Introdução: Baixas concentrações séricas de esclerostina foram descritas em pacientes com Espondilite Anquilosante (EA). No entanto, não existem dados sobre a importância deste inibidor da via de sinalização Wnt em pacientes com EA durante o tratamento com anti fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNFa). Objetivos: Avaliar longitudinalmente os níveis séricos de esclerostina e sua associação com inflamação e densidade mineral óssea (DMO) em pacientes com EA em tratamento com anti-TNFa. Métodos: Trinta pacientes com EA em atividade foram avaliados no início, 6 e 12 meses, após terapia anti-TNFa em relação aos parâmetros clínicos (BASDAI, BASFI, BASMI e ASQoL), marcadores inflamatórios e dano radiológico basal (mSASSS). Trinta indivíduos saudáveis pareados por idade e sexo constituíram o grupo controle. As análises laboratoriais de esclerostina e da ligação de esclerostina ao receptor LRP6 e a DMO foram realizadas nos pacientes nos mesmos períodos de avaliação e comparadas aos controles. Resultados: Na avaliação inicial, pacientes com EA apresentavam menores concentrações séricas de esclerostina [60,5 (32,7) vs. 96,7 (52,9) pmol/l,P=0,002] e níveis similares de ligação de esclerostina ao receptor LRP6 (P=0,387) em relação aos controles. Foi observado melhora do BASDAI, BASFI, BASMI, ASQoL comparando tempo basal vs. 6 vs. 12 meses (P<0,01). Concomitantemente, observou-se um aumento gradual da DMO da coluna lombar (P<0,001) e no início do estudo os pacientes apresentavam uma correlação positiva entre avaliação radiológica basal (mSASSS) e a DMO da coluna lombar (r=0,468, P<0,01). Foi observada também uma redução dos marcadores inflamatórios comparando tempo basal vs. 6 vs. 12 meses (P<0,01). Os níveis de esclerostina aumentaram progressivamente após o tratamento com anti-TNFa [60,5 (32,7) vs. 67,1 (31,9) vs. 72,7 (32,3) pmol/l, P<0,001]. Entretanto, após 12 meses de terapia anti-TNFa as concentrações séricas de esclerostina permaneceram significativamente mais baixos em relação os controles [72,7 (32,3) vs. 96,7 (52,9) pmol/l, P=0,038]. Além disso, aos 12 meses, os níveis séricos de esclerostina ficaram mais baixos nos 10 pacientes que ainda apresentavam proteína C reativa elevada (PCR=5mg/l), comparados aos pacientes que apresentaram normalização dos níveis de PCR (P=0,004). Interessantemente, estes 10 pacientes com inflamação persistente já apresentavam concentrações séricas mais baixas de esclerostina quando comparados aos demais pacientes (P=0,023) antes do tratamento com anti- TNFa. A análise de regressão logística demonstrou que os pacientes com EA com níveis baixos de esclerostina apresentam um risco aumentado de apresentar PCR alta após 12 meses de tratamento (odds ratio = 7,43, 95% IC 1,23-45,01, P=0,020) quando comparados aos pacientes com níveis altos de esclerostina no tempo basal. Conclusão: Concentrações persistentemente baixas de esclerostina estão associados a inflamação contínua em pacientes com EA tratados com terapia anti-TNFa. / Introduction: Sclerostin levels have been reported to be low in ankylosing spondylitis (AS), but there is no data regarding the possible role of this Wnt inhibitor during anti tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) therapy. Objectives: The present study longitudinally evaluated sclerostin levels, inflammatory markers and bone mineral density (BMD) in AS patients under anti-TNFa therapy. Methods: Thirty active AS patients were assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months after anti-TNFa therapy regarding clinical parameters (BASDAI, BASFI, BASMI and ASQoL), inflammatory markers, BMD and baseline radiographic damage (mSASSS). Thirty age- and sex-matched healthy individuals comprised the control group. Patients\' sclerostin levels, sclerostin binding LRP6 and BMD were evaluated at the same time points and compared to controls. Results: At baseline, AS patients had lower sclerostin levels [60.5 (32.7) vs. 96.7 (52.9) pmol/l, P=0.002] and comparable sclerostin binding to LRP6 (P=0.387) than controls. Improvement of BASDAI, BASFI, BASMI, ASQoL was observed at baseline vs. 6 vs. 12 months (P<0.01). Concomitantly, a gradual increase in spine BMD (P<0.001) and a positive correlation between baseline mSASSS and spine BMD was found (r=0.468, P<0.01). Inflammatory parameters reduction was observed comparing baseline vs. 6 vs. 12 months (P<0.01). Sclerostin levels progressively increased [60.5 (32.7) vs. 67.1 (31.9) vs. 72.7 (32.3) pmol/l, P<0.001] after anti-TNFa treatment. At 12 months, the sclerostin levels remained significantly lower in patients compared to controls [72.7 (32.3) vs. 96.70 (52.85) pmol/l, P=0.038]. Moreover, sclerostin serum levels at 12 months were lower in the 10 patients with high CRP (=5mg/l) compared to the other 20 patients with normal CRP (P=0.004). Of note, these 10 patients with persistent inflammation also had lower sclerostin serum levels at baseline compared to the other patients (P=0.023). Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that AS patients with lower sclerostin serum levels had an increased risk to have high CRP at 12 months (odds ratio=7.43, 95% CI 1.23-45.01, P=0.020) than those with higher sclerostin values. Conclusion: Persistent low sclerostin levels may underlie continuous inflammation in AS patients under anti-TNFa therapy.

