No abstract was provided / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Em 10 de março de 1762, o protestante Jean Calas, suposto assassino de seu filho, sofre o suplício da roda após um julgamento espúrio do Parlamento de Toulouse. Voltaire assume as rédeas do caso. Para ele tratava-se de um crime motivado pelo fanatismo religioso, algo impensável em pleno século das Luzes. Por meio do estudo de um conjunto de cartas redigidas em defesa da reabilitação de Jean Calas, interessa discutir como Voltaire conduziu a \"guerra\" pelo advento da Razão. Descobre-se, à medida que se avança, desde as manobras nos bastidores à eloqüência do advogado em suas denúncias, o que ele denominou de \"crime contra o gênero humano\". Pretende-se mostrar, igualmente, as astúcias do texto voltairiano para atrair leitores de diferentes esferas sociais. Nesta tese, trata-se de questionar como o Autor prepara o terreno para a divulgação de seu livro Traité sur la tolérance (1763), arma decisiva contra os autodenominados seguidores de Cristo. Nessa obra compósita, analisam-se as variadas formas discursivas utilizadas por Voltaire para convencer o leitor de que os dogmas e as superstições não passam de criações humanas. Perguntamo-nos quais características, no conjunto desses textos, o autor privilegia a fim de conferir brilho à batalha contra o obscurantismo, além de nos debruçarmos sobre as fontes nas quais Voltaire se inspirou para sua argumentação. Percebe-se como a preocupação de instruir os cidadãos ia de par com a vontade de proporcionar prazer, peça-chave da estética desse poeta-filósofo que, para dizer com Roland Barthes, dava ao combate pela Razão \"o aspecto de uma festa\". / On March 10th 1762, the Prostestant Jean Calas, charged with the alleged murder of this own son, was submitted to the torture of the wheel, after a spurious trial at the Toulouse Parliament. Voltaire takes over the affair. For him, it was a matter of a crime due to a religious fanaticism, something unacceptable in the century of Enlightenment. The observation of a bunch of letters written to assert Jean Calas´s rehabilitation allowns the debate about how Voltaire waged the \"war\" to prevail Reason. Il also allows us to observe from the backstage ploys to the lawyer´s eloquence, in his denounces to what he denominated \"a crime against the humanity\". It is also possible to see the acuity of Voltaire´s text to appeal to the readers of different social levels. The thesis is supposed to question how the author prepares the ground to the issue of his book Traité sur la tolérance (1763) an incisive weapon against the so-called Christ´s followers. In this composite work several discursive ways are analyzed to convince the reader that the dogmas and the superstitions aren´t but human creations. The main question is: what characteristics the author pick and choose among his writings in order to highlight the battle against obscurantism and what were the sources that inspired his argumentation. One may notice how the concern about informing the citizens has gone along with his will to provide pleasure, a touchstone of this philosopher-poet´s aesthetics, whom, to mention Roland Barthes, rendered \"a configuration of a party\" to the struggle for Reason.

Thèse de doctorat--Droit--Paris, 1931.

Thesis--Münster. / Bibliography: p. 98-103.

