The effects of an aerobic walking program, from 22 to 30 wk gestation, on aerobic fitness, riboflavin and thiamin status, and birth outcome were studied in 28 healthy, pregnant women, 24-36 yr of age, receiving vitamin-mineral supplements. Aerobic capacity was evaluated by measurements of heart rate (HR) and relative oxygen consumption (VO₂, ml/kg/min) during two submaximal treadmill walking tests (22 and 30 wk). HR responses were significantly lower for walking subjects (W; n=l8) compared to nonwalking (NW; n=l0) at two (~2.9 METS) and four (~3.8 METS) min, and near significant at six (~4.6 METS) min of the 30 wk tests. HR at two min of exercise for NW subjects increased significantly from 22 to 30 wk. Oxygen consumption for W decreased significantly from 22 to 30 wk at two, four, and six min of exercise. Comparison of VO₂ changes (22 to 30 wk) between W and NW indicated a significant difference at six min and near significance at four min. Riboflavin and thiamin status, as determined by erythrocyte glutathione and transketolase activity coefficients, was adequate for 86% of the subjects with respect to riboflavin and 96% for thiamin. There was a significant correlation (r = 0.58) between aerobic activity scores and ETKAC values (W group). Participation in a walking program slightly improved aerobic capacity without affecting birth outcome or riboflavin and thiamin status in pregnant women taking vitamin-mineral supplements. / Ph. D. / incomplete_metadata

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Human Nutrition / Valentina M. Remig / The frequency of dietary supplement use has increased in recent years, especially among older adults. National studies estimated 60-65% of older adults were using at least one dietary supplement, typically a multi-vitamin, multi-mineral (MVMM) supplement. Dietary supplement use has been reported to improve the micronutrient intakes of older adults. The current research study focused on the use of dietary supplements, dietary intakes, and impact of vitamin/mineral (VM) supplements on the nutrient intakes of older Kansans. Volunteer subjects, 60+ years of age, were recruited from 35 senior centers across Kansas. Subjects completed a questionnaire asking for demographic information, current health status, and dietary supplement use. Dietary supplement use was verified for 319 subjects. Two subsequent 24-hour diet recalls were completed by 312 subjects. The sample population was primarily white, non-Hispanic females. Nearly 86% of participants used at least one dietary supplement; most commonly MVMM, calcium, vitamin D, and fish oil. Dietary intake analyses compared intakes of dietary supplement (DS) users to non-dietary supplement (NDS) users. DS subjects consumed significantly higher dietary intakes of carbohydrate, fiber, vitamin A, and zinc than NDS subjects. The NDS group consumed undesirably higher intakes of total fat, saturated fat, and sodium. These results support previous findings that DS users consume healthier diets. The impact of VM supplement use on micronutrient intake compared only the intakes of subjects using VM supplements (n=263) to the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). Subjects were most likely to have inadequate dietary intakes of vitamin D, calcium, vitamin E, and magnesium. All micronutrient intakes were improved with the inclusion of VM supplements; most improved were vitamin E, folic acid, vitamin D, vitamin B6, and calcium. Despite supplementation, nearly half of subjects still exhibited low intakes of vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium. Supplementation did not consistently exceed the Tolerable Upper Limit established by the DRIs for most nutrients. In conclusion, dietary supplement use was very common in the sample population, DS subjects had generally healthier diets, and VM supplement use improved micronutrient intake without contributing to concern for toxicity.

The objective of this dissertation was to study the disposition and absorption of riboflavin and ascorbic acid in healthy male subjects as a function of age. Deficiencies of these vitamins have been found in the elderly and malabsorption is suspected in this population. Absorption of riboflavin was examined by administration of an oral dose of 200 mg of riboflavin-5'-phosphate (FMN) and disposition was studied following a 30 min constant rate IV infusion of FMN equivalent to 25 mg of riboflavin. Ascorbic acid absorption was examined by administration of a 5 g oral dose and disposition was studied following a 1 g IV dose. Test doses of these vitamins were administered to subjects ranging in age from 33 to 85 years. High performance liquid chromatographic assays were developed for the determination of riboflavin and ascorbic acid in plasma and urine. The method for riboflavin separated FMN and flavin adenine dinucleotide under isocratic conditions. Quantification of the three flavins was achieved by fluorescence detection. The assay system for ascrobic acid used a postcolumn reaction for the fluorometric detection of a dehydroascorbic acid derivative. This method used isoascorbic acid as the internal standard. Finally, similar specificity between a "methoxyaniline" colorimetric method and the chromatographic method was observed for the quantification of ascorbic acid in plasma and urine. Albumin plasma concentration and riboflavin protein binding were decreased with age (p < 0.05). The in vitro stability of ascorbic acid in whole blood and plasma decreased with age (p < 0.05, n = 17). The results of this study indicate no age-related alterations in parameters associated with the gastrointestinal absorption of these vitamins. Increased relative renal excretion of riboflavin with age may explain the deficiency of this vitamin. On the other hand, ascorbic acid deficiency with age may be explained by decreased stability of the vitamin in blood.

