Thesis (doctoral) - FernUniversität, Hagen, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references and index.

Thesis (M.P.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

Thesis (doctoral)--Göteborg University. / Thesis t. p. inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p. 158-170).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri, School of Mines and Metallurgy, 1924. / The entire thesis text is included in file. Typescript. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed June 18, 2010) Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-88).

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 28-31, 1996 / Town and Country Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / The White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) Water Supply Control System (WSCS) controls and monitors the water wells, tanks and booster pumps located at the southern end of the missile range. Figure 1 is an overview of the WSMR water supply system. The WSCS provides water for approximately 90 square miles of the 3,700 square mile missile range. The WSCS was designed and installed in 1990 and in need of upgrading and repair. The system was evaluated and found to be only moderately functional. The WSCS consists of an IBM compatible personal computer (PC) based user interface, located at the WSMR Water Plant and Fire Dept. and industrial-type computers called Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) based stations at the Water Plant, water wells and tanks. The stations communicate over a 400 MHz radio half-duplex link. The serial message utilizes the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) and Block Check Character (BBC) type of error checking. The Master station controls pumping by downloading pump settings to the slave stations. The slave stations upload data to the master such as tank level, pump status, energy usage, gallons of water pumped and various alarms. The system was analyzed and the design was found to be sound. The system did require improvements. These improvements include adding surge suppressors, software upgrades, absolute reading flow rate sensors, and providing adequate environmental cooling for the control system. Procedures for periodic maintenance and calibration of the sensors and schedules for radio equipment maintenance were also developed. Software modifications to reduce WSMR energy usage by reducing pumping during peak energy demand times are being integrated into the WSCS. The peak energy demand times are determined by historical energy usage data.

In an effort to determine empirical cost functions for municipal water supplies in the United States, the writer found it necessary to specify an acceptable mathematical form to represent the cost equation. A preliminary search yielded no theoretically consistent expression adaptable to the problem. The primary concern in the studstimay thus became one of identifying theoretically sound statistical etion procedures for interrelated long- and short-run cost functions. Criteria were established to recognize a mathematical form qualified to function as a generalized cost equation. The prescribed path wound its way through a traditional overview of economic production functions, cost theory literature, and curve estimation procedures; then it moved into a comprehensive review of empirical cost studies. This empirical section first identified studies of short-run cost relationships and gave examples of declining, constant, and increasing marginal costs. Theoretical literature, addressing possible reasons for these diverse shapes, was then cited. The same format was maintained for long-run studies reporting diverse shapes. Theoretical explanations followed. The last part of the literature review inspected the explicit model structure of those studies combining long- and short-run cost curves. When no econometric model was found in the literature which satisfied the pre-specified criteria for a generalized cost equation, the study assumed the task of developing such a framework. The resulting econometric structure exhibited the following properties: (1) The adopted equation generates both long- and short-run cost curves. (2) Two cost groups are retained in both the long- and short-run—costs which vary proportionately with output (i.e., operating costs), and costs which are independent of output (i.e., plant costs). (3) Plant capacity is strictly defined, and all short-run production of a plant is constrained to a quantity not to exceed that capacity. (4) Operating cost is a function of production and plant utilization while plant cost is a function of plant capacity. Once the general econometric structure was developed it was then adapted to an empirical study of the cost for supplying water to municipalities. A survey of operating data for water utilities, collected by the American Water Works Association for the year 1965, was used as the principal data source for the application. Other independent variables, considered potentially important in determining cost, were evaluated and added to or omitted from the model. These characteristics included alternative treatments, types of customers, sources of water, city density, etc.. The resulting regression equations indicated the following industry structure: (1) Although the major portion of the industry is facing economies-to- scale, the long-run cost curve turns distinctly upward for large water suppliers. (2) Over 95 per cent of the plants face downward sloping short-run average cost curves. (3) With the available data no statistical evidence could be found to indicate a plant's operating cost is affected by the level of plant utilization. The municipal water example was used to demonstrate the versatility of the generalized cost function in accommodating cost studies and hypothesis testing. The author therefore asserts that the econometric structure developed in this study is qualified to fulfill the pre-selected requirements of a theoretically sound statistical estimation procedure for interrelating long- and short-run cost functions. / Graduation date: 1978

No description available.

No description available.

Animal infestations of water distribution systems are a cause of considerable concern for the water industry. The appearance of an animal at a consumer's tap often gives rise to complaints. This study, in Anglian Water, Oundle Division, Northamptonshire, U.K. investigated the ecology of the infesting community and its management. Mains sampling used sequential flushes at the hydrant and a model for animal removal was constructed. Tap sampling collected animals from filters at the tap and an index of emergence (density in a day's consumption) and degree of infestation (based on density and the ability to cause complaints) were devised. Reservoir sampling used a perspex trap to sample the water column and sediments. Methods to determine the environmental and operational characteristics of the system were also devised. Community clustering on the basis of animal density determined five distinct community types. Operational and environmental parameters did not coincide with any of the types, though correlations indicated that highest densities occurred at sites further (in time) from treatment with a low turnover time. Sites fed by slow sand filters were not recolonised by chironomid larvae nor to the degree of other sites by other taxa. No successional sequence was found and it was concluded that animals recolonised on the basis of a 'competitive lottery'. The relationship between density at the tap and in the main was considered and seasonal changes in the degree of infestation between sites confirmed that water from rapid gravity filtration leads to more severe animal problems, particularly during the summer. Benthic animals penetrated treatment in low numbers, but reservoirs near treatment were dominated by limnetic animals. Many died and became an indirect food source for infesting animals, but some survived and colonised pipes. Reservoirs at the extremes of the system were not influenced by these taxa and were 'extensions' of the distribution system.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / Most recent studies and reports indicate that there is a significant risk of conflicts and wars over water sharing in the Middle East because of scarcity. Apart from exaggerating the scarcity of water resources and the likelihood of war, the major flaw of these assessments is that they just identify and do not solve the problem of water scarcity. The idea that water scarcity is the main source of conflict in the region is too narrow. Because water is so essential to life, even hostile coriparians have historically sought to compromise rather go to war over this resource, even as disputes have raged on other issues. Indeed, the historical record is predominantly cooperation rather than conflict when it comes to water sharing. This thesis provides a clear description of why water scarcity has not caused a violent conflict between Turkey, Syria and Iraq in the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin. / Second Lieutenant, Turkish Air Force