The results showed that the participants do not perceive gender-related violence as something that comes from the social construction of masculinity and femininity. They do have a critical view about those processes of social construction, but they still have conservative opinions about man and woman´s roles: the provider-man and the reproducer-woman; and this is in agreement with the common sense. Discussions about gender-related violence follow the same pattern: with conservative and transforming perceptions at the same time. This mixture of different positionings shows the need to broaden the professional qualifications to deal with this complex, still common, reality of domestic violence inside the territories of the Brazilian Family Health Program

This thesis examines the ways in which my artistic practice is creating a space for victims and survivors of domestic violence and sexual assault to share, gain catharsis, and spark discussions. As a survivor of domestic violence and sexual assault, I have often felt there was no space for me to voice the many emotions that come with my experience. After creating and sharing autobiographical work about my story, many women have shared their stories of survival with me. Through these many conversations, I knew that we needed to create a space to share these stories. I have created this space through the To(get)her project. To(get)her is a collaborative performance and installation in which women from a variety of backgrounds destroy and transform wax guns with kitchen and cosmetic tools such as waffle irons, hair dryers, high-heeled shoes, curling irons, and meat tenderizers. These wax guns act as a metaphor for the violence that happens to many women on a daily basis. One in three women will encounter domestic violence and one in five women will be raped in their lifetimes in the United States. Not only are many of our bodies attacked mentally, physically and sexually, but the government also stakes claims on our bodies. With 138 representatives and 22 senators voting against the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) and many of those same politicians also voting against stricter gun regulations it is apparent that these politicians do not see it as problematic that women’s bodies are so often targets. Further, in the current political climate it is imperative that people in the United States understand the importance of VAWA, and that it is a necessary bill that will be up for reauthorization in 2018. There have been six iterations of the To(get)her project. Through these performances, over 75 self-identifying women have been a part of the project, sharing their stories and igniting discussion about violence against women. When women come together, their connections are empowering, fierce, sometimes gentle and always meaningful.

Aggression occurs frequently on many psychiatric wards; its assessment and management are crucial components of inpatient care. Consequences to inpatient aggression are profound, impacting on staff and patients, ward milieu and regime, and mental health services in general. Despite considerable research, which has primarily focussed on the assessment of demographic and clinical characteristics of aggressive patients, the nature of the relationship between mental illness, inpatient treatment and aggression remains unclear. Inconsistent risk assessment practices, management strategies and treatment plans, often derived from idiosyncratic beliefs about the causes of aggression, follow. Approaches to the assessment of inpatient aggression have been categorised as structural, which emphasise form, or functional, which emphasise purpose. Studies of inpatient aggression have primarily utilized a structural approach. These studies have resulted in the identification of demographic, clinical and situational characteristics of high-risk patients and environments. Resource allocation and actuarial assessments of risk have been assisted by this research. Conversely, functional assessment approaches seek to clarify the factors responsible for the development, expression and maintenance of inpatient aggression by examining predisposing characteristics, in addition to the proximal antecedents and consequences of aggressive behaviours. While functional analysis has demonstrated efficacy in assessing and prescribing interventions for other problem behaviours, and has been regarded a legitimate assessment approach for anger management problems, psychiatric inpatient aggression has been relatively neglected by functional analysis. Against this background, four studies focussing on the assessment of predisposing characteristics, precipitants and consequences, and purposes of aggressive behaviour, were undertaken to assist in the development of a functional analysis of psychiatric inpatient aggression. All four studies were conducted within the Thomas Embling Hospital (TEH), a secure forensic psychiatric hospital in Melbourne, Australia. The first of three initial studies involved a retrospective review of Incident Forms relating to aggressive behaviours that occurred within the first year of the hospital?s operation. The second involved a comparison of prospective assessment of aggressive behaviours with retrospective review of Incident Forms. The third involved a review of Incident Forms across two forensic psychiatric hospitals, the Rosanna Forensic Psychiatric Centre, and the TEH, to allow for the study of environmental contributors to aggression. The fourth, and main study, focussed on the assessment of patients and aggressive incidents, using a framework emphasising purpose, which was assessed using a classification system designed and validated as part of this study. Demographic and clinical information in addition to social behaviour, history of aggression and substance use were collected on the 204 patients admitted to the hospital during 2002. One hundred and ten of these patients completed an additional assessment of psychotic symptoms in addition to a battery of psychological tests measuring anger expression and control, assertiveness, and impulsivity. During 2002, the year under review, there were 502 incidents of verbal aggression, physical aggression, and property damage recorded. Staff members who observed these incidents were interviewed, and files were reviewed to record the severity, type, direction and purpose of aggression. Following 71 aggressive behaviours patients also participated in the assessment of purpose. Results from this, and the three initial studies, reinforced the contribution to aggression of a number of individual characteristics, including a recent history of substance use, an entrenched history of aggression, a recent history of antisocial behaviour, and symptoms of psychosis, including thought disturbance, auditory hallucinations and conceptual disorganisation. Somewhat surprisingly, a number of other characteristics shown through previous research to have a relationship with aggression, including anger arousal and control, impulsivity, and assertiveness did not show a relationship with aggression. Further, and perhaps a consequence of the peculiar characteristics of some patients admitted to the TEH, older patients and females were more likely to be repeatedly aggressive, yet neither age nor gender differentiated aggressive from non-aggressive inpatients. In this study acts of inpatient aggression were usually precipitated by discernible events, or motivated by rational purposes. Rarely was aggression the consequence of a spontaneous manifestation of underlying psychopathology occurring in isolation from environmental precipitants. A number of proximal environmental factors, most particularly staff-patient interactions associated with treatment or maintenance of ward regime, that were considered provocative or that threatened status, were evident in incidents of aggression perpetrated against staff. The perception of provocation and the need to enhance status were common precipitants of aggression between patients. There was little evidence to suggest that aggression was used instrumentally to obtain tangible items, to reduce social isolation, or to observe the suffering of others in the absence of provocation. Results of these four studies have implications for the prediction and prevention of inpatient aggression, and for the treatment of aggressive inpatients. These are discussed, as are the limitations of this research and suggestions for further research. / thesis (BPsychology(Hons))--University of South Australia, 2004.