This thesis concerns experiments with natural compounds and vitamins. In the first part I described these substances, which I proved by chromatography or I made other experiments with them in the second part. I created four worksheets with instruction for laboratory practise. There are thein solutions in the supplement. I verified these four experiments at Grammar School in Prague 9.

Master of Science / Grain Science and Industry / Greg Aldrich / Processing pet food can be beneficial, but can also have adverse effects on shelf-life and nutrient survival. Most affected are supplemental vitamins and essential fatty acids (EFA). Pet food complicates this relative to human foods by combining all elements into the product before processing and requiring an extensive shelf-life (up to 2 years). The objective of this research was to determine the effects of processing, diet, and storage conditions on vitamin (vitamin A, vitamin D₃, vitamin E, folic acid and thiamine) and omega-3 fatty acid (with an emphasis on eicosapentaenoic acid; EPA 20:5n3, and docosahexaenoic acid; DHA; 22:6n3) retention. The research was conducted in two separate experiments. Each experimental diet was produced on a single-screw extruder and triple-pass dryer. Target nutrients were evaluated in premixes in tandem to extruded diets. The vitamin study was conducted as a 3 X 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 3 levels of dietary crude protein (CP), 2 screw speeds in the extruder, and 2 levels of time X temperature combinations in the dryer. Vitamins were added at 10 times normal levels to aid in analysis. The EFA study was conducted as a 3 X 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with 3 levels of dietary protein and 3 different omega-3 sources: fish oil, fish meal, or purpose-grown algae rich in DHA. In the vitamin premix study, the quantity of vitamins declined by approximately 50% over 6 months storage in ambient conditions (AMB; 20C, 50%RH), and all except folic acid were lost to some degree in stressed shelf life testing (SSLT; 50C, 70% RH) over 6 weeks. In all cases, the concentration of vitamins in food exiting the extruder and dryer were lower than target levels. As CP increased, the retention was higher (P ≤ 0.05) for vitamins A, E, and folic acid off the extruder (e.g. 225,352 vs. 219,184 and 206,249 IU/kg of vitamin A for high vs. medium and low CP, respectively), and vitamin D₃, E, and folic acid off the dryer (e.g. 9,047 vs. 7,473 and 6,945 IU/kg of vitamin D₃ for high vs. medium and low CP, respectively). During storage of finished pet food in AMB, vitamins A and D₃ were lost (P < 0.05) to the greatest degree (49 and 22%, respectively). The total retention following both processing and AMB storage was 27, 68, 78% for vitamins A, D₃, and E, respectively, while folic acid and thiamine were relatively stable. In SSLT storage, all vitamins except vitamin E were depleted more than 60% (P < 0.05) by 24 weeks, whereas total retention following both processing and SSLT storage was 3, 59, 43, 33, and 7% for vitamins A, D₃, and E, folic acid, and thiamine, respectively. This would suggest that beyond processing losses, the vitamins are relatively stable in premixes and foods if stored in AMB conditions. In the study to evaluate fatty acid stability within a vitamin premix, EPA, DHA, and total omega-3 fatty acids were relatively stable during storage over 6 weeks with losses no greater than 12% in stressed shelf life testing (SSLT; 40C, 70% RH). While in ambient conditions (23C, 50% RH) over 3 months, there was a total loss of EPA, DHA and total fatty acids by 17, 9, and 11%, respectively. Exiting the extruder and dryer, EPA and DHA were not affected by CP level or Omega-3 source. As SSLT storage of finished pet food increased through 24 weeks, EPA, DHA, and total fatty acids declined slightly (P < 0.05; 125, 82 mg/kg for EPA and 77, 60 mg/kg for DHA, and 418, 476 mg/kg for total fatty acids at 0 vs. 24 wk. As time in ambient storage reached 24 months, EPA, DHA, and total fatty acids declined slightly (P < 0.05; 125 vs. 78 mg/kg for EPA and 77 vs. 50 mg/kg for DHA, and 387 vs. 373 for total fatty acids at 0 vs. 24 mo.) Algal-DHA appears to be a stable source of DHA when compared to fish oil and fishmeal. During processing retention of fat soluble vitamins was less than water soluble vitamins, and the omega-3 fatty acids were relatively unaffected. Whereas, vitamins appeared to be more sensitive to temperature during storage and the omega 3 fatty acids more affected by time.

