A water distribution system (WDS) design deals with achieving the desired network performance. WDS design can involve new and / or existing network redesigns in order to keep up with the required service performance. Very often, WDS design is expensive, which encourages cost effectiveness in the required investments. Moreover, WDS design is associated with adverse environmental implications such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to energy consumption. GHGs are associated with global warming and climate change. Climate change is generally understood to cause reduction in water available at the sources and increase water demand. Urbanization that takes into account factors such as demographics (population ageing, household occupancy rates, etc.) and other activities are associated with water demand changes. In addition to the aforementioned issues, the challenge of meeting the required hydraulic performance of WDSs is worsened by the uncertainties that are associated with WDS parameters (e.g., future water demand). With all the factors mentioned here, mitigation and adaptive measures are considered essential to improve WDS performance in the long-term planning horizon. In this thesis, different formulations of a WDS design methodologies aimed at mitigating or adapting the systems to the effects of future changes such as those of climate change and urbanization are explored. Cost effective WDS designs that mitigate climate change by reducing GHG emissions have been investigated. Also, water demand management (DM) intervention measures, i.e., domestic rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems and water saving appliance schemes (WSASs) have been incorporated in the design of WDSs in an attempt to mitigate, adapt to or counteract the likely effects of future climate change and urbanization. Furthermore, flexibility has been introduced in the long-term WDS design under future uncertainty. The flexible methodology is adaptable to uncertain WDS parameters (i.e., future water demand in this thesis) thereby improving the WDS economic cost and hydraulic performance (resilience). The methodology is also complimented by strategically incorporating DM measures to further enhance the WDS performance under water demand uncertainty. The new methodologies presented in this thesis were successfully tested on case studies. Finally, conclusions and recommendations for possible further research work are made. There are potential benefits (e.g., cost savings, additional resilience, and lower GHG emissions) of incorporating an environmental objective and DM interventions in WDS design. Flexibility and DM interventions add value in the design of WDSs under uncertainty.

The research work presented in this thesis describes the development and testing of a new data analysis methodology for the automated near real-time detection and approximate location of pipe bursts and other events which induce similar abnormal pressure/flow variations (e.g., unauthorised consumptions, equipment failures, etc.) in Water Distribution Systems (WDSs). This methodology makes synergistic use of several self-learning Artificial Intelligence (AI) and statistical/geostatistical techniques for the analysis of the stream of data (i.e., signals) collected and communicated on-line by the hydraulic sensors deployed in a WDS. These techniques include: (i) wavelets for the de-noising of the recorded pressure/flow signals, (ii) Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for the short-term forecasting of future pressure/flow signal values, (iii) Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) for the selection of optimal ANN input structure and parameters sets, (iv) Statistical Process Control (SPC) techniques for the short and long term analysis of the burst/other event-induced pressure/flow variations, (v) Bayesian Inference Systems (BISs) for inferring the probability of a burst/other event occurrence and raising the detection alarms, and (vi) geostatistical techniques for determining the approximate location of a detected burst/other event. The results of applying the new methodology to the pressure/flow data from several District Metered Areas (DMAs) in the United Kingdom (UK) with real-life bursts/other events and simulated (i.e., engineered) burst events are also reported in this thesis. The results obtained illustrate that the developed methodology allowed detecting the aforementioned events in a fast and reliable manner and also successfully determining their approximate location within a DMA. The results obtained additionally show the potential of the methodology presented here to yield substantial improvements to the state-of-the-art in near real-time WDS incident management by enabling the water companies to save water, energy, money, achieve higher levels of operational efficiency and improve their customer service. The new data analysis methodology developed and tested as part of the research work presented in this thesis has been patented (International Application Number: PCT/GB2010/000961).

