The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of adolescents, who have been exposed to violence, regarding the role of social support in their academic achievement. A qualitative, collective, within-site case study design was applied to obtain baseline data. The data was gathered through consecutive in-depth individual interviews with two male and six female adolescent learners (between 15 and 17 years of age) in a secondary school in Gauteng. Collages were furthermore used to assist participants with expressing their perceptions on the role that social support played in their academic achievement, despite being exposed to violence in their communities. The study was mainly informed by Bronfenbrenner’s bio-ecological systems theory, but in order to better understand the adolescent as an individual who functions within the ecological systems theory, Erikson’s psycho-social development theory as well as the theory of social support were integrated to understand this complex period of development. Interview data were analysed thematically, whilst shared analysis were utilised to give meaning to the visual data presented in the collages. The results indicate that encouragement to achieve, the provision of care and support to deal with problems in a proactive manner and enabling relationships with significant others facilitated academic achievement despite exposure to violence. Furthermore, positive self-talk, self-discipline and coping behaviours were identified as self-supportive behaviour that was perceived as enabling adolescents to achieve academically. The study indicates that adolescents who achieve academically despite exposure to violence, perceive social support as playing a significant role in the facilitation of academic achievement in these contexts of adversity. It is therefore recommended that significant others in the lives of adolescents should be informed about the important role that their supportive interactions play in the adolescent’s ability to maintain academic achievement. Further research could explore the viability of social support interventions in assisting adolescent learners to achieve their full academic potential, despite exposure to violence. / MA (Research Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Introdução: O assédio moral evidencia uma problemática atual no mundo do trabalho, podendo interferir na qualidade da assistência prestada, uma vez que impacta, diretamente, na saúde do trabalhador assediado e interfere na sua qualidade de vida, dos colegas e fluxo de trabalho. Esse fenômeno social pode propiciar, também, o aumento do absenteísmo e diminuição da produtividade. Objetivo: Compreender os significados atribuídos pelos enfermeiros ao assédio moral vivenciado no ambiente de trabalho. Método: Optou-se por realizar uma pesquisa qualitativa, com abordagem da fenomenologia social de Alfred Schütz. A região de inquérito foi constituída por nove enfermeiros de um hospital privado do Munícipio de São Paulo. As entrevistas foram individuais e os depoimentos foram gravados, transcritos e analisados com base nos pressupostos teóricos da teoria da ação social, de Alfred Schütz. Resultados: Os dados obtidos possibilitaram conhecer e compreender as vivências dos enfermeiros, tanto em relação à prática do assédio moral e seus significados (motivos porque), quanto às expectativas que esse grupo social possui no tocante à necessidade de transformação dessa realidade social (motivos para). Os motivos porque destacam a forma com que os enfermeiros entendem a ocorrência do assédio moral. Esta percepção elucidou o assédio como prática inerente à profissão da enfermagem, ocasionada por profissionais hierarquicamente superiores e expostos à pressão institucional. A insegurança profissional também é vista como um motivo da prática do assédio moral. Os motivos para convergem no desejo de que a verdade não seja escamoteada por parte da instituição, dos colegas e do serviço de pessoal, para que sejam providas orientações e apoio às vítimas do assédio moral. Existe o anseio pela construção de um fluxo de diálogo concreto dos trabalhadores de enfermagem, que se sentem imersos em situações desgastantes no ambiente de trabalho e aspiram que o Conselho de Fiscalização das atividades profissionais, possa ampará-los na luta contra a ocorrência do assédio moral. Considerações finais: Este estudo possibilitou a compreensão dos significados atribuídos ao assédio moral na vivência de enfermeiros, revelando circunstâncias predisponentes desse fenômeno e as expectativas dos sujeitos, para que sejam suscitadas estratégias de enfrentamento dessa problemática no ambiente de trabalho, de forma articulada com a política institucional, possibilitando transformações dessa realidade social, por vezes tão nefasta no campo das relações interpessoais, por acarretar desgastes e sofrimentos ao trabalhador. / Introduction: Bullying highlights a current problem in the works world and may interfere with the quality of provided assistance, as it impacts directly on harassed worker\'s health and interferes with their quality of life, their colleagues and the workflow. This social phenomenon can provide, as