Introdução: Baixas concentrações séricas de esclerostina foram descritas em pacientes com Espondilite Anquilosante (EA). No entanto, não existem dados sobre a importância deste inibidor da via de sinalização Wnt em pacientes com EA durante o tratamento com anti fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNFa). Objetivos: Avaliar longitudinalmente os níveis séricos de esclerostina e sua associação com inflamação e densidade mineral óssea (DMO) em pacientes com EA em tratamento com anti-TNFa. Métodos: Trinta pacientes com EA em atividade foram avaliados no início, 6 e 12 meses, após terapia anti-TNFa em relação aos parâmetros clínicos (BASDAI, BASFI, BASMI e ASQoL), marcadores inflamatórios e dano radiológico basal (mSASSS). Trinta indivíduos saudáveis pareados por idade e sexo constituíram o grupo controle. As análises laboratoriais de esclerostina e da ligação de esclerostina ao receptor LRP6 e a DMO foram realizadas nos pacientes nos mesmos períodos de avaliação e comparadas aos controles. Resultados: Na avaliação inicial, pacientes com EA apresentavam menores concentrações séricas de esclerostina [60,5 (32,7) vs. 96,7 (52,9) pmol/l,P=0,002] e níveis similares de ligação de esclerostina ao receptor LRP6 (P=0,387) em relação aos controles. Foi observado melhora do BASDAI, BASFI, BASMI, ASQoL comparando tempo basal vs. 6 vs. 12 meses (P<0,01). Concomitantemente, observou-se um aumento gradual da DMO da coluna lombar (P<0,001) e no início do estudo os pacientes apresentavam uma correlação positiva entre avaliação radiológica basal (mSASSS) e a DMO da coluna lombar (r=0,468, P<0,01). Foi observada também uma redução dos marcadores inflamatórios comparando tempo basal vs. 6 vs. 12 meses (P<0,01). Os níveis de esclerostina aumentaram progressivamente após o tratamento com anti-TNFa [60,5 (32,7) vs. 67,1 (31,9) vs. 72,7 (32,3) pmol/l, P<0,001]. Entretanto, após 12 meses de terapia anti-TNFa as concentrações séricas de esclerostina permaneceram significativamente mais baixos em relação os controles [72,7 (32,3) vs. 96,7 (52,9) pmol/l, P=0,038]. Além disso, aos 12 meses, os níveis séricos de esclerostina ficaram mais baixos nos 10 pacientes que ainda apresentavam proteína C reativa elevada (PCR=5mg/l), comparados aos pacientes que apresentaram normalização dos níveis de PCR (P=0,004). Interessantemente, estes 10 pacientes com inflamação persistente já apresentavam concentrações séricas mais baixas de esclerostina quando comparados aos demais pacientes (P=0,023) antes do tratamento com anti- TNFa. A análise de regressão logística demonstrou que os pacientes com EA com níveis baixos de esclerostina apresentam um risco aumentado de apresentar PCR alta após 12 meses de tratamento (odds ratio = 7,43, 95% IC 1,23-45,01, P=0,020) quando comparados aos pacientes com níveis altos de esclerostina no tempo basal. Conclusão: Concentrações persistentemente baixas de esclerostina estão associados a inflamação contínua em pacientes com EA tratados com terapia anti-TNFa. / Introduction: Sclerostin levels have been reported to be low in ankylosing spondylitis (AS), but there is no data regarding the possible role of this Wnt inhibitor during anti tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) therapy. Objectives: The present study longitudinally evaluated sclerostin levels, inflammatory markers and bone mineral density (BMD) in AS patients under anti-TNFa therapy. Methods: Thirty active AS patients were assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months after anti-TNFa therapy regarding clinical parameters (BASDAI, BASFI, BASMI and ASQoL), inflammatory markers, BMD and baseline radiographic damage (mSASSS). Thirty age- and sex-matched healthy individuals comprised the control group. Patients\' sclerostin levels, sclerostin binding LRP6 and BMD were evaluated at the same time points and compared to controls. Results: At baseline, AS patients had lower sclerostin levels [60.5 (32.7) vs. 96.7 (52.9) pmol/l, P=0.002] and comparable sclerostin binding to LRP6 (P=0.387) than controls. Improvement of BASDAI, BASFI, BASMI, ASQoL was observed at baseline vs. 6 vs. 12 months (P<0.01). Concomitantly, a gradual increase in spine BMD (P<0.001) and a positive correlation between baseline mSASSS and spine BMD was found (r=0.468, P<0.01). Inflammatory parameters reduction was observed comparing baseline vs. 6 vs. 12 months (P<0.01). Sclerostin levels progressively increased [60.5 (32.7) vs. 67.1 (31.9) vs. 72.7 (32.3) pmol/l, P<0.001] after anti-TNFa treatment. At 12 months, the sclerostin levels remained significantly lower in patients compared to controls [72.7 (32.3) vs. 96.70 (52.85) pmol/l, P=0.038]. Moreover, sclerostin serum levels at 12 months were lower in the 10 patients with high CRP (=5mg/l) compared to the other 20 patients with normal CRP (P=0.004). Of note, these 10 patients with persistent inflammation also had lower sclerostin serum levels at baseline compared to the other patients (P=0.023). Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that AS patients with lower sclerostin serum levels had an increased risk to have high CRP at 12 months (odds ratio=7.43, 95% CI 1.23-45.01, P=0.020) than those with higher sclerostin values. Conclusion: Persistent low sclerostin levels may underlie continuous inflammation in AS patients under anti-TNFa therapy.

A via canônica Wnt/beta-catenina regula várias funções em vertebrados, incluindo diferenciação de células T, bem como a proliferação, sobrevivência, morfogênese e migração de vários tipos celulares. As células T CD4+ é fundamental para a competência imunológica. Foi observado pelo nosso grupo que células T CD4+ humanas apresentam ativação da via Wnt/beta-catenina após tratamento com sais de lítio ou outros agonistas da via. A ativação desta via induziu a proliferação de células T CD4+ naive e de memória central. Em conjunto, estes dados sugerem um importante papel da via Wnt/beta-catenina na homeostase de células T CD4+ humanas. Seria importante avaliar o papel da via Wnt/beta-catenina nas células do sistema imune no modelo murino, já que pouco se sabe sobre seu efeito na homeostase de células T CD4+ murinas. A ativação da via Wnt/beta-catenina pode ser induzida com inibidores da proteína Glicogênio sintase quinase 3beta (GSK3beta), por exemplo, os sais de lítio (LiCl e Li2CO3) e inibidores específicos (SB, CHIR) em vários tipos celulares. Neste trabalho, avaliamos o efeito de inibidores de GSK3? na ativação da via Wnt/beta-catenina canônica em esplenócitos e células T CD4+, através da realização de experimentos in vivo e in vitro, avaliando a expressão de seus genes alvo HIG2, Bcl-xL, Ciclina D1 e c-myc. Verificou-se que o tratamento in vivo agudo (2-12 h após a administração) ou crônico (administração diária por 30 dias) de camundongos não é capaz de ativar a via Wnt/beta-catenina in vivo em células esplênicas e células T CD4+, embora o mesmo tratamento induza a expressão dos genes alvo da via no tecido cerebral (córtex e hipocampo). Além disso, também não foi possível verificar ativação da via em esplenócitos e células T CD4+ após tratamento in vitro das mesmas com LiCl ou os inibidores