A qualidade da água de abastecimento é de vital importância à saúde da população dos núcleos urbanos do mundo todo. Por essa razão, muitas pesquisas enfocam esse tema. Além disso, os ataques terroristas recentes ocorridos nos Estados Unidos e Europa, vêm fomentando a antiga preocupação relativa a possíveis injeções de contaminantes em redes de distribuição de água para abastecimento, evidenciando a importância da efetiva vigilância de tais sistemas. O presente trabalho investiga a rede de monitoramento ótima para detecção de injeções intencionais de poluentes e/ou contaminantes em concentrações e/ou quantidades suficientes para que se propaguem nas direções do fluxo da água no interior das redes, do ponto de vista de objetivos múltiplos. A metodologia aqui apresentada representa uma extensão de propostas anteriores e é demonstrada ilustrativamente, através de redes já utilizadas na literatura. Com base no conceito da rede auxiliar proposto por Kessler et al. (1998), propõe-se o emprego de algoritmos genéticos multiobjetivo para considerar os níveis de serviço em termos do volume consumido, do tempo e da extensão da rede atingida antes da detecção. São criadas matrizes de poluição para os níveis de serviço considerados e, então, o algoritmo genético multiobjetivo SPEA é aplicado para identificar as soluções não-dominadas, em conformidade com o conceito de otimalidade de Pareto. Os resultados demonstram o potencial do método proposto em identificar tais soluções / The water supply quality is very important to the healthy of urban nucleus populations around the world. This is the reason why many researches focus on such theme. Besides this, recent terrorist attacks occurred in USA and Europe, have incited the old apprehension related to possible deliberate intrusions of contaminants into the water supply networks, making evident the importance of the effective vigilance of such systems. This work investigates the optimal monitoring network for detection of deliberate intrusions of pollutes and/or contaminants at concentrations and/or quantities enough for propagation inside the networks, on the point of view of multiple objectives. The method here proposed represents an extension to earlier proposals and is demonstrated with the support of networks from literature. Based on the concept of auxiliary network proposed by Kessler et al. (1998), a multiobjective genetic algorithm is used in order to consider the levels of service in terms of the consumed volume, time period and length of the network reached before detection. Pollution matrixes are built for the levels of service considered and the multiobjective genetic algorithm SPEA applied in the identification of the non-dominated solutions, according to the Paretto optimality concept. The results demonstrate the potential of the method in the identification of such solutions

Este trabalho apresenta um modelo computacional para otimização energética de sistemas de abastecimento em tempo real. Tal modelo é composto por três módulos principais: (1) um módulo de simulação hidráulica que descreve o comportamento do sistema - EPANET; (2) um módulo de previsão de demandas que realiza a previsão das demandas futuras aplicável à utilização no tempo real (curto prazo), desenvolvido por Odan (2008); e, por fim, (3) um módulo otimizador estruturado em linguagem C++ que implementa a biblioteca de algoritmos genéticos do MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Matthew Wall, a GAlib, que permite determinar as rotinas operacionais (acionamento de válvulas e bombas) de forma à minimizar o custo de energia elétrica no sistema. O processo de otimização é divido em duas rotinas, nível estratégico e tempo real. Na otimização em nível estratégico, a partir das curvas típicas de demanda para cada nó de demanda do macro-sistema considerado, determina-se o conjunto de controles que minimizam os custos de energia elétrica, respeitando as restrições hidráulicas do sistema. Para cada conjunto de controles otimizados têm-se os níveis que os reservatórios irão atingir ao final de cada hora durante o horizonte de planejamento considerado, denominados níveis metas. Tais níveis servem de guia para a segunda etapa de otimização. A operação em tempo real se inicia com o recebimento dos dados sobre as condições atuais do sistema: níveis dos reservatórios e demandas da última hora. A partir das demandas informadas, o módulo de previsão de demandas gera todas as demandas para o horizonte de planejamento. Alimenta-se então o otimizador em tempo real com os níveis atuais dos reservatórios, os níveis metas e a previsão de demandas, obtêm-se o conjunto de regras operacionais ótimas para o horizonte de planejamento, sendo que são implementadas apenas as regras para a hora atual. E repete-se todo o processo a cada hora. Este modelo foi aplicado a um sistema de abastecimento de água. