"Relationship" is the term commonly but loosely used in social casework, to refer to the inter-action of personalities which occurs between the caseworker and the client in need of help. The exact constituents of "relationship", and the part which it plays in treatment, and in an improved adjustment, are as yet far from having been precisely determined. The present study examines a carefully chosen set of cases with the object of exploring the way to a more definitive analysis. To take account of the range of the problems encountered, the cases are grouped according to three degrees of difficulty. The assessment of the client's level of ability in relationship is approached through a series of six criteria: his concept of himself, his ability to see his own real feelings, his ways of coping with reality, his ability to endure frustration, the quality of his affect tone, and the pattern of his ways of responding to people. The essential background of each case is summarized. Each group of cases is then reviewed with special attention to differences in the clients' ways of responding to persons and situations, the attitudes and performance of the caseworker, the development of the case, and the elements in the client which either facilitate or retard growth in maturity and adaptation. The study reveals the emergence of patterns where the promise of relationship was good or limited or poor according to the extent that the basic needs of the individual had been met. It shows that the understanding and acceptance of the client by the caseworker enables the client to modify restricting attitudes, and to develop more constructive responses to situations. Where these attitudes do not prevail the caseworker cannot contribute to the growth process of the client. The study shows the need for greater precision in recording, in diagnosis, in the selection of treatment methods, and the ways in which the criteria can be used to help in these processes until measurement techniques become possible. Careful selection of applicants for social work, improved training for supervisors, smaller and more selective case loads, and a greater awareness on the part of agencies of the importance of relationship, are seen as the means of improving the effective use of relationship in treatment. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

M.Tech.

The competitive nature of the world of work today and the resultant opportunities in global career mobility for knowledge workers is gaining momentum across industries. This emergence of the global economy has prompted the need to investigate the differences or similarities of career capital components and methods of acquisition and accrual across industries.The research was conducted in two phases. The first quantitative phase was set out to investigate career capital components and methods of acquisition in the manufacturing industry. The results obtained on phase 1, were used together with the secondary data previously obtained through three pieces of research done on career capital in three different industries, to ascertain the differences in career capital components and methods of accrual across four different industries. The total sample size representing the four industries was 200.The research has defined specific career capital components and methods used to acquire career capital that are relevant to knowledge workers in the manufacturing industry. The findings have been used to develop a model to help organisations understand the career needs of the manufacturing knowledge worker with specific enablers and core career capital highlighted. The research further helped draw conclusions on the differences and similarities of career capital components and methods used by knowledge workers across industries. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Thesis advisor: Julia Chuang / Existing literature on NGOs in China depicted NGOs as either depoliticized service providers or harbinger of democracy expecting them to mobilize movements or participate in policy advocacy. However, few explain what accounts for differences in their capacities. While some scholars argue that NGOs’ relations with different actors in the field have influence on variations of their capacities, they do not disaggregate what resources are mobilized in such relationship management. Extending their arguments, I argue that NGOs leverage relationships to obtain essential resources such as symbolic legitimation from the state, financial support from civil society actors and social embeddedness from constituencies to operate effectively. Drawing upon four months ethnography on three NGOs serving the needs of sex workers in greater China region, I illustrate how these NGOs are either capable of carrying out their original political mission—to decriminalize sex work in China—or deflected into service provision, through their mobilization and attainments of different resources. / Thesis (MA) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Sociology.

Guidance has become one of the most popular words in the vocabulary of education during the last few years. Its rapid development has been partly due to a new psychology that has emphasized individual differences. These individual differences have been found to include economic, physical, mental and emotional factors in varying proportions. / Typescript. / "August, 1949." / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts under Plan II." / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-62).