Louise Dupin (1706-1799), illustre salonnière à son époque, est une auteure « féministe » dont la pensée reste aujourd’hui méconnue : ses manuscrits – de la main d’un secrétaire qui a pour nom Jean-Jacques Rousseau – ont effectivement attendu un siècle et demi avant de sortir des mains de ses héritiers. Ils sont ensuite restés soixante ans inédits en raison de leur dispersion géographique. Nous proposons ici au lecteur, pour la première fois, une transcription des parties historique et éducative de son Ouvrage sur les femmes. On lira aussi la partie féministe de sa « Critique de l’Esprit des lois ». La châtelaine de Chenonceau a en effet été l’une des premières à risquer une réfutation du livre de Montesquieu. Voltaire en a été un lecteur attentif. Comment donc s’articulent chez elle réflexion féministe et réflexion politique dans le cadre d’une pensée aux prises avec les grands philosophes de son temps ? En quoi son monarchisme est-il en partie bousculé par des convictions dont le maître-mot est l’égalité ? C’est au coeur de sa pensée historique, politique et morale – à la fois équilibrée, érudite et pugnace – que nous souhaiterions entraîner le lecteur. / In her day Louise Dupin (1706-1799) was a famous salon holder and a "feminist" author whose writings are still relatively unknown. It took a century and a half for her manuscripts – written by her secretary, a certain Jean-Jacques Rousseau – to leave the hands of her inheritors. Then, due to their geographical dispersion, they remained unpublished for a further sixty years. For the first time, readers can now consult a transcription of the historical and educational parts of her Ouvrage sur les femmes. We shall also explore the feminist part of her "Critique de l’Esprit des lois". The chatelaine of Chenonceau was in fact one of the first to risk a refutation of Montesquieu's work. Voltaire read it attentively. How did she articulate her feminist and political thought in her encounters with the great philosophers of her day? To what degree was her monarchism troubled by convictions whose keyword was equality? We would like to introduce readers to the balanced, erudite and pugnacious character of her historical, political and moral thinking.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / What we have in mind in this thesis is to understand and identify the literature educational role in French Illustration, known as the intellectual movement of XVIII century. The specific goals of this research are: understand some literary expressions - the pamphlet, the short story, for example - as instruments in service of education, considering that they are effective when transmitting moral values and, at last, showing how the educational function of literature in Voltaire is achieved, through the analysis of his short stories. To succeed in researching these goals, the text was divided in three chapters. The first, called "Illustration, Education and Literature", exposes the context of the historical period studied, presenting some of its main characteristics, through Voltaire's writings and, after, through modern and illustrative movement commentators; after this exposure, it discussed, in short words, the transformation that happened with pedagogy in that time. The second chapter, "Voltaire - Illustration and militant work", started pointing, yet, some changes that happened in Modern era to, after, present Voltaire and his epoch, focusing in the influence of this author and the revolution that this influence generated; Voltaire's works analyzed in this moment of the thesis, in order to observe the revolution and influence of the philosopher, are: Memórias, Dicionário Filosófico, Cartas Filosóficas, Tratado sobre a Tolerância, Tratado de Metafísica and O Filósofo Ignorante. Finally, the third chapter, named "Voltaire and the 'moral in action'", the main part of the thesis, and brings, in its lines, the literary theory that based the theme of this investigation, to know, the educational function of literary texts; in that sense, it was very important to the understanding of the proposed problem, the analysis of Voltaire's short story, called Jeannot e Colin, to illustrate how the literary pedagogical function is processed. / O que aqui se tem em vista é compreender e identificar a tarefa educadora da literatura na Ilustração francesa, isto é, no movimento intelectual do século XVIII. Os objetivos específicos deste trabalho são: entender algumas expressões literárias o panfleto, o conto, por exemplo como instrumentos a serviço da educação, uma vez que estes são eficazes veículos transmissores dos valores morais e, por fim, mostrar como se dá a função educadora da literatura em Voltaire, por meio da análise de um de seus contos. Tendo em vista alcançar tais objetivos, o trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos. O primeiro, intitulado Ilustração, Educação e Literatura , expôs o contexto do período histórico estudado, apresentando algumas de suas principais características, via a pena voltairiana e, posteriormente, comentadores da modernidade e do movimento ilustrado; após essa exposição, tratou, sucintamente, da transformação ocorrida na pedagogia da época. O segundo capítulo, Voltaire ilustração e obra militante , iniciou apontando, ainda, algumas das mudanças ocasionadas na Era Moderna para, em seguida, apresentar Voltaire e sua época, enfocando a influência deste autor e a revolução gerada nos espíritos a partir dessa influência; as obras voltairianas analisadas nesse momento do trabalho, para que se pudesse enxergar o alcance da revolução e influência do filósofo em tela, são: Memórias, Dicionário Filosófico, Cartas Filosóficas, Tratado sobre a Tolerância, Tratado de Metafísica e O Filósofo Ignorante. Finalmente, o terceiro capítulo, nomeado Voltaire e a moral em exercício , é o ponto nevrálgico do trabalho e traz, em suas linhas, a Teoria Literária que fundamentou o tema desta investigação, a saber, a função educadora dos textos literários; nesse sentido, foi imprescindível, para a compreensão do problema proposto, a análise de um conto de Voltaire, chamado Jeannot e Colin, para, dessa maneira, ilustrar como se processa a função pedagógica da literatura.