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a eficiência do modelo em achar soluções factíveis de serem implementadas e com redução dos custos com energia elétrica. / This work presents a computational model for real-time optimization of water-distribution networks operation. An integrated software tool has been developed which is composed of three main modules: (i) a hydraulic simulator that performs the extended period simulation of the system (EPANET); (ii) a short-term demand-forecasting model, based on the moving Fourier series; and (iii) an optimization module, using genetic algorithm, to minimize pumping costs. The optimization process is divided in two routines, the off-line optimization and the on-line optimization. The aim of the first routine is to find the ideal operation levels for the reservoirs which are used as guidance for the on-line optimization. The schedules to be implemented in the network are determined, however, by an on-line optimization which runs a new optimization processes at each SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) update. In the off-line optimization, near-optimal pump and valve settings for a selected operating horizon are found on the basis of the typical 24-hour water demand cycle in which each reservoir must also start and end with the same water level. The levels of the reservoirs at the end of each hour in this optimization process, called ideal levels, are considered in the on-line optimization as a constraint that represents a penalty added to the objective function whenever a reservoir level is below the ideal level at the end of each hourly operation. The on-line optimization starts updating the state of the network transmitted from the SCADA system and the demand forecast for the next 24-hour period. Near-optimal pump and valve settings for a selected operating horizon are then determined but only the control settings for the next hourly time step are used to implement the operation. At the next SCADA update (next-time step), the whole process is repeated on a continuous basis and a new operating strategy is computed. In this way, the control process moves forward in time, correcting any discrepancies as it progresses. This integrated software tool has been applied to a small example network. The results obtained from this application have shown that the proposed model offers a practical tool for finding feasible operation strategies for a water pipeline system, obtaining reductions in pumping energy costs.

Les milieux oligotrophes sont pauvres en éléments nutritifs. En utilisant la technologie de séquençage à haut débit, on a étudié la diversité bactérienne dans trois environnements oligotrophes différents, y compris A. sâbles du désert, B. sâbles dans les tempêtes de l'Asie et C. l’eau et biofilms dans les réseaux de distribution d'eau potable.A. Le désert représente 30% de la surface de la terre. Les conditions de vie dans ces environnements sont un réel défi pour les micro-organismes à cause de nombreux facteurs limitants : peu d’eau et/ou de carbone disponible, une variation importante de température et une forte exposition aux irradiations UV. Le but de cette recherche est donc d’étudier la diversité bactérienne à la surface du sable du désert Taklemaken et du désert de Gobi en utilisant la technologie de séquençage à haut débit. Nos résultats ont révélé une grande diversité bactérienne dans le sol du désert comparable à d'autres types de sols. En outre, nous avons observé une corrélation positive entre la richesse bactérienne et le rapport C/N du sol.B. Les tempêtes de sable d'Asie se produisent presque toujours au printemps, elles sont générées dans les régions arides d'Asie telles que le désert Taklamaken et le désert de Gobi. L'arrivée des tempêtes de sable pourrait largement modifier l'environnement de l'air dans ces régions sous l’effet du vent, surtout dans les villes asiatiques qui sont le plus souvent touchées. Nos travaux visent à étudier la modification de la composition et la diversité des bactéries associées aux particules au moment de tempête de sable en Asie par la technologie de séquençage à haut débit. Nos résultats ont démontré que les compositions des bactéries associées aux particules sont modifiées pendant les tempêtes, en particulier, la proportion des Proteobacteria qui augmentent les jours de tempête. Nous avons signalé neuf genres bactériens détectés en plus pendant les jours de tempêtes, cela nécessite des études plus approfondies.C. Après avoir analysé la population bactérienne dans les tempêtes de sable, et celles des déserts, nous poursuivons notre objectif de recherche à un environnement aquatique. Nous avons suivi le flux d'eau provenant de l'usine d'Orly (DW-A) à l'entrée du réservoir (DW-B), et à la sortie du réservoir (DW-C). Nous avons constaté une forte variation de la communauté bactérienne, dans DW-A et DW-B, les bactéries prédominantes appartiennent aux populations des Betaproteobacteria, puis nous