específicos de GSK3beta testados(CHIR99021, SB-216763), embora essa ativação tenha sido observada na linhagem celular HEK293. Nossos resultados sugerem que a via Wnt/beta-catenina (canônica) não é induzível em células T CD4+ murinas maduras, com os agonistas testados. Isso pode ter implicações fisiológicas, por exemplo sobre a homeostase de células T CD4+, já que a proliferação homeostática de células T, influenciada em humanos pela via Wnt/beta-catenina, é menos importante em camundongos / The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway regulates many functions in vertebrates, including T cell differentiation, as well as proliferation, morphogenesis and migration in different cell types. CD4+ T cells play is fundamental for immunological competence. Our group has observed that human CD4+ T cells present activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway after treatment with lithium salts or other pathway agonists. The activation of this pathway induced proliferation in naive and central memory CD4+ T cells. Together, these results suggest an important role for the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in the homeostasis of human CD4+ T cells. It would be very important to evaluate the role of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in T cells in the mouse model, since little is known about its effect in mice CD4+ T cell homeostasis. The activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway may be induced with Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3B (GSK3beta) inhibitors, i.e., lithium salts as mentioned above, and specific GSK3beta inhibitors (SB, CHIR) in different cell types. In this work, we evaluated the effect of GSK3beta inhibitors in the activation of the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin in splenocytes and CD4+ T cells, by conducting experiments in vivo and in vitro, evaluating the expression of its target genes HIG2, Bcl-xL, Cyclin D1 and c-myc. We verified that acute (2-12 hours after administration) or chronic (daily administration for 30 days) treatment of mice with lithium salts is not able to activate the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in splenocytes and CD4+ T cells, although we could observe activation in brain tissues (cortex and hypothalamus). Besides, no activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway was observed in these cell types after in vitro treatment with LiCl or the specific inhibitors of GSK3beta (CHIR99021, SB-216763), while the pathway was activated by the same treatments in HEK293 cells. Our results suggest that the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway is not inducible in murine mature CD4+ T cells with the tested agonists. This may have physiological implications, for instance on the homeostasis of CD4+ T cells, where homeostatic proliferation - influenced the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in human T cells - is less important in the maintenance of the murine peripheral T cell pool

O PAWR (Prostate apoptosis response- 4) também conhecido como PAR-4 é um gene pró-apoptótico identificado em células de câncer de próstata quando expostas a estímulos apoptóticos. A expressão de PAR-4 pode aumentar a sensibilidade da célula a apoptose, incluindo células de câncer de mama. Ensaios de expressão gênica por transcriptoma foram realizados em nosso laboratório (dados ainda não publicados), com o objetivo de analisar genes diferencialmente expressos associados à quimiossensibilidade ao docetaxel em células MCF-7 transfectadas com o vetor de expressão para PAR-4 (MCF7pcPAR4) e o com vetor vazio (MCF7pcNEO) antes e após o tratamento com docetaxel. Para avaliar a interação entre os genes diferencialmente expressos foram geradas redes gênicas funcionais utilizando o programa IPA- Ingenuity®. Dentre as diversas redes gênicas geradas destacaram-se as que continham genes relacionados direta ou indiretamente com a via de sinalização WNT (Wingless-Type MMTV Integration 1). O presente estudo visa validar genes diferencialmente expressos identificados em células MCF-7 com diferenças de expressão de PAR-4 antes e após a exposição de docetaxel. Através da anotação manual dos genes mais diferencialmente expressos, foram selecionados os genes EGR1, XAF1, TARP e WNT5A para validação por PCR em Tempo Real (qRT-PCR). A plataforma Human WNT Signaling Pathway RT2 Profiler(TM) PCR Array (PCR Array) foi utilizada para avaliar o efeito da overexpressão de PAR-4 e do tratamento de docetaxel na expressão de genes das vias canônica e não canônica do WNT. A expressão positiva do gene WNT5A nas células MCF7pcPAR4 em relação a MCF7pcNEO foi confirmada por qRT-PCR na ausença e presença do tratamento com docetaxel. O gene EGR1 apresentou regulação positiva significativa na técnica de qRT-PCR na ausência de tratamento, porém não apresenta o mesmo perfil de expressão observado no ensaio de transcriptoma. O gene XAF1 apresentou regulação negativa nas células MCF7pcPAR4 quando comparadas com as células MCF7pcNEO na ausência e presença de docetaxel, com tendência a validação na ausência de tratamento e de não validação na presença de docetaxel. Foi observado o aumento significativo da expressão de TARP nas células MCF7pcPAR4 por qRT-PCR na ausência e presença de docetaxel, porém esses achados não confirmam os resultados obtidos no transcriptoma. Em nossos dados de PCR Array na comparação MCF7pcPAR4 vs MCF7pcNEO antes do tratamento, encontramos diferença de expressão significativa (p < 0,005) em 9 genes. Sendo que, os genes CDKN2A, EGR1, FGF7, IL6 e TWIST apresentaram expressão positiva e os genes NTRK2, SOX2, SOX9 e WISP1 tiveram expressão negativa. Na comparação na presença de docetaxel observamos que os genes CACNAD2A3, GDF5, IL6, FGF7, LEF1 e TWIST apresentaram regulação positiva e FST apresentou regulação negativa com significância estatística (p < 0,005). Dos 84 genes da plataforma PCR array foram observados 21 e 14 genes comuns entre ambas às técnicas na ausência e presença de docetaxel, respectivamente. Na ausência de docetaxel 16 genes apresentaram o mesmo perfil de expressão, dentre estes a regulação positiva de GJA1, IGF1, IGF2, LEF1, MMP2, PDGFRA, PTGS2 e TWIST, associadas á regulação negativa de CDH1, JAG1, NTRK2 sugerem ativação da via WNT/?