Airplane wings, turbine blades and other structures subjected to air or water flows, can undergo motions depending on their flexibility. As such, the performance of these systems depends strongly on their geometry and material properties. Of particular importance is the contribution of different nonlinear aspects. These aspects can be of two types: aerodynamic and structural. Examples of aerodynamic aspects include but are not lomited to flow separation and wake effects. Examples of structural aspects include but not limited to large deformations (geometric nonlinearities), concentrated masses or elements (inertial nonlinearities) and freeplay. In some systems, and depending on the parameters, the nonlinearities can cause multiple solutions. Determining the effects of nonlinearities of an aeroelastic system on its response is crucial. In this dissertation, different aeroelastic configurations where nonlinear aspects may have significant effects on their performance are considered. These configurations include: the effects of the wake on the flutter speed of a wing placed under different angles of attack, the impacts of the wing rotation as well as the aerodynamic and structural nonlinearities on the flutter speed of a rotating blade, and the effects of the recently proposed nonlinear energy sink on the flutter and ensuing limit cycle oscillations of airfoils and wings. For the modeling and analysis of these systems, we use models with different levels of fidelity as required to achieve the stated goals. We also use nonlinear dynamic analysis tools such as the normal form to determine specific effects of nonlinearities on the type of instability. / Ph. D.

Fenômenos aeroelásticos podem levar à drástica redução na vida útil de uma aeronave ou ainda resultam em danos severos à estrutura. Para manter as respostas dinâmicas em níveis aceitáveis técnicas como as estruturas adaptativas têm sido aplicadas. Este conceito explora a integração entre os elementos ativos (atuadores e sensores) e o controlador à estrutura. Dentre os materiais próprios para uso em estruturas adaptativas estão os fluidos eletro-reológicos e magneto-reológicos que tem se mostrado como um dos mais promissores materiais ativos. Estes materiais apresentam rápidas mudanças nas suas propriedades reológicas devido à ação de um campo elétrico ou magnético. Para sua incorporação em uma estrutura é utilizada uma viga sanduíche que tem seu comportamento dinâmico modelado através do método GHM para incorporar a dependência da freqüência dos fluidos ER/MR em um modelo estrutural no domínio do tempo. Através do acoplamento deste modelo com o método da malha de vórtices, é possível estudar a resposta aeroelástica temporal. Também é analisada a eficiência dos fluidos ER/MR no atraso da ocorrência de flutter. Isto é feito com o auxílio do método PK que determina a velocidade crítica de flutter. / Aeroelastic phenomena can lead to a drastic reduction in the fatigue life of aircraft or result in severe structural damage. To keep the dynamical responses at acceptable levels techniques such as the so-called adaptive structures have been adopted. This approach integrates active elements and controllers (actuators and sensors) to the structure. Among the materials suitable for adaptive structures are the electro-rheological (ER) and magneto-rheological fluids which are some of the most promising active materials. This kind of materials presents change in their rheological properties due to action of an external field, such as electrical or magnetic. In order to integrate these kind of fluids in the structure a sandwich beam with ER/MR fluids core is studied. The dynamical behaviour is modelled through a GHM method to incorporate the frequency dependence of the ER/MR fluids in a structural time domain model. By coupling this model to a vortex lattice model, it is possible to study the aeroelastic response in time domain. The ER/MR fluids efficiency to delay the flutter occurrence is also studied by using a PK-method that determines a critical velocity of flutter.

Fenômenos aeroelásticos podem levar à drástica redução na vida útil de uma aeronave ou ainda resultam em danos severos à estrutura. Para manter as respostas dinâmicas em níveis aceitáveis técnicas como as estruturas adaptativas têm sido aplicadas. Este conceito explora a integração entre os elementos ativos (atuadores e sensores) e o controlador à estrutura. Dentre os materiais próprios para uso em estruturas adaptativas estão os fluidos eletro-reológicos e magneto-reológicos que tem se mostrado como um dos mais promissores materiais ativos. Estes materiais apresentam rápidas mudanças nas suas propriedades reológicas devido à ação de um campo elétrico ou magnético. Para sua incorporação em uma estrutura é utilizada uma viga sanduíche que tem seu comportamento dinâmico modelado através do método GHM para incorporar a dependência da freqüência dos fluidos ER/MR em um modelo estrutural no domínio do tempo. Através do acoplamento deste modelo com o método da malha de vórtices, é possível estudar a resposta aeroelástica temporal. Também é analisada a eficiência dos fluidos ER/MR no atraso da ocorrência de flutter. Isto é feito com o auxílio do método PK que determina a velocidade crítica de flutter. / Aeroelastic phenomena can lead to a drastic reduction in the fatigue life of aircraft or result in severe structural damage. To keep the dynamical responses at acceptable levels techniques such as the so-called adaptive structures have been adopted. This approach integrates active elements and controllers (actuators and sensors) to the structure. Among the materials suitable for adaptive structures are the electro-rheological (ER) and magneto-rheological fluids which are some of the most promising active materials. This kind of materials presents change in their rheological properties due to action of an external field, such as electrical or magnetic. In order to integrate these kind of fluids in the structure a sandwich beam with ER/MR fluids core is studied. The dynamical behaviour is modelled through a GHM method to incorporate the frequency dependence of the ER/MR fluids in a structural time domain model. By coupling this model to a vortex lattice model, it is possible to study the aeroelastic response in time domain. The ER/MR fluids efficiency to delay the flutter occurrence is also studied by using a PK-method that determines a critical velocity of flutter.