avons observé une conversion vers la population de Alphaproteobacteria dans DW-C. Le DW-C a montré une forte similitude avec un échantillon de biofilm (BF-C), ce qui suggère l'effet important du biofilm sur la modification des communautés bactériennes dans l'eau lors de la distribution. / Oligotrophic ecosystems can be loosely defined as environments that exhibit low ambient nutrient levels. During my thesis, I used 454 DNA pyrosequencing of partial 16S rDNA to explore the bacterial diversity in three different oligotrophic environments, including A. surface desert soil, B. Asian sandstorm dust and C. a section of the city of Paris’s drinking water distribution system.A. Arid regions represent nearly 30% of the Earth’s terrestrial surface. The living conditions at the surface of deserts are a challenge for microorganisms, as there is little available water and/or carbon, a very large range of temperatures and high exposure to UV irradiation from the Sun. In surface sand samples from two large Asian deserts, unexpectedly large bacterial diversity residing was revealed. Sequences belonging to the Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria phyla were the most abundant. An increase in phylotype numbers with increasing C/N ratio was noted, suggesting a possible role in the bacterial richness of these desert sand environments.B. Desert sandstorms are a meteorological phenomenon which have been postulated affect the Earth's climate and public health. We examined the particle-associated (dust and sand-associated) bacterial populations of atmospheric sand in the absence (as control) and presence of sandstorms in five Asian cities. Greater than 90% of the sequences can be classified as representing bacteria belonging to four phyla: Proteobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. Principal component analyses showed that the sandstorm-associated bacterial populations were clustered by sampling year, rather than location. Members belonging to nine bacterial genera (Massilia, Planococcus, Carnobacterium, Planomicrobium, Pontibacter, Pedobacter, Lysobacter, Sanguibacter, Ohtaekwangia) were observed to increase in sand-associated samples from sandstorms, versus the controls. C. We characterized the bacterial communities in three water and three biofilm samples from one part of the Parisian drinking water distribution system. A dramatic change in bacterial population in the water during flow through the distribution system from the water treatment plant to the exit from the reservoir was found. The richness of the bacterial population was reduced from the water treatment plant to the reservoir (from 336 to 165 OTUs for water samples leaving the reservoir and from 947 to 275 for biofilm samples in the network). Several OTUs belonging to pathogenic genera were detected in our samples, mostly in the biofilm samples, thus suggesting that the biofilms may be an important source of bacteria during water distribution to the consumers.

The management of Water Distribution Systems (WDSs) involves making decisions about various operations in the network, including the scheduling of pump operations and setting of disinfectant dosing rates. There are often conflicting objectives in making these operational decisions, such as minimising costs while maximising the quality of the water supplied. Hence, the operation of WDSs can be very difficult, and there is generally considerable scope to improve the operational efficiency of these systems by improving the associated decision making process. In order to achieve this goal, optimisation methods known as Genetic Algorithms (GAs) have been successfully adopted to assist in determining the best possible solutions to WDS optimisation problems for a number of years. Even though there has been extensive research demonstrating the potential of GAs for improving the design and operation of WDSs, the method has not been widely adopted in practice. There are a number of reasons that may contribute to this lack of uptake, including the following difficulties: (a) developing an appropriate fitness function that is a suitable description of the objective of the optimisation including all constraints, (b) making decisions that are required to select the most appropriate variant of the algorithm, (c) determining the most appropriate parameter settings for the algorithm, and (d) a reluctance of WDS operators to accept new methods and approaches. While these are all important considerations, the correct selection of GA parameter values is addressed in this thesis. Common parameters include population size, probability of crossover, and probability of mutation. Generally, the most suitable GA parameters must be found for each individual optimisation problem, and therefore it might be expected that the best parameter values would be related to the characteristics of the associated fitness function. The result from the work undertaken