-catenina. Enquanto, a expressão de DAB2, WNT5A, FZD7 e RUNX2 indica inativação dessa via. Na presença do tratamento 6 genes apresentaram o mesmo perfil de expressão. Dentre estes, a regulação positiva de CTGF, DAB2 e EGR1 sugerem inativação da via WNT/beta-catenina. Por outro lado, a expressão positiva de FGF20, LEF1 e PDGFRA sugerem que via WNT/beta-catenina estaria ativa. Neste estudo, podemos mostrar que PAR-4 modula genes da via de sinalização WNT. Porém, mais experimentos serão necessários para verificar quais mecanismos estão envolvidos e de que forma isso reflete na quimiossensibilidade a drogas / PAWR (Prostate Apoptosis Response-4) also known as PAR-4 is a pro-apoptotic gene identified in prostate cancer cells when exposed to apoptotic stimuli. PAR-4 expression can increase sensitivity of cells to apoptosis, including breast cancer cells. Our laboratory performed transcriptome profiling (unpublished data), with the aim of analyzing differentially expressed genes associated with chemosensitivity to docetaxel in transfected MCF-7 cells with PAR-4 expression plasmid (MCF7pcPAR4) and with empty vector (MCF7pcNEO) before and after treatment with docetaxel. To assess the interaction between the differentially expressed genes functional gene networks were generated using the IPA Ingenuity® software. Networks generated containing genes directly or indirectly related with the WNT signaling pathway (Wingless-Type MMTV Integration 1) were highlighted. The present study aims to validate the differentially expressed genes identified in MCF-7 cells with different PAR-4 expression before and after exposure of docetaxel. By manual annotation of the genes most differentially expressed, the genes EGR1, XAF1, TARP and WNT5A were selected to be validated by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). The platform WNT Signaling Pathway Human RT2 Profiler (TM) PCR Array (Array PCR) was used to evaluate the effect of PAR-4 overexpression and docetaxel treatment in gene expression of canonical and noncanonical WNT pathways. The positive expression of WNT5A in MCF7pcPAR4 cells relative to MCF7pcNEO was confirmed by qRT-PCR in the presence and absence of docetaxel. The EGR1 gene showed significant upregulation in the qRT-PCR in the absence of treatment, but showed a different expression profile of the one observed in the transcriptome assay. The XAF1 showed a negative regulation in MCF7pcPAR4 cells when compared with MCF7pcNEO cells in the absence and presence of docetaxel, showing a similar trend in the absence of treatment but opposed trend in the presence of docetaxel. It was observed a significant increase in TARP expression in MCF7pcPAR4 cells by qRT-PCR in the absence and presence of docetaxel, but these findings do not confirm the results of the transcriptome. PCR Array data of MCF7pcPAR4 vs MCF7pcNEO comparison before treatment, showed a significant expression difference in nine genes (p < 0.005). The genes CDKN2A, EGR1, FGF7, IL6 and TWIST showed positive expression and the genes NTRK2, SOX2, SOX9 and WISP1 had negative expression. In the presence of docetaxel it was observed that the genes CACNAD2A3, GDF5, IL6, FGF7, LEF1 and TWIST showed upregulation and FST downregulation with statistical significance (p < 0.005). From 84 genes of the platform PCR array we observed 21 and 14 common genes between both techniques in the absence and presence docetaxel, respectively. In the absence of docetaxel 16 genes showed similar expression profile, among them the upregulation of GJA1, IGF1, IGF2, LEF1, MMP2, PDGFRA, PTGS2 and TWIST, together with downregulation of CDH1, JAG1, NTRK2 suggest activation of the WNT/beta-catenin pathway. While the expression of DAB2, WNT5A, FZD7 and RUNX2 indicates inactivation of this pathway. In the presence of treatment six genes showed the same expression profile. Among these, the upregulation of CTGF, DAB2 EGR1 suggest the inactivation of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. On the other hand, positive expression of FGF20, LEF1 and PDGFRA suggests that Wnt/beta-catenin would be active. In this study, we show that PAR-4 modulates genes of the WNT signaling pathway. However, more experiments are needed to clarify the role of WNT canonical and non-canonical pathways and how this reflects on drug chemosensitivity

Study of cell signalling pathways affected by pathogen entry comprises a fundamental aspect of understanding host-pathogen interactions. In this respect, the current study attempted to ascribe novel roles to Bone Morphogenesis Protein (BMP) signaling during infection. BMP pathway has been majorly studied in context of development where it plays an imperative role and its contribution to immunity has been poorly documented. Subsequent narrative talks about the perturbation of BMP signaling in context of specific signaling networks and its collaboration with other molecular players of host innate armamentarium. There is a pressing need to develop effective chemotherapy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, which has garnered the world’s attention as a leading cause of public health emergency. The tyrosine kinase, c-Abl was previously reported to be activated in murine bone marrow derived macrophages infected with mycobacteria. Yet, the identities of host signaling players and mechanisms exploited by mycobacteria in association with c-Abl lacked identification. Here, we deciphered an intricate signaling mechanism linking tyrosine kinase c-Abl, chromatin modifier, lysine acetyl transferase KAT5 and transcription factor, TWIST1 acting at Bmp2 and Bmp4 promoters. This molecular circuitry was observed to affect mycobacterial survival. Emerging studies suggest repurposing of c-Abl inhibitor, Imatinib, as an adjunct to existing anti-tuberculosis therapy. Through the use of Imatinib in an established model of tuberculosis, we demonstrated the ability of c-Abl inhibitors in potentiating innate immune responses. Distinctive instances report the cross regulation among Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs). Interestingly, TLR3 signaling cascade induced in response to its cognate ligand was dampened through c-Abl-BMP induced miR27a. TLR3 is known to activate immune surveillance upon viral infections; however, recent studies also suggest its role in tumour regression and induction of apoptosis. Our observation of mycobacteria elicited down regulation of TLR3 pathway corroborated with increased incidences of lung cancer among TB patients and mycobacterial evasion of a well characterized form of cell-death i.e. apoptosis. Further, we utilized a panel of such Mtb mutants associated with virulence and questioned their relevance in the activation of c-Abl-dependent BMP signaling. We found that nitric oxide, hypoxia and carbon monoxide-responsive mycobacterial WhiB3 and DosR, but not the sec-dependent protein secretion pathway, orchestrate mycobacteria driven c-Abl-BMP signaling. Continuing with the theme of exploring roles for BMP signaling during infection, we identified an important role for the C-type Lectin Receptor (CLR), Dectin-2, in activating Candida albicans-driven BMP signaling. Mounting evidences suggest BMP antagonists promote repair and regeneration in cells of varied lineages. We observed a role for BMP signaling in aggravating MMP2 and MMP9, factors that result in chronic non-healing wounds. Wounds are now increasingly recognized as being colonized with fungi along with bacteria. We propose a role for C. albicans orchestrated BMP signaling in contributing to enriched repressive methylation at Egf, Pdgf and Tissue Inhibitors of Matrix Metalloproteases (Timp2/3/4) promoters. Repressive H3K27me3 at these loci impedes the reparative tissue homeostasis, resulting in C. albicans endorsed impaired wound healing. Altogether, we uncovered hitherto unknown roles of BMP signaling during mycobacterial and fungal infections, enabling a better understanding of lesser studied pathways in mediating pathogenesis.