Introdução: Fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) tornaram-se prevalentes em crianças e adolescentes. Ácidos graxos (AGs) ?3 auxiliam na prevenção de DCV, porém seu consumo alimentar na infância é reduzido. Há a hipótese de que as vitaminas B2, B6, B12 e folato possam contribuir para o aumento da concentração de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFAs) no plasma e nos eritrócitos, além de reduzir os níveis de homocisteína total (tHcy), e auxiliar na prevenção de DCV. Por essa razão, o presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a associação entre perfil lipídico, perfil de ácidos graxos, homocisteína e biomarcadores para vitaminas do complexo B em crianças e adolescentes. Métodos: Este estudo transversal incluiu 249 crianças e adolescentes entre 9 e 13 anos de idade. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por meio do questionário de frequência alimentar, recordatório de 24 horas e índice de qualidade da dieta (IQD). O perfil lipídico e os biomarcadores para vitaminas B2, B6, B12 e ácido fólico foram dosados no plasma. O perfil de AGs e os metabólitos do ciclo da homocisteína (metionina, SAM, SAH, tHcy, cistationina e cisteína) foram dosados nas células vermelhas do sangue. As associações foram testadas com modelos de regressão linear múltiplos, ajustados para sexo, estadiamento puberal, índice de massa corporal e IQD. Resultados: Não houve associação entre as vitaminas do complexo B e baixos níveis de colesterol total, triglicérides e LDL-c. Porém, houve associação positiva entre os níveis séricos de vitamina B2 e folato plasmático com PUFAs ?3 e ?6. O aumento de 1 nmol/L de vitamina B2 esteve associado ao aumento de 0,19 mg/dL de EPA e 0,21 mg/dL de ARA e DHA (p<0,01). O aumento de 1 ng/mL de folato plasmático esteve associado ao aumento de 0,14 mg/dL de EPA (p<0,05), 0,22 mg/dL de ARA e 0,17 mg/dL de DHA (p<0,01). Estas vitaminas não estiveram associadas à redução dos níveis de tHcy (p>0,05). As vitaminas B6 e B12 estiveram associadas à redução dos níveis de tHcy (p<0,01), mas não se associaram a maiores níveis de PUFAs (p>0,05). Houve associação negativa entre os níveis séricos de vitamina B6 com PUFAs ?3 e ?6. O aumento de 1 nmol/L de vitamina B6 esteve associado à redução de 0,15 mg/dL de ARA e 0,14 mg/dL de DHA (p<0,05). Os níveis de tHcy foram associados positivamente com os níveis de PUFAs (p<0,01). Conclusão: Maiores concentrações plasmáticas de vitamina B2 e folato estão associadas a maiores níveis deResumo PUFAs ?3 e ?6 nos eritrócitos. A via metabólica mais provável para explicar tais associações é o metabolismo de um-carbono, apesar destas vitaminas não terem se associado a menores níveis de tHcy. Estes dados sugerem que níveis plasmáticos adequados de vitamina B2 e folato podem melhorar o perfil de AGs circulantes. O equilíbrio nas concentrações séricas de AGs ?3 e ?6 contribui para o desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central na infância e para a prevenção de DCV, cada vez mais comuns em decorrência do sedentarismo, má alimentação e excesso de gordura corporal, em crianças e adolescentes. / Introduction: Risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) have become prevalent in children and adolescents. Fatty acids (FA) ?3 help prevent CVD, but the intake of food sources of this FA during childhood is reduced. It is hypothesized that vitamins B2, B6, B12 and folate may contribute to the increased concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in plasma and in erythrocytes, in addition to reducing total homocysteine levels (tHcy), and assisting in the prevention of CVD. For this reason, the present study aimed to verify the association between lipid profile, fatty acid profile, homocysteine and B-vitamins biomarkers in children and adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 249 children and adolescents, aged 9 to 13 years old. Dietary intake was assessed by the food frequency questionnaire, 24-hour recall, and healthy eating index (HEI). The lipid profile and biomarkers for vitamins B2, B6, B12 and folate were