in this thesis is a complete GA calibration methodology, based on the characteristics of the optimisation problem. The only input required by the user is the time available before a solution is required, which is beneficial in the WDS operation optimisation application considered, as well as many others where computationally demanding model simulations are required. Two methodologies are proposed and evaluated in this thesis, one that considers the selection pressure based on the characteristics of the fitness function, and another that is derived from the time to convergence based on genetic drift, and therefore does not require any information about the fitness function characteristics. The proposed methodologies have been compared against other GA calibration methodologies that have been proposed, as well as typical parameter values to determine the most suitable method to determine the GA parameter values. A suite of test functions has been used for the comparison, including 20 complex mathematical optimisation problems with different characteristics, as well as realistic WDS applications. Two WDS applications have been considered: one that has previously been optimised in the literature, the Cherry Hills-Brushy Plains network; and a real case study located in Sydney, Australia. The optimisation problem for the latter case study is to minimise the pumping costs involved in operating the WDS, subject to constraints on the system, including minimum disinfectant concentrations. Of the GA calibration methods compared, the proposed calibration methodology that considered selection pressure determined the best solution to the problem, producing a 30% reduction in the electricity costs for the water utility operating the WDS. The comparison of the different calibration approaches demonstrates three main results: 1. that the proposed methodology produced the best results out of the different GA calibration methods compared; 2. that the proposed methodology can be applied in practice; and 3. that a correctly calibrated GA is very beneficial when solutions are required in a limited timeframe. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1325448 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, 2008

Oligotrophic ecosystems can be loosely defined as environments that exhibit low ambient nutrient levels. During my thesis, I used 454 DNA pyrosequencing of partial 16S rDNA to explore the bacterial diversity in three different oligotrophic environments, including A. surface desert soil, B. Asian sandstorm dust and C. a section of the city of Paris's drinking water distribution system.A. Arid regions represent nearly 30% of the Earth's terrestrial surface. The living conditions at the surface of deserts are a challenge for microorganisms, as there is little available water and/or carbon, a very large range of temperatures and high exposure to UV irradiation from the Sun. In surface sand samples from two large Asian deserts, unexpectedly large bacterial diversity residing was revealed. Sequences belonging to the Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria phyla were the most abundant. An increase in phylotype numbers with increasing C/N ratio was noted, suggesting a possible role in the bacterial richness of these desert sand environments.B. Desert sandstorms are a meteorological phenomenon which have been postulated affect the Earth's climate and public health. We examined the particle-associated (dust and sand-associated) bacterial populations of atmospheric sand in the absence (as control) and presence of sandstorms in five Asian cities. Greater than 90% of the sequences can be classified as representing bacteria belonging to four phyla: Proteobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. Principal component analyses showed that the sandstorm-associated bacterial populations were clustered by sampling year, rather than location. Members belonging to nine bacterial genera (Massilia, Planococcus, Carnobacterium, Planomicrobium, Pontibacter, Pedobacter, Lysobacter, Sanguibacter, Ohtaekwangia) were observed to increase in sand-associated samples from sandstorms, versus the controls. C. We characterized the bacterial communities in three water and three biofilm samples from one part of the Parisian drinking water distribution system. A dramatic change in bacterial population in the water during flow through the distribution system from the water treatment plant to the exit from the reservoir was found. The richness of the bacterial population was reduced from the water treatment plant to the reservoir (from 336 to 165 OTUs for water samples leaving the reservoir and from 947 to 275 for biofilm samples in the network). Several OTUs belonging to pathogenic genera were detected in our samples, mostly in the biofilm samples, thus suggesting that the biofilms may be an important source of bacteria during water distribution to the consumers.