A via canônica Wnt/beta-catenina regula várias funções em vertebrados, incluindo diferenciação de células T, bem como a proliferação, sobrevivência, morfogênese e migração de vários tipos celulares. As células T CD4+ é fundamental para a competência imunológica. Foi observado pelo nosso grupo que células T CD4+ humanas apresentam ativação da via Wnt/beta-catenina após tratamento com sais de lítio ou outros agonistas da via. A ativação desta via induziu a proliferação de células T CD4+ naive e de memória central. Em conjunto, estes dados sugerem um importante papel da via Wnt/beta-catenina na homeostase de células T CD4+ humanas. Seria importante avaliar o papel da via Wnt/beta-catenina nas células do sistema imune no modelo murino, já que pouco se sabe sobre seu efeito na homeostase de células T CD4+ murinas. A ativação da via Wnt/beta-catenina pode ser induzida com inibidores da proteína Glicogênio sintase quinase 3beta (GSK3beta), por exemplo, os sais de lítio (LiCl e Li2CO3) e inibidores específicos (SB, CHIR) em vários tipos celulares. Neste trabalho, avaliamos o efeito de inibidores de GSK3? na ativação da via Wnt/beta-catenina canônica em esplenócitos e células T CD4+, através da realização de experimentos in vivo e in vitro, avaliando a expressão de seus genes alvo HIG2, Bcl-xL, Ciclina D1 e c-myc. Verificou-se que o tratamento in vivo agudo (2-12 h após a administração) ou crônico (administração diária por 30 dias) de camundongos não é capaz de ativar a via Wnt/beta-catenina in vivo em células esplênicas e células T CD4+, embora o mesmo tratamento induza a expressão dos genes alvo da via no tecido cerebral (córtex e hipocampo). Além disso, também não foi possível verificar ativação da via em esplenócitos e células T CD4+ após tratamento in vitro das mesmas com LiCl ou os inibidores específicos de GSK3beta testados(CHIR99021, SB-216763), embora essa ativação tenha sido observada na linhagem celular HEK293. Nossos resultados sugerem que a via Wnt/beta-catenina (canônica) não é induzível em células T CD4+ murinas maduras, com os agonistas testados. Isso pode ter implicações fisiológicas, por exemplo sobre a homeostase de células T CD4+, já que a proliferação homeostática de células T, influenciada em humanos pela via Wnt/beta-catenina, é menos importante em camundongos / The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway regulates many functions in vertebrates, including T cell differentiation, as well as proliferation, morphogenesis and migration in different cell types. CD4+ T cells play is fundamental for immunological competence. Our group has observed that human CD4+ T cells present activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway after treatment with lithium salts or other pathway agonists. The activation of this pathway induced proliferation in naive and central memory CD4+ T cells. Together, these results suggest an important role for the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in the homeostasis of human CD4+ T cells. It would be very important to evaluate the role of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in T cells in the mouse model, since little is known about its effect in mice CD4+ T cell homeostasis. The activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway may be induced with Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3B (GSK3beta) inhibitors, i.e., lithium salts as mentioned above, and specific GSK3beta inhibitors (SB, CHIR) in different cell types. In this work, we evaluated the effect of GSK3beta inhibitors in the activation of the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin in splenocytes and CD4+ T cells, by conducting experiments in vivo and in vitro, evaluating the expression of its target genes HIG2, Bcl-xL, Cyclin D1 and c-myc. We verified that acute (2-12 hours after administration) or chronic (daily administration for 30 days) treatment of mice with lithium salts is not able to activate the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in splenocytes and CD4+ T cells, although we could observe activation in brain tissues (cortex and hypothalamus). Besides, no activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway was observed in these cell types after in vitro treatment with LiCl or the specific inhibitors of GSK3beta (CHIR99021, SB-216763), while the pathway was activated by the same treatments in HEK293 cells. Our results suggest that the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway is not inducible in murine mature CD4+ T cells with the tested agonists. This may have physiological implications, for instance on the homeostasis of CD4+ T cells, where homeostatic proliferation - influenced the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in human T cells - is less important in the maintenance of the murine peripheral T cell pool

O PAWR (Prostate apoptosis response- 4) também conhecido como PAR-4 é um gene pró-apoptótico identificado em células de câncer de próstata quando expostas a estímulos apoptóticos. A expressão de PAR-4 pode aumentar a sensibilidade da célula a apoptose, incluindo células de câncer de mama. Ensaios de expressão gênica por transcriptoma foram realizados em nosso laboratório (dados ainda não publicados), com o objetivo de analisar genes diferencialmente expressos associados à quimiossensibilidade ao docetaxel em células MCF-7 transfectadas com o vetor de expressão para PAR-4 (MCF7pcPAR4) e o com vetor vazio (MCF7pcNEO) antes e após o tratamento com docetaxel. Para avaliar a interação entre os genes diferencialmente expressos foram geradas redes gênicas funcionais utilizando o programa IPA- Ingenuity®. Dentre as diversas redes gênicas geradas destacaram-se as que continham genes relacionados direta ou indiretamente com a via de sinalização WNT (Wingless-Type MMTV Integration 1). O presente estudo visa validar genes diferencialmente expressos identificados em células MCF-7 com diferenças de expressão de PAR-4 antes e após a exposição de docetaxel. Através da anotação manual dos genes mais diferencialmente expressos, foram selecionados os genes EGR1, XAF1, TARP e WNT5A para validação por PCR em Tempo Real (qRT-PCR). A plataforma Human WNT Signaling Pathway RT2 Profiler(TM) PCR Array (PCR Array) foi utilizada para avaliar o efeito da overexpressão de PAR-4 e do tratamento de docetaxel na expressão de genes das vias canônica e não canônica do WNT. A expressão positiva do gene WNT5A nas células MCF7pcPAR4 em relação a MCF7pcNEO foi confirmada por qRT-PCR na ausença e presença do tratamento com docetaxel. O gene EGR1 apresentou regulação positiva significativa na técnica de qRT-PCR na ausência de tratamento, porém não apresenta o mesmo perfil de expressão observado no ensaio de transcriptoma. O gene XAF1 apresentou regulação negativa nas células MCF7pcPAR4 quando comparadas com as células MCF7pcNEO na ausência e presença de docetaxel, com tendência a validação na ausência de tratamento e de não validação na presença de docetaxel. Foi observado o aumento significativo da expressão de TARP nas células MCF7pcPAR4 por qRT-PCR na ausência e presença de docetaxel, porém esses achados não confirmam os resultados obtidos no transcriptoma. Em nossos dados de PCR Array na comparação MCF7pcPAR4 vs MCF7pcNEO antes do tratamento, encontramos diferença de expressão significativa (p < 0,005) em 9 genes. Sendo que, os genes CDKN2A, EGR1, FGF7, IL6 e TWIST apresentaram expressão positiva e os genes NTRK2, SOX2, SOX9 e WISP1 tiveram expressão negativa. Na comparação na presença de docetaxel observamos que os genes CACNAD2A3, GDF5, IL6, FGF7, LEF1 e TWIST apresentaram regulação positiva e FST apresentou regulação negativa com significância estatística (p < 0,005). Dos 84 genes da plataforma PCR array foram observados 21 e 14 genes comuns entre ambas às técnicas na ausência e presença de docetaxel, respectivamente. Na ausência de docetaxel 16 genes apresentaram o mesmo perfil de expressão, dentre estes a regulação positiva de GJA1, IGF1, IGF2, LEF1, MMP2, PDGFRA, PTGS2 e TWIST, associadas á regulação negativa de CDH1, JAG1, NTRK2 sugerem ativação da via WNT/?