measured in plasma. The FA profile and metabolites from homocysteine cycle (methionine, SAM, SAH, tHcy, cystathionine and cysteine) were measured in red blood cells. The associations were tested with multiple linear regression models, adjusted for sex, pubertal status, body mass index and HEI. Results: There was no association between B vitamins and low levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-c. However, there was a positive association between serum levels of vitamin B2 and plasma folate with PUFAs ?3 and ?6. An increase of 1 nmol/L in vitamin B2 was associated with an increase of 0.19 mg/dL of EPA and 0.21 mg/dL of ARA and DHA (p<0.01). An increase of 1 ng/mL in plasma folate was associated with an increase of 0.14 mg/dL of EPA (p<0.05), 0.22 mg/dL of ARA and 0.17 mg/dL of DHA (p<0.01). These vitamins were not associated with reduced tHcy levels (p>0.05). Vitamins B6 and B12 were associated with reduced tHcy levels (p <0.01), but were not associated with higher levels of PUFAs (p> 0.05). There was a negative association between serum levels of vitamin B6 with PUFAs ?3 and ?6. The increase of 1 nmol/L in vitamin B6 was associated with a reduction of 0.15 mg/dL of ARA and 0.14 mg/dL of DHA (p <0.05). Homocysteine levels were positively associated with PUFA levels (p <0.01). Conclusion: Higher plasma concentrations of vitamin B2 and folate are associated with higher levels of PUFAs ?3 and ?6 in erythrocytes. The most likely metabolic pathway to explain such associations is the one-carbon metabolism, although these vitamins have not been associated with lower tHcy levels. These data suggest that adequate plasma levels of vitamin B2 and folate may improve the profile of circulating FA. TheAbstract balance in the serum concentrations of FA ?3 and ?6 contributes to the development of the central nervous system in childhood and to the prevention of CVD, increasingly common due to sedentary lifestyle, poor diet and excess body fat, in children and adolescents.

O pólen além de ser a principal fonte de alimento não líquido, para as abelhas, tem sido utilizado como um suplemento da dieta humana. Apesar de muitos autores afirmarem que os produtos apícolas são ricos em nutrientes, pouco se sabe sobre a composição do pólen apícola especialmente em relação à presença das vitaminas do complexo B. De forma original este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a estabilidade das vitaminas do complexo B (B1, B2, B6 e PP) incluindo seus vitâmeros, durante o período de um ano de estocagem, em amostras de pólen apícola desidratado. Verificou-se também o efeito do processamento sobre o conteúdo dessas vitaminas além da possível influência dos tipos polínicos sobre a composição centesimal e conteúdo vitamínico. Foram analisadas concentrações das vitaminas no tempo zero e após 4, 8 e 12 meses, estocadas sob três condições distintas: em temperatura ambiente (com e sem exposição à luz) e em freezer. As vitaminas, após a extração simultânea, foram quantificadas por CLAE, com detecção por fluorescência. Todas as vitaminas propostas foram encontradas nas amostras analisadas e o processo de desidratação não interferiu no conteúdo das mesmas (p<0,05). As variações foram (base seca): 0,59 a 1,09 mg/100g para vitamina B1; 1,73 a 2,56 mg/100g para a vitamina B2; 6,43 a 15,34 mg/100g para a vitamina PP e 0,33 a 0,68 mg/100g para a vitamina B6 . Todas as amostras foram classificadas como pólen heterofloral, em função da grande variabilidade dos tipos polínicos presentes. Após um ano de estocagem pode-se afirmar que a concentração da vitamina B1 se manteve constante enquanto que para as demais vitaminas o decaimento da concentração foi dependente do tempo de armazenamento e não da condição de estocagem das amostras (p<0,05). Todas as amostras foram consideradas fonte da vitamina B2. Foi possível explicar matematicamente, através de equações de regressão linear oriundas da análise multivariada, a influência do tempo de armazenamento nas concentrações das vitaminas B6 e PP, com explicabilidade de 76 e 60% respectivamente. / Pollen is the main source