The overall goal of this research is to develop an integrated system dynamics framework for sustainable management of municipal water and wastewater systems. Canadian municipalities have traditionally relied on grants received from senior levels of government to finance construction of water supply and wastewater collection infrastructure. User fees for water and wastewater services were determined so as to recover only the operating expenditures with no allowance to recoup the capital costs of infrastructure. As the infrastructure assets started approaching the end of their service life, investments needed to rehabilitate these assets were deferred in the expectation of receiving further grants for this purpose. Hence, a significant backlog of deteriorated infrastructure has accumulated over the years. Recently enacted regulations require that all expenditures incurred on provision of water and wastewater services should ultimately be financed from user fee based revenues. Another piece of legislation provides for establishment of service performance standards. Urban water and wastewater systems involve interconnections among physical infrastructure, financial, and socio-political factors. Several interacting feedback loops are formed due to these interconnections and render the management of water and wastewater infrastructure as a complex, dynamic problem. Existing asset management tools in the literature are found inadequate to capture the influence of feedback loops. A novel system dynamics approach is used to develop a demonstration model for water and wastewater network management. Model results for a case study show significance of feedback loops for financial sustainability of the system. For example, user fees have to be substantially increased to achieve financial sustainability, especially when price elasticity of water demand is considered. A detailed causal loop diagram for management of wastewater collection networks is presented. The causal loop diagram lays out qualitative causal relationships among system components and identifies multiple interacting feedback loops. Based on this causal loop diagram, a system dynamics model comprised of a wastewater pipes sector, a finance sector, and a consumers sector, is developed. Policy levers are included in the model to facilitate formulation of different financing and rehabilitation strategies for the wastewater collection network. Financial and service performance indicators included in the model allow comparison of different financing and rehabilitation strategies. Data requirements for implementation of the model are discussed. The wastewater collection network model is implemented for a case study of a medium-sized Canadian municipality with a substantial backlog of deteriorated pipes. A methodology for parameterization of the model using existing data sources is presented. Simulation results indicate that different financing strategies ranging from no borrowing to full utilization of debt capacity can achieve similar total life-cycle costs but with significantly varying impacts for consumers in terms of service performance and financial burden. A detailed causal loop diagram for management of a watermain distribution network is employed to identify feedback loops. The causal loop diagram is then developed into a system dynamics model comprised of watermain pipes, financial, and consumer sectors. Data requirements for implementation of the model are discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ManoelBJ.pdf: 822434 bytes, checksum: ccd5a4bf44ccc45607b7a5e18cd8570a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-21 / This dissertation presents a methodology to the optimization of a predial system of cold water distribution. It s about a study of a case applied to the Tropical Buzios Residential Condominium, located in the B?zio s Beach, N?sia Floresta city, the east coast of the Rio Grande do Norte state, twenty kilometers far from Natal. The design of cold water distribution networks according to Norm NBR 5626 of the ABNT - Brazilian Association of Techniques Norms, does not guarantee that the joined solution is the optimal solution of less cost. It s necessary the use of an optimization methodology, that supplies us, between all the possible solutions, the minimum cost solution. In the optimization process of the predial system of water distribution of the Tropical B?zios Condominium, is used Method Granados, that is an iterative algorithm of optimization, based on the Dynamic Programming, that supplies the minimum cost s network, in function of the piezometric quota of the reservoir. For the application of this Method in ramifies networks, is used a program of computer in C language. This process is divided in two stages: attainment of the previous solution and reduction of the piezometric quota of headboard. In the attainment of the previous solution, the minors possible diameters are used that guarantee the limit of maximum speed and the requirements of minimum pressures. The piezometric quota of headboard is raised to guarantee these requirements. In the second stage of the Granados Method, an iterative process is used and it objective is to reduce the quota of headboard gradually, considering the substitution of stretches of the network pipes for the subsequent diameters, considering a minimum addition of the network cost. The diameter change is made in the optimal stretch that presents the lesser Exchange Gradient. The process is locked up when the headboard quota of desired is reached. The optimized network s material costs are calculated, and is made the analysis of the same