-catenina. Enquanto, a expressão de DAB2, WNT5A, FZD7 e RUNX2 indica inativação dessa via. Na presença do tratamento 6 genes apresentaram o mesmo perfil de expressão. Dentre estes, a regulação positiva de CTGF, DAB2 e EGR1 sugerem inativação da via WNT/beta-catenina. Por outro lado, a expressão positiva de FGF20, LEF1 e PDGFRA sugerem que via WNT/beta-catenina estaria ativa. Neste estudo, podemos mostrar que PAR-4 modula genes da via de sinalização WNT. Porém, mais experimentos serão necessários para verificar quais mecanismos estão envolvidos e de que forma isso reflete na quimiossensibilidade a drogas / PAWR (Prostate Apoptosis Response-4) also known as PAR-4 is a pro-apoptotic gene identified in prostate cancer cells when exposed to apoptotic stimuli. PAR-4 expression can increase sensitivity of cells to apoptosis, including breast cancer cells. Our laboratory performed transcriptome profiling (unpublished data), with the aim of analyzing differentially expressed genes associated with chemosensitivity to docetaxel in transfected MCF-7 cells with PAR-4 expression plasmid (MCF7pcPAR4) and with empty vector (MCF7pcNEO) before and after treatment with docetaxel. To assess the interaction between the differentially expressed genes functional gene networks were generated using the IPA Ingenuity® software. Networks generated containing genes directly or indirectly related with the WNT signaling pathway (Wingless-Type MMTV Integration 1) were highlighted. The present study aims to validate the differentially expressed genes identified in MCF-7 cells with different PAR-4 expression before and after exposure of docetaxel. By manual annotation of the genes most differentially expressed, the genes EGR1, XAF1, TARP and WNT5A were selected to be validated by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). The platform WNT Signaling Pathway Human RT2 Profiler (TM) PCR Array (Array PCR) was used to evaluate the effect of PAR-4 overexpression and docetaxel treatment in gene expression of canonical and noncanonical WNT pathways. The positive expression of WNT5A in MCF7pcPAR4 cells relative to MCF7pcNEO was confirmed by qRT-PCR in the presence and absence of docetaxel. The EGR1 gene showed significant upregulation in the qRT-PCR in the absence of treatment, but showed a different expression profile of the one observed in the transcriptome assay. The XAF1 showed a negative regulation in MCF7pcPAR4 cells when compared with MCF7pcNEO cells in the absence and presence of docetaxel, showing a similar trend in the absence of treatment but opposed trend in the presence of docetaxel. It was observed a significant increase in TARP expression in MCF7pcPAR4 cells by qRT-PCR in the absence and presence of docetaxel, but these findings do not confirm the results of the transcriptome. PCR Array data of MCF7pcPAR4 vs MCF7pcNEO comparison before treatment, showed a significant expression difference in nine genes (p < 0.005). The genes CDKN2A, EGR1, FGF7, IL6 and TWIST showed positive expression and the genes NTRK2, SOX2, SOX9 and WISP1 had negative expression. In the presence of docetaxel it was observed that the genes CACNAD2A3, GDF5, IL6, FGF7, LEF1 and TWIST showed upregulation and FST downregulation with statistical significance (p < 0.005). From 84 genes of the platform PCR array we observed 21 and 14 common genes between both techniques in the absence and presence docetaxel, respectively. In the absence of docetaxel 16 genes showed similar expression profile, among them the upregulation of GJA1, IGF1, IGF2, LEF1, MMP2, PDGFRA, PTGS2 and TWIST, together with downregulation of CDH1, JAG1, NTRK2 suggest activation of the WNT/beta-catenin pathway. While the expression of DAB2, WNT5A, FZD7 and RUNX2 indicates inactivation of this pathway. In the presence of treatment six genes showed the same expression profile. Among these, the upregulation of CTGF, DAB2 EGR1 suggest the inactivation of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. On the other hand, positive expression of FGF20, LEF1 and PDGFRA suggests that Wnt/beta-catenin would be active. In this study, we show that PAR-4 modulates genes of the WNT signaling pathway. However, more experiments are needed to clarify the role of WNT canonical and non-canonical pathways and how this reflects on drug chemosensitivity

La protéine O-fucosyltransférase 1 (POFUT1) réticulaire, dont le gène est localisé dans la région chromosomique 20q11.21 chez l’Homme, catalyse le transfert d’un fucose qui sera O-lié sur la sérine ou la thréonine présente dans la séquence consensus (C2X4S/TC3), portée par un domaine EGF-like d’une glycoprotéine membranaire ou sécrétée. Le knockdown de Pofut1 (Po -) dans la lignée myoblastique murines C2C12 conduit à la formation de myotubes allongés et minces, à faible nombre de noyaux ainsi qu’à une sous-expression du marqueur myogénique tardif Myf6, suggérant des défauts significatifs dans la fusion secondaire. La signalisation NFATc2/IL-4 est décrite comme la voie principale associée à cette étape. Nous montrons que la moindre expression de Nfatc2 dans les myotubes Po - est corrélée à une baisse de l'IL-4 sécrétée et à une faible quantité de son récepteur (IL-4Rα) présent chez les cellules de réserve qui doivent participer à la fusion avec les myotubes naissants. La neutralisation de l’IL-4Rα sur les C2C12 sauvages provoque des défauts d'accrétion myonucléaire, semblables à ceux observés pour les Po -. Ainsi, POFUT1 pourrait être un nouveau médiateur de la croissance des myotubes au cours du processus myogénique, notamment par la signalisation NFATc2/IL-4. La glycoprotéine WIF1, cible potentielle de POFUT1, est un antagoniste de la signalisation WNT via sa fixation aux protéines WNT. Cette voie est connue pour être impliquée dans la prolifération et la différenciation des myoblastes. Néanmoins, aucune donnée ne concerne le rôle de WIF1 dans le processus myogénique. Par un apport exogène de WIF1, nous avons montré l’augmentation de la prolifération et l’altération de la différenciation myoblastique des C2C12. Lors de la prolifération, une augmentation de l’expression de Myf5 et une diminution