of non liquid food for bees and it has been used as a supplement for human diet. Although many authors cited that bee products are rich in nutrients, it is known a little about the composition of bee pollen and, in particular, the presence of the B vitamin complex in this product. This original study has the objective of evaluate the stability of B complex vitamins (B1, B2, B6 and PP), including its vitamers for a period of one year of storage in dried samples of bee pollen. It was also analyzed the effect of processing on vitamin content and the possible influence of polinic types on proximate composition and vitamin content. Samples were analyzed at time zero, after 4, 8 and 12 months. They were storaged under three different conditions: room temperature (with and without exposure to light) and freezer. The vitamins were quantified by HPLC with fluorescence detection after simultaneous extraction. All proposed vitamins were found in the analyzed samples and the dehydration process did not interfere in vitamin content (p<0.05). The variations were (dry basis): 0.59 to 1.09 mg/100g for vitamin B1; 1.73 to 2.56 mg/100g for vitamin B2; 6.43 to 15.34 mg/100g for vitamin PP and 0.33 to 0.68 mg/100g for vitamin B6. All samples were classified as heterofloral pollen, according to the big variability of polinic types. After one year of storage, it can be stated that vitamin B1 concentration remained constant, while for the other vitamins, the concentration loose was dependent on time and not on the storage condition (p<0.05). All samples were considered Vitamin B2 source. It was possible to explain mathematically, through linear regression equations of multivariate analysis, the influence of storage time in the concentrations of vitamin B6 and PP, they were explained as 76 and 60% respectively.

A inflamação e o estresse oxidativo são condições frequentes em indivíduos com doença renal crônica (DRC) em hemodiálise (HD) e influenciam o seu estado clínico e nutricional. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar os efeitos do uso de ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) nos marcadores inflamatórios e de estresse oxidativo de indivíduos em HD e investigar possíveis associações entre estes marcadores e as características pessoais, clínicas e nutricionais da população estudada. A amostra inicial foi composta por 42 pacientes em HD, dos quais 36 concluíram o estudo. Houve predomínio de indivíduos do sexo masculino (57,1%) e o diabetes mellitus (DM) foi a principal causa de perda da função renal. A média de idade dos participantes foi de 51,3 ± 15,5 anos e o tempo médio de tratamento hemodialítico correspondeu a 41,1 ± 38,6 meses. O Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) médio foi de 24,9 ± 6,1 kg/m² e o Malnutrition Inflammation Score (MIS) indicou 66,7% de adequação do estado nutricional. As coletas de sangue ocorreram antes da intervenção medicamentosa e aos 30 e 60 dias de uso da dose não considerada anti-inflamatória (300mg) do AAS. As variáveis bioquímicas avaliadas foram: proteína C-reativa ultrassensível (PCR-us), albumina, total de hidroperóxidos (FOX), glutationa reduzida (GSH), malondialdeído (MDA) e vitaminas A e E. O uso do AAS promoveu redução da PCR-us somente aos 60 dias de uso do medicamento (8,30 ± 9,09 vs 6,37 ± 8,90, p=0,01). As concentrações séricas de albumina diminuíram aos 30 (5,21 ± 0,59 vs 4,85 ± 0,81, p<0,01) e 60 dias de intervenção (4,85 ± 0,81 vs 3,70 ± 0,40, p<0,01). Houve aumento de FOX (0,20 ± 0,08 vs 0,38 ± 0,18, p<0,01) e da GSH (3,86 ± 1,02 vs 4,41 ± 1,14, p<0,01) aos 30 dias de intervenção. Aos 60 dias de uso do AAS houve diminuição das concentrações de FOX (0,38±0,18 vs 0,17 ± 0,06, p<0,01) e GSH (4,41 ± 1,14 vs 1,25 ± 0,51, p<0,01), quando comparadas com as concentrações dos 30 dias de intervenção. Os valores séricos de MDA não se alteraram durante o estudo. Houve redução da vitamina A aos 30 dias de uso do AAS (3,20 ± 1,2 vs 2,78 ± 0,86, p<0,01) e aumento das concentrações séricas de vitamina E aos 60 dias de intervenção (20,80 ± 6,44 vs 22,93 ± 7,86, p<0,05). No final da intervenção, o uso do AAS promoveu diminuição da inflamação, mesmo com a redução das concentrações séricas de albumina, e aumento da peroxidação lipídica. As variáveis pessoais, clínicas e nutricionais dos participantes apresentaram associações com os marcadores bioquímicos avaliados, mas estas associações não foram influenciadas pelo uso do AAS. / Inflammation and oxidative stress are frequent conditions in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis (HD) and influence its clinical and nutritional status. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in inflammatory markers and oxidative stress in HD individuals, investigating possible associations between these markers and the personal, clinical, and nutrition characteristics of the population studied. The initial sample was composed of 42 HD patients, of which 36 completed the study. There was a predominance of males, 57.1%, and the main cause of loss of renal function was diabetes mellitus (DM). The average age of participants was 51.3 ± 15.5 years and mean duration of hemodialysis treatment corresponded to 41.1 ± 38.6 months. The mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 24.9 ± 6.1 kg / m² and the Malnutrition Inflammation Score (MIS) showed that 66.7% of patients had appropriate nutritional status. Blood samples were collected before drug intervention at 30 and 60 days of use of ASA (300mg), this dose is not considered anti-inflammatory. Biochemical variables evaluated were: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), albumin, total hydroperoxides (FOX), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and vitamins A and E. The use of ASA produced a decreased of hs-CRP only after 60 days of the drug use (8.30 ± 9.09 vs. 6.37 ± 8.90, p=0.01). Serum albumin decreased at 30 (5.21 ± 0.59 vs. 4.85 ± 0.81, p<0.01) and 60 (4.85 ± 0.81 vs. 3.70 ± 0.40, p<0.01) days of intervention. There was an increase of FOX (0.20 ± 0.08 vs. 0.38 ± 0.18, p<0.01) and GSH (3.86 ± 1.02 vs. 4.41 ± 1.14, p<0.01) after 30 days of intervention. After 60 days of use of ASA occurred a decrease the concentrations of FOX (0.38 ± 0.18 vs. 0.17 ± 0.06, p<0.01) and GSH (4.41 ± 1.14 vs. 1.25 ± 0.51, p<0.01) when compared with the concentrations of the 30 days of intervention. Serum levels of MDA did not change during the study. There was a reduction of vitamin A after 30 days of use of ASA (3.20 ± 1.2 vs. 2.78 ± 0.86, p<0.01) and increased serum concentrations of vitamin E at 60 days of intervention (20.80 ± 6.44 vs. 22.93 ± 7.86, p<0.05). At the end of intervention the ASA usage caused a reduction of inflammation, despite the serum albumin reduction, and increased lipid peroxidation. Personal variables, clinical and nutritional of participants presented associations with the biochemical markers evaluated, but these associations were not influenced by the use of ASA.

Introdução: O folato e outras vitaminas do complexo B estão metabolicamente relacionadas à elevação sanguínea do aminoácido homocisteína (hcy). Este, por sua vez, se mostrou associada ao aumento de risco de eventos adversos, sobretudo as doenças cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Investigar a ingestão dietética e níveis sanguíneos das vitaminas folato, B6, e B12, e sua relação com a concentração sérica de hcy, entre adolescentes Métodos: Estudo observacional, transversal, em adolescentes de ambos os sexos, faixa etária de 16 a 19 anos, foi conduzido na escola de ensino técnico da cidade de Indaiatuba-SP-Brasil. Coletou-se registro alimentar de três dias não consecutivos. Os valores dos nutrientes referentes aos registros foram obtidos no software NDSR. Para a estimativa da dieta habitual pela remoção da variabilidade intrapessoal e a prevalência de inadequação da ingestão pelo método da EAR como ponto de corte, utilizou-se o PC-Side, versão 1.0. As análises bioquímicas de folato, B6, B12 e hcy foram conduzidas de acordo com os métodos aceitos na literatura científica. Todas as análises estatísticas foram realizadas no STATA® versão 10.0 considerando o nível de significância 5%. Resultados: O estudo foi conduzido com 99 adolescentes, sendo 58,6% do sexo feminino e média de idade de 17,6 (dp 0,9) anos. As médias da concentração sérica de folato, B6 e B12 foram de 9,2 (dp 3,4) ng/ml, 18,7 (dp 5,1) nmol/L e 397,5 (dp 188,4) pg/ml, respectivamente. 