<p>Although gender-based violence has been identified as highly problematic in South Africa, it has not been given much scholarly attention in relation to refugee women. This study focuses on the experience of some of these women who have resettled in Cape Town. The main focus is on gender-based violence and the linkages between conflicts at home, fleeing from it, as well as the problems faced by women when they reach the &lsquo / new&rsquo / country where they are suppose to be safe, but yet continue to experience gender violence. By referring to my own empirical research I try to tease out the many instances of violence and abuse such women face, how they understand and try to make sense of it and how they try to take up their lives in Cape Town. I utilized the much used ecological framework to analyze gender-based violence and argue that, while this &lsquo / model&rsquo / is dynamic and allows one to make analytical linkages across different &lsquo / levels&rsquo / of violence, it nevertheless does not adequately provide for understanding the relationship between larger global and international processes, the connection that women may still have with their countries of origin and the impact of being a refugee or unwanted &lsquo / immigrant&rsquo / in South Africa</p>

The objective of this thesis is to identify ways that international actors can be most effective in influencing policy change pertaining to women’s safety and security in India. Since the 1970s, domestic groups within India and international organizations have focused on promoting gender equality and combatting problematic social norms that beget discrimination and violence against women. This thesis examines some of the programs and campaigns that Indian governments and civil society actors – domestic and international – have implemented to promote the rights and protections of women. This thesis considers examples of finance, social networking, training, education, and information propagation, which are key ways that international actors can participate in efforts to combat prevailing attitudes that undermine the human dignity of girls and women in India. Because violence against women is systemic in nature, and because it is a social malaise that transcends culture, development professionals should frame issues of gender violence in terms of basic human rights. Fundamentally, international organizations are most effective in enhancing the status of women in India by providing grassroots organizations with critical resources to which they would not otherwise have access.

The patriarchal systems, stories, and powers that govern our world have made women extremely vulnerable to the threat of physical, emotional, spiritual, and intellectual violence. Despite efforts of millions of people working to end this attack, personal violation is a daily reality for many women and one that I believe will not change until efforts to end violence against women begin to address the very roots of dominant culture. This research will explore the personal experiences of five women’s rights activists in Swaziland who are engaged in a transformative practice to end violence against women. Through in depth open-ended interviews, I look at the ways each activist’s life journey reflects her changing understanding of formative values. Following this, I consider ways in which this personal development has led each woman to a deeply transformative, rather than simply a reactive, response to violence against women.

The patriarchal systems, stories, and powers that govern our world have made women extremely vulnerable to the threat of physical, emotional, spiritual, and intellectual violence. Despite efforts of millions of people working to end this attack, personal violation is a daily reality for many women and one that I believe will not change until efforts to end violence against women begin to address the very roots of dominant culture. This research will explore the personal experiences of five women’s rights activists in Swaziland who are engaged in a transformative practice to end violence against women. Through in depth open-ended interviews, I look at the ways each activist’s life journey reflects her changing understanding of formative values. Following this, I consider ways in which this personal development has led each woman to a deeply transformative, rather than simply a reactive, response to violence against women.