de MyoG sont observées. A 7 jours de différenciation, les myotubes Po - ont un diamètre plus petit que les myotubes sauvages et ils sont plus nombreux à avoir un faible nombre de noyaux, traduisant des défauts de fusion. Nous démontrons pour la première fois, l’implication de la protéine WIF1 dans le processus myogénique. Récemment, POFUT1 a aussi été proposé comme nouveau biomarqueur pour certains cancers, mais pas évalué dans le cancer colorectal (CCR). Nous avons donc collecté des données issues de 626 tumeurs et 51 tissus adjacents non tumoraux disponibles dans FireBrowse, celles de lignées cellulaires cancéreuses colorectales et de prélèvements tumoraux provenant du Centre de Ressources Biologiques du CHU de Limoges. Une surexpression de POFUT1 est observée dès le stade I, majoritairement due à une amplification de la région 20q11.21. Elle est significativement associée aux adénocarcinomes non mucineux et à une localisation rectale. De plus, l’expression de POFUT1 est corrélée à celles des récepteurs NOTCH ainsi qu’au processus métastatique, probablement par activation de la voie NOTCH. A ce titre, POFUT1 pourrait être considéré comme un nouveau biomarqueur pour le diagnostic du CCR. / The ER protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 (POFUT1), whose gene is located at the 20q11.21 chromosomic region in humans, catalyzes O-linked fucose addition to serine or threonine present in the consensus sequence (C2X4S/TC3) carried by EGF-like domain of membrane or secreted glycoprotein. Pofut1 knockdown (Po -) in murine myoblast C2C12 cell line leads to formation of elongated and thin myotubes, with a low number of nuclei and to downexpression of the late myogenic marker Myf6, suggesting significant defects in secondary fusion. NFATc2/IL-4 signaling is described as the main pathway associated to this step. We showed that the slightest expression of Nfatc2 in Po - myotubes is correlated with a decrease in IL-4 secretion and a lower quantity of IL 4Rα in reserve cells, which had to fuse with nascent myotubes. IL-4Rα neutralization on wild-type C2C12 causes myonuclear accretion defects, similar to those observed in Po -. Then, POFUT1 could be a new mediator of myotube growth during myogenic process, particularly through NFATc2/IL-4 signaling. The glycoprotein WIF1, potential POFUT1 target, is an antagonist of WNT signaling via its binding to WNT proteins. This pathway is involved in proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts. However, no data are available on WIF1 role in the myogenic process. Through exogenous WIF1 treatment, we showed a proliferation increase and a myoblast differentiation impairment in C2C12. During proliferation, increase in Myf5 and decrease in MyoG expressions are observed. At 7 days of differentiation, Po - myotubes have a smaller diameter than wild-type ones and are more numerous to have a small number of nuclei, reflecting fusion defects. For the first time, we demonstrate the involvement of WIF1 in the myogenic process. Recently, POFUT1 was proposed to be a new biomarker for several cancers, but not evaluated in colorectal cancer (CRC). We used data from 626 tumors and 51 adjacent non-tumor tissues available at FireBrowse, colorectal cancer cell lines and tumor samples from the Biological Resource Centre of Limoges hospital. A POFUT1 overexpression is observed from stage I, mainly due to amplification of 20q11.21 region. It is significantly associated to non-mucinous adenocarcinoma and to rectum location. Moreover, POFUT1 expression is correlated with those of NOTCH receptors as well as the metastatic process, probably by activation of the NOTCH pathway. POFUT1 could therefore be considered as a new biomarker for CRC diagnosis.

Osteoclast-mediated focal articular bone erosion is a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis, a disease of inflammation-induced bone loss. Inflammation in the bone microenvironment enhances osteoclast differentiation leading to bone erosion. Simultaneously, inflammation also inhibits osteoblast-mediated bone formation, further contributing to the net loss of bone. Previous studies have shown a paucity of mature osteoblasts at eroded bone surfaces correlating with suppression of bone formation and upregulation of antagonists of the Wnt pathway, a signaling cascade essential for osteoblast lineage commitment. Despite these observations, the exact pathogenesis of impaired bone formation in the setting of inflammation is not clearly understood. This dissertation aims to delineate the mechanisms by which inflammation suppresses osteoblast differentiation and activity in inflammatory arthritis. Specifically, this research elucidates how inflammation-induced alterations in the Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) osteogenic signaling pathways contribute to bone loss and formation at distinct inflammatory microenvironments within the bone. Secondly, the means by which cellular mediators, including lymphocytes and macrophages, facilitate bone erosion and formation was addressed. Taken together, the research in this dissertation underscores the relationship between inflammation-induced bone loss and alterations in osteogenic signaling. Using an innovative murine inflammatory arthritis model, this study definitively demonstrates that resolving inflammation promotes osteoblast-mediated bone formation. Repair of erosions correlates with upregulation of synovial expression of Wnt10b, a Wnt agonist, and downregulation of sFRP1 and sFRP2, Wnt antagonists. This work also directly evaluates the contribution of sFRP1 to inflammation-induced bone destruction. Furthermore, this research demonstrates that expression of BMP3, a negative regulator of BMP signaling, is upregulated in osteoblasts by IL-17, a pro-inflammatory cytokine. BMP3-expressing osteoblasts are also observed at erosion sites in murine arthritis. Lastly, evaluation of the mediators of inflammation-induced periosteal bone formation implicates BMP2 as a means by which inflammation may positively regulate osteoblast function. This dissertation further elucidates the role of T cells and macrophages in the erosion and formation processes, respectively. In the absence of lymphocytes, bone erosion occurred normally, demonstrating that RANKL-expressing lymphocytes are not absolutely required for the bone erosion. Preliminary studies also suggest that M2 macrophages are potential mediators of bone formation via the expression of BMP2. In conclusion, this dissertation explores the ability of inflammation to act as a rheostat, which controls the fate of bone by modulating not only osteoclast differentiation, but also osteogenic signaling pathways and cellular mediators in the bone microenvironment. The soluble mediators and cell types identified in this research highlight novel mechanisms by which inflammation may regulate osteoblast activity within the bone microenvironment. Collectively, these data imply that strict control of inflammation may be necessary in order to create an anabolic environment that preserves bone architecture in diseases of inflammation-induced bone loss.