15,2% dos adolescentes apresentavam inadequação da ingestão de folato, 10,2%, de B6 e <1%, de B12. Os alimentos que mais contribuíram para a ingestão dos nutrientes foram: pão francês (23,1%), macarrão (9,7%) e feijões (8,2%) para folato; arroz branco (9,9%), carne de frango (5,7%) e carne bovina (4,2%) para B6, e carne bovina magra (16,4%), leite integral (15%) e carne bovina gorda (12,3%) para B12. Em relação à hcy, as médias foram de 15,4 (dp 10,2) µmol/L nos meninos e 8,2 (dp 2,2) µmol/L nas meninas. Dos meninos, 25% apresentavam valores séricos de hcy superiores a 15 µmol/L e diminuição da média sérica de folato e B12 quanto maior o tercil do nível sérico hcy (p<0,005). Conclusão: As prevalências de inadequação da ingestão folato, B6 e B12 mostraram-se baixas, possivelmente em decorrência da melhoria do acesso e disponibilidade de alimentos, inclusive dos alimentos processados que contêm entre os ingredientes as farinhas fortificadas com ácido fólico. No entanto, os feijões, ainda se destacaram como um dos alimentos que contribuíram para a ingestão desse nutriente. Além disso, os adolescentes do sexo masculino têm altos níveis séricos de hcy e apresentaram uma tendência de queda das médias da concentração sérica de folato e B12 quanto maior o tercil de hcy. / Introduction: Folate and the metabolically related B vitamins are intimately connected with metabolic pathways of homocysteine (hcy). Epidemiologic studies have shown that increased total homocysteine concentration is an independent predictor for a number of human diseases, especially, cardiovascular diseases. Objective: to investigate the dietary intake and status of folate, related B-vitamin, and the relationship to total homocysteine concentration among adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescents, both genders, aged 16 to 19 years, in a public school of Indaiatuba, São Paulo. Dietary intake was measured using three-day dietary record. The energy and nutrients were computed using Nutrition Data System for Research software. The usual intake and prevalence of inadequate by EAR cut-point method were estimated using PC-SIDE, version 1.0. Biochemical analyses were determined according the methods recommended by the scientific literature. All statistical analyses were performed using STATA, version 10.0. A two-tailed p value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: The study was conducted among 99 adolescents, 58 (58.6%) were girls, mean age of 17.6 (SD 0.9) years old. The means of folate, B6 and B12 vitamins status were of 9.2 (SD 3.4) ng/ml, 18.7 (SD 5.1) nmol/L and 397.5 (SD 188.4) pg/ml, respectively. The proportion of adolescents with folate, B6 and B12 intakes above the recommendation was 15.2%, 10.2%, e <1%, respectively. The foods that more contributed for folate intake were French bread (23.1%), pasta (9.7%) and beans (8.2%). For B6 intake rice (9.9%), chicken (5.7%) and meat (4.2%). For B12 intake, meat without fat (16.4%) whole milk (15%) and meat with fat (12.3%). The mean of hcy was 15.4 (SD 10.2) µmol/L in boys and 8.2 (SD 2.2) µmol/L in girls. In boys, 25% of them showed values of serum hcy concentration upper to 15 µmol/L and, means of folate and vitamin B12 decreased according of serum hcy tercil (p<0.005). Conclusions: The prevalence of inadequate intake of folate, vitamin B6 and B12 were low, possibly due to improved access and availability of food, including processed foods that contain the fortified flour with folic acid as ingredient. However, the beans, a component of the Brazilians usual dietary pattern, are founded as important contributors of folate intake. The total homocysteine levels were higher in boys when compared with girls. In boys, folate and vitamin B12 status were decreased significantly with trend among different tercile serum homocysteine concentration.