Aujourd’hui quand on pense à Voltaire, on songe à ses contes. Qui ne connaît pas Candide ou Zadig ? Néanmoins, au XVIIIème siècle, il était surtout célèbre et souhaitait surtout être célébré pour son théâtre. Plusieurs spécialistes se sont déjà penchés sur la réception de ce théâtre en France. Mais qu’en était-il à l’étranger ? Il semble que la figure de Voltaire en tant que dramaturge ait été respectée dans l’Europe des Lumières. Il est dans les Provinces-Unies, les anciens Pays-Bas, considéré comme le grand tenant du classicisme. En outre, certains aspects de son théâtre ont particulièrement plu. Il s’agissait de l’exotisme présent dans ses pièces, mais aussi de ce qui a été remarqué et souvent intensifié, le patriotisme. On parle souvent de ses tragédies dont Zaïre est la plus connue, mais on oublie souvent ses comédies. Elles ont pourtant rencontré un certain succès dans un pays où la culture française malgré de nombreuses attaques conserve un certain prestige. / Nowadays, when you think about Voltaire, you think about his “Tales”. Who does not know Candide or Zadig? However, in the XVIIIth century, he was famous and wanted to be celebrated for his theater. A few specialists already studied the reception of his theater in France. But what happened outside France? It seems that Voltaire as a dramatist was very appreciated in the Europe of the Enlightment. He is in the “United Provinces”, today the Netherlands, seen as the main figure of Classicism. Moreover, some aspects of his plays were found of particular interest: the exoticism of some of them, and specifically the patriotism often intensified in the translations. We talk about his tragedies like Zaïre, the best known, but we forget his comedies most of the time. However, the public who loved them have been in a country, where despite the critics, the French culture has kept her Glory.

Voltaire a-t-il été rénovateur ou défenseur du classicisme ? Bien qu’il l’appréciât, il s’opposait à l’introduction de la galanterie qui était la tradition classique. Car, pour lui, la puissance de la tragédie, c’était d’inspirer la crainte et la pitié afin d’instruire les hommes. À ses yeux, la galanterie ne pouvait qu’affaiblir le rôle éducatif de la tragédie. Ainsi, il a tenté d’instruire dans le théâtre français des scènes qui inspirent la terreur, tout en respectant la bienséance du classicisme. Pour ce qui est de la pitié, il a mis en avant l’importance des liens familiaux ; les liens du sang font entendre la voix de la nature. Cela nous amène à la question de la nature humaine. En réalité, Voltaire avait confiance en la nature de l’homme, tout en soutenant l’empirisme. De là, une contradiction apparaît. Si l’homme est façonné par son environnement, il y a des cas où il se dénature et commet un crime. Voltaire pensait plutôt que l’homme était originellement l’être faible qui commit la faute. Alors, le crime s’unit à la nature humaine. Cependant, il croyait malgré tout à la bonté de l’homme car ce dernier possède la capacité de se régénérer. C’est là qu’intervient la force du remords. Pour Voltaire, ce sentiment est une des composantes de la vertu gravée dans la nature humaine. Même si un mortel commet un crime, il peut se régénérer grâce au remords. L’être humain, selon lui, résulte de sa nature bonne et l’empirisme. Voltaire a tenté jusqu’à sa mort d’être à la fois dramaturge et philosophe afin de mettre en lumière le rapport de la vertu et de la régénération. Pensant toujours à éduquer l’homme, tantôt il défend la tradition classique, tantôt il introduit de la modernité dans le classicisme. Toutefois, pour lui, moderniser la tradition classique était un moyen de la conserver, non pas de la détruire. En effet, il pensait que la tragédie classique était la plus efficace manière d’éduquer les hommes. La tragédie voltairienne, c’est donc l’intégration de la modernité à la tradition du classicisme. / Was Voltaire the refomer or the guardian of the classicism ? Although he appreciated it, he opposed the insertion of the coquettish story which was the classical tradition. For him, the power of the tragedy that was to inspire fear and pity in order to educate humain being. In his eyes the coquettish story weakens the educational role of the tragedy. And so, for fear, he tried to introduce the spectacle of terror in the French theatre. But at the same time he minded the reserve of the classicism. In terms of pity, he highlighted the importance of family ties. He emphasized the voice of the nature in the same blood. This brings us to the problem of human nature. He trusted actually the nature of man, whereas he supported the empiricism. That so, the contradiction happens inside him. If human being is shaped according to his environment, there are cases where he is corrupted and commits a crime. Rather, he thought that man was originally the weak creature who committed the fault. In this thought, the crime joins human nature. However, Voltaire still believed in the goodness of human nature, because man has also the ability to regenerate : it is the power of remorse. For Voltaire, that feeling is one of the components of virtue engaved in human nature. Even if he commits crime, man has the possibility of regeneration, thanks to the felling of remorse. Such a fusion of the human nature and of empiricism was his thought about man. Voltaire tried until his death to be both playwright and philosopher in order to highlight importance of the relation between virtue and regeneration. Always thinking to educate man, sometimes Voltaire defends the classical tradition, sometimes he introduces modernity in classicism. However, for him, modernizing the classical tradition was a way to conserve it, not to destoy it. Indeed, he thought that the classical tragedy was the most effective manner to educate man. So, Voltaire’s tragedy is characterized by the integration of modernity into the classical tradition.