INTRODUÇÃO: Perda óssea é um achado comum em pacientes com Nefrite Lúpica (NL), mesmo naqueles com diagnóstico recente. Algumas evidências indicam um aumento na osteoclastogênese como um dos distúrbios principais no processo de remodelamento ósseo. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar algumas vias de sinalização (RANKL/OPG, Wnt/Beta-catenin and Th17/IL-17) possivelmente envolvidas na osteoclastogênese anormal detectada em mulheres jovens ao diagnóstico de nefrite lúpica ativa, assim como avaliar a ação da vitamina D (VitD) nesse cenário e sua correlação com fatores inflamatórios. MÉTODOS: Realizamos culturas com a linhagem de células osteoblásticas humanas hFOB 1.19 (ATCC) e as dividimos em um grupo suplementado com soro de pacientes lúpicas (NL) (n=15) e em um grupo com soro de controles saudáveis (CS) (n=15) em vez de soro fetal bovino (SFB). Em seguida, adicionamos 1,25-dihidroxivitamina D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) em dois subgrupos nas concentrações 10-9M e 10-7M, resultando em 6 grupos: CS, CS+vitD 10-9M, CS+vitD 10-7M, NL, NL+vitD 10-9M, NL+vitD 10-7M). Após 48h da adição de 1,25(OH)2D3 ao meio de cultura, células hFOB foram tripsinizadas e separado o lisato celular de cada grupo. Ensaios de citometria de fluxo e multiplex foram realizados para quantificação das seguintes proteínas do lisato cellular: CD166, CD54, fosfatase alcalina, RANKL, OPG, CD14, TLR4, NF-KappaB, SOST, DKK-1, Beta-catenina, IL-1-beta, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-alfa, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-22. RT-PCR foi empregado para quantificação de mRNA dos genes RANKL, SOST, OPG e Beta-catenina. RESULTADOS: Pacientes com NL evidenciaram maiores níveis séricos de DKK-1 (2802,04 ± 1380,06 x 696,30 ± 421,22pg/ml, p < 0,001), OPG (560,12 ± 333,56 x 340,24 ± 102,08pg/ml, p=0,0212), TNF-alfa (9,63 ± 14,49 x 1,27 ± 0,35pg/ml, p=0,0337), IL-6 (15,58±39,08 x 8,02±3,49, p= 0,0053) and IL-2 (3,36 ± 3,06 x 1,54 ± 0,9pg/ml, p=0,0353) do que CS. Após exposição ao meio enriquecido com soro de pacientes com NL, células hFOB 1.19 apresentaram maior nível de mRNA de RANKL (p=0,045)) e menor nível de proteína OPG (178,81 ± 66,40 x 298,76 ± 114,94pg/mg, p=0,0016). Suplementação com 1,25(OH)2D3 aumentou a diferença da expressão das proteínas DKK-1 (673,03 ± 171,93 x 456,69 ± 234,53pg/mg, p=0,0215), IL-6 (0,80 ± 0,25pg/mg x 0,66 ± 0,18, p=0,0417) and IL-2 (4,97 ± 2,2 x 3,90 ± 1,66pg/mg, p=0,042) entre hFOB NL comparados com hFOB CS, enquanto diminuiu o nível de mRNA de Beta-catenina em células do grupo NL. DISCUSSÃO: Dentro das limitações deste estudo, os resultados sugerem que os maiores níveis séricos de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, como TNF-alfa, IL-6 e talvez IL-2, detectadas em pacientes com NL pode ter induzido a maior expressão osteoblástica de RANKL, representada pelo maior nível de mRNA RANKL em células do grupo NL, e suprimido OPG, conforme a diminuição observada na quantificação proteica de OPG nos lisatos celulares, o que pode ter contribuído para a aumentada osteoclastogênese evidenciada pela biópsia óssea dessas pacientes. A adição de 1,25(OH)2D3 não preveniu os efeitos inflamatórios do soro de pacientes com NL ativa em células hFOB 1.19 neste estudo / INTRODUCTION: Bone loss is a common finding in Lupus Nephritis (LN) patients even in those recently diagnosed. Some evidences indicate an increased osteoclastogenesis as the main disturb of the bone remodeling process. The aim of this study was to investigate some pathways (RANK-L/OPG, Wnt/?-catenin and Th17/IL-17) possibly involved in the abnormal osteoclastogenesis detected in women at the diagnosis of proliferative LN as well as evaluating the action of vitamin D (vitD) in this scenario and their correlation with inflammatory factors. METHODS: We cultured the human osteoblastic cell line hFOB 1.19 (ATCC), and divided cultures into those supplemented with serum from healthy controls (HC) (n=15) and LN patients (n=15) instead of fetal bovine serum (FBS). Then 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] was added in two subgroups at the concentrations of 10-9M e 10-7M while vitD was absent in one subgroup in both HC and LN cultures (HC, HC+vitD 10-9M, HC+vitD 10-7M, LN, LN+vitD 10-9M, LN+vitD 10-7M) . After 48h of vitD addition, hFOB cultures were trypsinized. Flow cytometry and multiplex assays were performed to test CD166, CD54, alkaline phosphatase, RANKL, OPG, CD14, TLR4, NF-KappaB, SOST, DKK-1, ?-catenin, IL-1Beta, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-alfa, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-22 concentrations in the cell lysates. Polymerase reaction chain (RT-PCR) assays analyzed the expression of RANKL, SOST, OPG and Beta-catenin mRNA. RESULTS: LN patients showed higher serum levels of DKK-1 (2802.04 ± 1380.06 x 696.3 ± 421.22pg/ml, p < 0.001), OPG (560.12 ± 333.56 x 340.24 ± 102.08pg/ml, p=0.0212), TNF-alfa (9.63 ± 14.49 x 1.27 ± 0.35pg/ml, p=0.0337), IL-6 (15.58±39.08 x 8.02±3.49, 0.0053) and IL-2 (3.36 ± 3.06 x 1.54 ± 0.9pg/ml, p=0.0353) than HCs. After exposure to medium enriched with LN serum, osteoblasts expressed higher RANKL mRNA (fold change 1.573, p=0.045) and lower OPG protein (178.81 ± 66.40 x 298.76 ± 114.94pg/mg, p=0.0016). 1,25(OH)2D3 supplementation increased the difference between LN and HC expression of DKK-1 (673.03 ± 171.93 x 456.69 ± 234.53pg/mg, p=0.0215), IL-6 (0.80 ± 0.25pg/mg x 0.66 ± 0.18, p=0.0417) and IL-2 (4.97 ± 2.2 x 3.90 ± 1,66pg/mg, p=0.042) proteins and diminished Beta-catenin mRNA in LN cells. DISCUSSION: Within the limitations of this study, the results suggest that the higher serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alfa, IL-6 and perhaps IL-2, detected in LN patients would possibly have induced RANKL genes, as demonstrated by an enhanced RANKL mRNA expression in LN osteoblasts, and suppressed OPG protein in cell lysates, which would have contributed to the increased osteoclastogenesis detected in bone biopsies of women with new onset of LN. 1,25(OH)2D3 addition to osteoblast cultures did not prevent the effects of inflammatory LN serum in vitro