ones, through the comparison with the conventional network s costs / Esta Disserta??o apresenta uma metodologia para a otimiza??o de um sistema de distribui??o predial de ?gua fria. Trata-se de um estudo de caso aplicado ao Condom?nio Residencial B?zios Tropical, localizado na Praia de B?zios, munic?pio de N?sia Floresta, litoral leste do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, distante vinte quil?metros de Natal. O dimensionamento de redes de distribui??o predial de ?gua fria segundo os crit?rios da Norma NBR 5626 da ABNT - Associa??o Brasileira de Normas T?cnicas, n?o garante que a solu??o encontrada seja a solu??o ?tima de menor custo. ? necess?ria a utiliza??o de uma metodologia para otimiza??o, que nos forne?a, entre todas as solu??es poss?veis, a solu??o de custo m?nimo. No processo de otimiza??o do sistema de distribui??o predial do Condom?nio B?zios Tropical, ? utilizado o M?todo Granados, que ? um algoritmo iterativo de otimiza??o, baseado na Programa??o Din?mica, que fornece a rede de custo m?nimo, em fun??o da cota piezom?trica do reservat?rio. Para a aplica??o desse M?todo a redes ramificadas, ? utilizado um programa de computador em linguagem C. Esse processo ? dividido em duas etapas: obten??o da solu??o pr?via e redu??o da cota piezom?trica de cabeceira. Na obten??o da solu??o pr?via s?o utilizados os menores di?metros poss?veis que garantam o limite de velocidade m?xima e os requisitos de press?es m?nimas. A cota piezom?trica de cabeceira ? elevada ficticiamente para garantir esses requisitos. Na segunda etapa do M?todo Granados ? utilizado um processo iterativo, cujo objetivo ? reduzir gradualmente a cota de cabeceira, considerando a substitui??o de trechos da tubula??o da rede pelos di?metros subseq?entes, considerando um acr?scimo m?nimo de custo para a rede. A mudan?a de di?metro ? feita no trecho ?timo que apresenta o menor Gradiente de C?mbio. O processo se encerra quando ? atingida a cota de cabeceira desejada. S?o calculados os custos com materiais da rede otimizada e feita a an?lise dos mesmos, atrav?s da compara??o com os custos da rede convencional

Submitted by Caroline Falcao (caroline.rfalcao@ufpe.br) on 2017-06-01T17:12:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Marcele Elisa.pdf: 2410134 bytes, checksum: fb1c34a2e156d50ef7918acf93596973 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T17:12:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Marcele Elisa.pdf: 2410134 bytes, checksum: fb1c34a2e156d50ef7918acf93596973 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-13 / Devido ao envelhecimento e depreciação dos componentes de uma rede de distribuição de água é comum ocorrem vazamentos e rupturas na rede, ocasionando perdas e podendo acarretar a contaminação da água e descontinuidade no seu fornecimento pela interrupção do abastecimento de água durante a reparação da infraestrutura, bem como a redução da água disponível no sistema, gerando a insatisfação dos seus usuários. Nestes casos, a setorização da rede torna mais fácil qualquer atividade de manutenção, além de atingir um menor número de unidades de consumidoras pela interrupção do abastecimento. Porém, além do elevado custo da alocação de válvulas de fechamento, as Normas Brasileiras sobre setorização das redes dizem respeito apenas a questões técnicas que devem ser obedecidas pelos setores de manobra. Portanto, um modelo de setorização de manobra que leva em consideração as características das unidades consumidoras é proposto. Com ele pretende-se uma setorização que respeite as restrições previstas por lei, busque a maximização dos benefícios gerados pela setorização às unidades consumidoras e a minimização do número de válvulas de fechamento necessárias, ou seja, dos custos. Para medir o impacto da falta de água é gerado um índice de priorização que agrega as características das unidades consumidoras por meio de um método de agregação multicritério, o SMARTER. As simulações realizadas mostram que apenas a alocação inicial das válvulas pela NBR 12218/94 não garante a maximização dos benefícios gerados pela setorização da rede aos usuários. Neste caso, com o modelo proposto pode-se encontrar soluções melhores. / Due to aging and depreciation of the water distribution network components, leaks and ruptures are common on the water network. These cause the water loss, sometimes the water contamination and the discontinuity in water supply, due the supply interruption during the infrastructure repair, as well as reduction of available water in the system, causing the users' dissatisfaction. In these cases, network segmentation makes any maintenance activity easy and this achieves a smaller number of consuming units by water supply interruption. However, besides the high valves allocation cost, the Brazilian norms about network segmentation relate only technical issues that must be followed. Therefore, a network segmentation model, which takes into account the characteristics of consumer units, is proposed. It aims a network segmentation which complied the restrictions provided by law, it seeks the maximum benefit to consumer units, generated by the segmentation, and it seeks minimum number of valves required, i.e., the costs. To measure the impact on water lack is generated a priority index which adds the characteristics of consuming units via a multicriteria aggregation method, the SMARTER. The simulations realized showed that only the initial valves allocation, by the NBR 12218/94, does not guarantee the maximization of the benefits generated by the network segmentation for users. In this case, with the proposed model, better solutions can be found.