Entende-se por pólen apícola o resultado da aglutinação do pólen das flores, efetuado pelas abelhas operárias, mediante néctar e substâncias salivares, o qual é recolhido no ingresso da colmeia. A literatura descreve que esse alimento contém proteínas, carboidratos, lipídeos, vitaminas e minerais. De acordo com estudo prévio, amostras de pólen apícola in natura e desidratado, da cidade de Pariquera-Açu (São Paulo), apresentaram teores significativos de vitamina B1(tiamina) e B2 (riboflavina), além da presença dos vitâmeros da vitamina B3 (ácido nicotínico e nicotinamida) e B6 (piridoxal, piridoxol e piridoxamina) em sua composição o que foi associado à flora local explorada pelas abelhas. A região Sul do Brasil possui clima, relevo e vegetação diferenciados de outras regiões, necessitando-se assim da verificação do potencial vitamínico deste produto local. Destaca-se, ainda, o fato de que nesta região encontra-se um dos dois maiores produtores nacionais de pólen apícola (estado de Santa Catarina). O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal quantificar os teores das vitaminas do complexo B: vitaminas B1 e B2, assim como os vitâmeros das vitaminas B3 e B6. Foram coletados 28 lotes de pólen apícola desidratado de diferentes localidades da região Sul durante o período de agosto de 2011 a dezembro de 2012 que posteriormente foram armazenados, a -18 °C até o momento das análises. As vitaminas do complexo B foram analisadas por cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) na matriz pólen apícola desidratado e os resultados foram expressos em base seca. Entre as amostras analisadas foram verificados teores de vitamina B1 variando entre 0,46 e 1,83 mg / 100 g de pólen apícola; vitamina B2 de 0,40 à 1,86 mg / 100 g e quanto à vitamina B6 apenas os vitâmeros piridoxal e piridoxamina puderam ser quantificados em todos os lotes analisados. O piridoxal teve variação entre as amostras de 0,42 à 6,70 mg / 100 g e a piridoxamina de 0,26 à 0,95 mg / 100g. Em relação à vitamina B3, o vitâmero ácido nicotínico apresentou-se nos diferentes lotes variando de 0,68 à 3,93 mg / 100 g e a nicotinamida de 0,27 à 5,54 mg / 100 g de produto. Tomando-se como porção sugerida para consumo diário 25 g de pólen apícola, verificou-se que num total de 28 amostras, 15 foram consideradas fontes e 2 como ricas em tiamina; 19 lotes foram fontes e 3 ricos em riboflavina, e; 2 lotes foram fontes e 26 ricos em piridoxina segundo à Ingestão Diária Recomendada (IDR) para adultos como disponibilizado na Resolução de Diretoria Colegiada (RDC) nº. 269, de 22 de setembro de 2005. / Bee pollen is understood to be the result of agglutination of pollen from flowers, made by worker bees, and nectar through salivary substances, which is collected at the hive entrance. The literature describes that this product contains proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals. Previous study with fresh and dehydrated bee pollen, from the city of Pariquera-Açu (São Paulo) showed significant levels of vitamin B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), presence of B3 (nicotinic acid and nicotinamide) and B6 (pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, piridoxol) vitamins vitamers in its composition which was associated with the local flora explored by bees. Southern Brazil has a differentiated climate, topography and vegetation from other regions, thus requiring verification of vitamin potential of this local product. Also stands out the fact that this region is one of the two largest national producers of bee pollen (Santa Catarina state). This study aimed to quantify the levels of B complex vitamins: vitamins B1, B2, as well as the vitamers of vitamins B3 and B6. Thus, it was collected 28 batches of dehydrated bee pollen from different locations in the South during the period from August 2011 to December 2012. Samples were obtained and subsequently stored at -18 ° C until the analysis time. B vitamins were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in bee pollen dehydrated matrix and results were expressed on a dry basis. Among the samples it levels of vitamin B1 varied from 0.46 to 1.83 mg / 100 g; vitamin B2 from 0.40 to 1.86 mg / 100 g; and for vitamin B6, only the pyridoxal and pyridoxamine vitamers could be quantified in all analyzed batches. The pyridoxal had variation between samples from 0.42 to 6,70 mg / 100 g and pyridoxamine from 0.26 to 0.95 mg / 100g. Taking 25 g of bee pollen as suggested for daily intake portion, it was found in a total of 28 samples that 15 were considered sources and 2 rich in thiamine; 19 lots were sources and 3 rich in riboflavin, and; 2 lots were sources and 26 rich in pyridoxine in relation to the Reference Daily Intake (RDI) for adults as provided in Resolução de Diretoria Colegiada (RDC) nº 269, de setembro de 2005.