well, the absenteeism increase and productivity decrease. Objective: Understand the meanings assigned by the nurses experienced harassment in the workplace. Method: We decided to perform a qualitative research with approach of social phenomenology of Alfred Schütz. The inquiry region was composed of nine nurses from a private hospital in the city of São Paulo. The interviews were individual and the testimonials recorded, transcribed and analysed based on the theoretical assumptions of the theory of social action of Alfred Schütz. Results: Obtained data allow us to know and understand nurses experiences in relation to both the practice of bullying and their meanings (reasons why), how many the expectations that this social group has, regarding the need for transformation of this social reality (reasons for). The \"reason why\" highlight the way the nurses understand the bullying occurrence. This perception elucidated the harassment as an inherent practice in the nursing profession, caused by hierarchically superior professionals exposed to institutional pressure. The professional insecurity could also be a reason to practice of bulling. The \"reasons for\" converge to a hope that the truth be not obfuscated by the institution, colleagues and the personal service, so that guidelines and support to the victims of bullying be given. There is the longing for the construction of a concrete dialogue flow among nursing workers, who feel immersed in stressful situations in the workplace and get help of the Supervisory Board of professional activities, to support them in the fight against the occurrence of bullying. Final considerations: This study allowed us to understand the meanings attributed to bullying in nurses experience. Reveals predisposing circumstances of this phenomenon and the expectations of the workers, to find special strategies in the workplace for this problematic, in order to enable transformations of this social reality, sometimes so damaging in interpersonal relations since it causes damage and suffering to the worker.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka föräldrarådgivares upplevelser av möjligheter och begränsningar i sitt arbete med att upptäcka och förebygga våld i familjerna. Detta för att uppmärksamma deras funktion för våldsprevention och bidra med kunskap till det kriminologiska fältet, samt synliggöra utvecklingsmöjligheter, för att förbättra arbetet i framtiden. Studien utgår från semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju föräldrarådgivare i Malmö och materialet analyseras genom tematisk analys. Resultatet visar att deltagarna upplever att deras tidiga kontakt med familjerna, tillgänglighet, samverkan och rutinmässiga fråga om våldsutsatthet ger möjlighet att upptäcka och förebygga våld. De belyser även sin kunskap om våldets karaktär och aktiva förhållningssätt till våldsproblematiken. Vidare framkommer begränsningar med fördomar, stigmatisering och att våldets breda innebörd kan göra att våldsutsatta inte upptäcks, samt att det finns svårigheter att nå vissa samhällsgrupper. Studien presenterar flera förslag på förbättringar som innefattar att lära sig mer om våld, förtydliga arbetsrutiner kring våld och stärka marknadsföringen om stödfunktioner vid våldsutsatthet. Avslutningsvis bidrar studien med att uppmärksamma föräldrarådgivares viktiga funktion för det våldspreventiva arbetet inom familjer. Framtida studier bör inkludera ytterligare perspektiv och forskningsdesigner, för att komplettera studiens resultat och utveckla föräldrarådgivares våldspreventiva arbete. / The aim of the study is to examine parental counselors' experiences of opportunities and limitations in their work to detect and prevent violence in families. This is to accentuate their function in violence prevention and ability to contribute knowledge to the criminological field, as well as showing development opportunities, in order to improve the work in the future. The study is based on semi-structured interviews with seven parental counselors in Malmö and the material is analyzed through thematic analysis. The result shows that the participants experience that their early contact with the families, availability, cooperation and routine questioning of exposure to violence gives the opportunity to detect and prevent violence. They also highlight their familiarity with the nature of violence and their active approach to the problem of violence. Further, there are limitations with prejudice, stigmatization and that the broad definition of violence can mean that victims of violence are not detected, and that there are difficulties in reaching certain social groups. Several suggestions for improvements are presented, which include learning more about violence, clarifying work routines around violence and better marketing of support functions in cases of violence. In conclusion, the study contributes by drawing attention to the important functions of parental counselors for violence prevention within families. Future studies should include additional perspectives and research designs, to complement the study's results and develop the violence prevention of parental counselors.