Diese Arbeit präsentiert die Ergebnisse einer Rastertunnelmikroskopiestudie an dem stöchiometrischen Supraleiter Lithium-Eisenarsenid (LiFeAs). Topographie- sowie Spektroskopieuntersuchungen an defektfreien Bereichen der Oberfläche zeigen eine Variation der Atompositionen in Abhängigkeit von der Tunnelspannung. Weiterhin wurde die Temperaturabhängigkeit der supraleitenden Energielücke untersucht. Dabei konnte die Signatur einer bosonischen Mode und damit eine Kopplung von Quasiteilchen beobachtet werden. Neben der Untersuchung defektfreier Oberflächen wurden auch Defekte und deren Einfluss auf die supraleitenden Eigenschaften analysiert. Es wurde dabei festgestellt, dass Defekte die supraleitende Energielücke ortsabhängig verändern. Die Defekte lassen sich aufgrund ihrer Symmetrie einer möglichen Gitterposition zuordnen. Eine detaillierte spektroskopische Untersuchung verschiedener Defekte zeigt deren Einfluss auf die Zustandsdichte der supraleitenden Quasiteilchen. Dabei stellt sich heraus, dass As-Defekte die supraleitende Energielücke erheblich beeinflussen. Fe-Defekte zeigen hingegen nur einen geringen Effekt. Für die Bestimmung der Ginzburg-Landau-Kohärenzlänge wurden Messungen im Magnetfeld durchgeführt. Hierfür wird in dieser Arbeit eine geeignete Näherungsfunktion hergeleitet. Die Näherung der differentiellen Leitfähigkeit bei U=0 V in einem Flussschlauch erlaubt die Bestimmung einer Kohärenzlänge von 3,9 nm. Dies entspricht einem oberen kritischen Feld von 21 Tesla. Neben der Bestimmung der Ginzburg-Landau-Kohärenzlänge wird auch eine Analyse des Flussschlauch-Gitters durchgeführt. Dabei zeigt sich, dass der Flussschlauch-Gitterabstand dem eines tetragonalen Gitters entspricht. Allerdings zeigt sich für Magnetfelder größer als 6 Tesla eine zunehmende Unordnung des Flussschlauch-Gitters, was auf eine stärker werdende Flussschlauch-Flussschlauch-Wechselwirkung hindeutet. / This work presents scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy investigations on the stoichiometric superconductor lithium iron arsenide (LiFeAs). To reveal the electronic properties, measurements on defect-free surfaces as well as near defects have been performed. The former shows a shift of atomic position with respect to the applied bias voltage. Furthermore, temperature dependent spectroscopic measurements indicate the coupling of quasiparticles in the vicinity of the superconducting coherence peaks. LiFeAs surfaces influenced by atomic defects show a spacial variation of the superconducting gap. The defects can be characterized by their symmetry and thus can be assigned to a position in the atomic lattice. Detailed spectroscopic investigations of defects reveal their influence on the quasiparticle density of states. In particular, Fe-defects show a small effect on the superconductivity while As-defects strongly disturb the superconducting gap. Measurements in magnetic field have been performed for the determination of the Ginzburg-Landau coherence length . For this purpose, a suitable fit-function has been developed in this work. This function allows to fit the differential conductance of a magnetic vortex at U=0 V. The fit results in a coherence length of 3,9 nm which corresponds to an upper critical field of 21 Tesla. Besides measurements on a single vortex, investigation on the vortex lattice have been performed. The vortex lattice constant follows thereby the predicted behavior of a trigonal vortex lattice. However, for magnetic fields larger than 6 Tesla an increasing lattice disorder sets in, presumably due to vortex-vortex-interactions.

The goal of this thesis is to develop nontraditional strategies to provide motion control for different engineering applications. We focus our attention on three topics: 1) roll reduction of ships in a seaway; 2) response reduction of buildings under seismic excitations; 3) new training strategies and neural-network configurations. The first topic of this research is based on a multidisciplinary simulation, which includes ship-motion simulation by means of a numerical model called LAMP, the modeling of fins and computation of the hydrodynamic forces produced by them, and a neural-network/fuzzy-logic controller. LAMP is based on a source-panel method to model the flowfield around the ship, whereas the fins are modeled by a general unsteady vortex-lattice method. The ship is considered to be a rigid body and the complete equations of motion are integrated numerically in the time domain. The motion of the ship and the complete flowfield are calculated simultaneously and interactively. The neural-network/fuzzy-logic controller can be progressively trained. The second topic is the development of a neural-network-based approach for the control of seismic structural response. To this end, a two-dimensional linear model and a hysteretic model of a multistory building are used. To control the response of the structure a tuned mass damper is located on the roof of the building. Such devices provide a good passive reduction. Once the mass damper is properly tuned, active control is added to improve the already efficient passive controller. This is achieved by means of a neural network. As part of the last topic, two new flexible and expeditious training strategies are developed to train the neural-network and fuzzy-logic controllers for both naval and civil engineering applications. The first strategy is based on a load-matching procedure, which seeks to adjust the controller in order to counteract the loads (forces and moments) which generate the motion that is to be reduced. A second training strategy provides training by means of an adaptive gradient search. This technique provides a wide flexibility in defining the parameters to be optimized. Also a novel neural-network approach called modal neural network is designed as a suitable controller for multiple-input multiple output control systems (MIMO). / Ph. D.