Em 10 de março de 1762, o protestante Jean Calas, suposto assassino de seu filho, sofre o suplício da roda após um julgamento espúrio do Parlamento de Toulouse. Voltaire assume as rédeas do caso. Para ele tratava-se de um crime motivado pelo fanatismo religioso, algo impensável em pleno século das Luzes. Por meio do estudo de um conjunto de cartas redigidas em defesa da reabilitação de Jean Calas, interessa discutir como Voltaire conduziu a \"guerra\" pelo advento da Razão. Descobre-se, à medida que se avança, desde as manobras nos bastidores à eloqüência do advogado em suas denúncias, o que ele denominou de \"crime contra o gênero humano\". Pretende-se mostrar, igualmente, as astúcias do texto voltairiano para atrair leitores de diferentes esferas sociais. Nesta tese, trata-se de questionar como o Autor prepara o terreno para a divulgação de seu livro Traité sur la tolérance (1763), arma decisiva contra os autodenominados seguidores de Cristo. Nessa obra compósita, analisam-se as variadas formas discursivas utilizadas por Voltaire para convencer o leitor de que os dogmas e as superstições não passam de criações humanas. Perguntamo-nos quais características, no conjunto desses textos, o autor privilegia a fim de conferir brilho à batalha contra o obscurantismo, além de nos debruçarmos sobre as fontes nas quais Voltaire se inspirou para sua argumentação. Percebe-se como a preocupação de instruir os cidadãos ia de par com a vontade de proporcionar prazer, peça-chave da estética desse poeta-filósofo que, para dizer com Roland Barthes, dava ao combate pela Razão \"o aspecto de uma festa\". / On March 10th 1762, the Prostestant Jean Calas, charged with the alleged murder of this own son, was submitted to the torture of the wheel, after a spurious trial at the Toulouse Parliament. Voltaire takes over the affair. For him, it was a matter of a crime due to a religious fanaticism, something unacceptable in the century of Enlightenment. The observation of a bunch of letters written to assert Jean Calas´s rehabilitation allowns the debate about how Voltaire waged the \"war\" to prevail Reason. Il also allows us to observe from the backstage ploys to the lawyer´s eloquence, in his denounces to what he denominated \"a crime against the humanity\". It is also possible to see the acuity of Voltaire´s text to appeal to the readers of different social levels. The thesis is supposed to question how the author prepares the ground to the issue of his book Traité sur la tolérance (1763) an incisive weapon against the so-called Christ´s followers. In this composite work several discursive ways are analyzed to convince the reader that the dogmas and the superstitions aren´t but human creations. The main question is: what characteristics the author pick and choose among his writings in order to highlight the battle against obscurantism and what were the sources that inspired his argumentation. One may notice how the concern about informing the citizens has gone along with his will to provide pleasure, a touchstone of this philosopher-poet´s aesthetics, whom, to mention Roland Barthes, rendered \"a configuration of a party\" to the struggle for Reason.

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