The role of pregnant adolescents as perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) is not well understood. Socioecological factors associated with IPV (physical assault and injury, and psychological aggression) perpetrated by pregnant adolescents and the association between IPV and attitudes toward the use of physical punishment to discipline children were examined among 246 pregnant adolescents. Pregnant adolescents were more likely to report perpetrating both physical assault (24%) and psychological aggression (52.7%) than being the recipient (12.2% and 38.6%, respectively) and having been physically injured (7%) than inflicting injury (4.1%). Risk factors for perpetrating physical assault included prior assault by partner, being African American, exposure to community violence, being in trouble with the police, and multiple lifetime drug use. IPV perpetrators had more favorable attitudes toward the use of physical punishment. Interventions should address IPV and parenting attitudes in young couples to maximize the health and safety of both mother and unborn child.

Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om hur lärare i fritidshem ser på anmäl­ningsplikten och hur de hanterar information när de misstänker att en elev är i en utsatta situation. Resultaten visar vad som lärarnas i fritidshem roller och ansvar är och vad som ligger till grund för att lärarna i fritidshem ska vidta åtgärder eller inte åtgärder enligt anmälningsplikten. Slutligen var stödet till lärare i fritidshemmet kommer ifrån då anmälan har genomförts. Forskningen bedrivs via Internet. Det finns ingen gräns för antal respondenterna, men respondenterna hade tre veckor på sig att svara på enkäter. Totalt kom cirka 100 svar på de två enkäterna. Resultaten visar att de flesta respondenterna är medvetna om anmälningsplikten och processen. Genom att lärarna tar ansvar agera de professionellt. Större delen respondenterna anmälde någon gång, men nästan hälften anmälde inte. Det finns många orsaker till att de inte anmäler. Det är på grund av okunskap, rädsla eller osäkerhet. Respondenterna hade olika eller liknande påverkningar under anmälan och efter anmälan, främst på grund av psykiska påfrestningar. Såsom oro, osäkerhet, rädsla och ångest är dessa de vanligaste känslorna som förekommer när anmälningar sker. Stödet kommer vanligtvis från rektorn, men också från olika källor, som till exempel arbetslag eller socialtjänst. Majoriteten skriver att de saknas utbildningskunskap om anmälan. KASAM-modellen används för att analysera resultaten. / The purpose of the study is to contribute knowledge about how teachers in after-school centers view the duty to report and how they handle information when they suspect that a student is in a vulnerable situation. The results show what the teachers 'in leisure-time centers' roles and responsibilities are and what is the basis for the teachers in leisure-time centers to take measures or not measures in accordance with the duty to report. Finally, where did the support for teachers in the after-school center come from when the application has been completed. The research is conducted via the Internet. There is no limit to the number of respondents, but the respondents had three weeks to respond to surveys. In total, about 100 responses came to the two questionnaires. The results show that most respondents are aware of the notification obligation and the process. By the teachers taking responsibility, they act professionally. The majority of respondents reported at some point, but almost half did not report. There are many reasons why they do not report. It is due to ignorance, fear or insecurity. The respondents had different or similar influences during the notification and after the notification, mainly due to mental stress. Such as worry, insecurity, fear and anxiety, these are the most common emotions that occur when reports are made. The support usually comes from the principal, but also from various sources, such as work teams or social services. The majority write that they lack educational knowledge about registration. The KASAM model is used to analyze the results.

Why are some areas more resilient to riots than others? The literature seems divided on whether exposure to violence affects societies to become more resilient or more vulnerable to future violence. The most supported view is that "violence begets violence", but some studies suggest that riot exposed areas could possibly develop resilience. Potential resilience would arguably be the most noticeable in times of turmoil. As India had an outbreak of riot after the 2019 national election, it constitutes a good case to study. I therefore investigate whether riot exposure makes societies more resilient to violence or not, by looking at the probability that riot exposed areas in the pre-election period, had election-related riots after the election. The current thesis tests a hypothesis suggesting that there is lower probability that areas exposed to riots in the pre-election period experience riots in the post-election period, than in areas with no riot exposure in the pre-election period. By running a Linear Probability Model, on riot data in four Indian states, containing 1099 urban observations, the results of the thesis indicate that the hypothesis is unsubstantiated. Instead, an opposite relationship appears, which gives further support to the notion that “violence”, indeed, “begets violence”.

Most children exposed to interpersonal violence experience multiple forms of victimizations that are more predictive of trauma symptomatology than single traumatic incidents. This exploratory study seeks to extend research that suggests a child’s intrinsic strengths may help mitigate the development of serious psychiatric symptoms for children experiencing multiple interfamilial victimizations. Utilizing a diverse clinical sample (N= 106) of children 7 to 18 years of age who were exposed to multiple family traumas or to non-interpersonal traumas, path analysis models (moderation, mediational, and moderated mediational) were employed across potential explanatory or attenuating demographic factors (age, ethnicity, and gender) to ascertain the associations between multiple interpersonal maltreatment types experienced, childs’ behavioral and emotional strengths, and their posttraumatic stress symptomatology and/or behavioral and emotional difficulty symptoms. / text

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