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Epidemiology in the Field of Implementation Sciences. May 2018 Johannesburg, South Africa. / Background: Surveillance structures for tuberculosis (TB) contact tracing are not well integrated into routine national reporting structures. The implementation of reingineering of primary health care through ward based outreach teams (WBOTs) is a step towards equitable primary health care. Data and information collected by WBOTs for household TB contact tracing is an integral part of the implementation model of primary health care reengineering. The quality of patient record documentation becomes even more vital in light of the increased focus on process and outcome measures in health programmes and as a result, careful consideration be given to the WBOT data collection system used by community health workers (CHWs). In order to contribute to efforts of developing an optimised model for household contact tracing, the acceptability of the current paper-based data collection system needs to be assessed in order to develop a comprehensive monitoring & evaluaiton (M&E) framework for an optimsed model for household tuberculosis contact tracing. Methods: The current cross sectional research project is nested within a project that aims to develop an optimised model for household TB contact tracing. In this nested mixed methods study; the exploratory sequential design was used to explore the facilitators and barriers to completing the current data collection tools used by CHWs. The study had two components, firstly three focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted in the three Ekurhuleni health sub-districts (Northern, Eastern and Southern) in three purposively selected primary health clinics and secondary data analysis of the main study`s FGDs was also conducted. Manual coding and QDA Miner software was used for coding and all qualitative analysis. Emerging themes were identified through inductive thematic analysis using the constant comparison analysis framework. The results informed the quantitative data collection and analysis. Following qualitative analysis; a close ended questionnaire was refined and informed by the results of the qualitative inquiry. CHWs were recruited using targetted sampling techniques from 6 primary health care facilities located in the different sub-districts in order to administer the questionnaire. The four point Likert Scale questionnaire was developed using theoritical framework for acceptability (TFA) constructs to asses the level of acceptability of the current data collection tools used to document tuberculosis contact tracing activities. Univariate and multivariate linear regression models were fitted to examine significant relationships between the composite acceptability scores and several predictors. All quantitative analysis was perforned on STATA version 14 (StataCorp College Station, Texas 77845 USA). Results: A total of five FGDs were conducted; two that were conducted as part of the main study supplemented the data from the three that were conducted (one in each Ekurhuleni health Sub-district). The total of 54 CHWs participated in all the five FGDs with 89% being female. Average age of all CHWs was 34.41 years [mean (sd): 34.41(8.16)]. Five broad themes emerged including inadequate CHW training, WBOT programme integration with other health and social care service providers, challenges with the WBOT data collection system, community access issues and preference for a digital based data collection system. Data related barriers identified included limitations with the current paper based data collection system such as insufficient competency assessments about the different data collection tools, lack of a specific tool to capture TB contact tracing activities, incomplete referral forms due to clinic staff not completing them, patients providing wrong information, too many papers to complete. Those that were related to the WBOT actvities included lack of community acceptance, resource constraints, violent patients and community members, community members that are not welcoming . Facilitators included motivated CHWs. 94 CHWs were enrolled for the quantitative survey with 90 (95.74%) females. From the total, 35% of the CHWs were from the Ekurhuleni health southern subdistrict, 34% and 31% were from the eastern and northern sub-districts respectively. The overall median (IQR) composite acceptability scores from all sub-districts was 48 (45 51), with the highest scores observed in the Eastern sub-district 49 (45 46) . In the overall study population, the acceptability of the current WBOT data collection tools was low. Conclusions: Main findings pertaining to CHW training indicate that the different phases of the Primary Health Care (PHC) reingeering WBOT trainings were inconsistent. There is also a lack of acknowledgement of attendance as CHW expressed their dissatisfaction in not receiving certifications which resulted in low morale for conducting outreach activities. The sub-optimal integration of the WBOT programme into the primary health care system results in a patchy referral system characterised by incomplete back referrals resulted as referral forms remain incomplete. Communication between the primary health care facility staff and WBOT CHWs needs to be strengthened in order to strengthen the referral linkages with other health and social care service providers. Funding models for WBOT programme need to be reviewed to ensure that resources needed for optimal WBOT functioning are secured. Restricted access to some communities, patients providing wrong addresses, violent and unwelcoming household members and lack of WBOT safety were barriers to accessing TB patients during outreach activities; thus leading to incomplete and innacurate data. The limitations posed by the current paper-based data collection system have been acknowledged and the CHWs preference for a digital based system highlights the need for the evaluation of the current mobile data collection technologies in other regions in order to inform nationwide scale-up. Recommendations: The implementation of the WBOT programme is still in its infancy and in order to improve the data collection processes of the programme, more research on CHW post-training competence is needed to determine the effectiveness of the wide array of training programs. Moreover, the implementation of CHW program should be coordinated among the different training providers including government, civil society organizations and NGOs. To improve the quality of the CHW training delivery and content, CHW feedback should be sought through pre-and post-assessments. There is a need to focus efforts on coordinating and strengthening the different PHC reengineering streams and integrate them into the primary health care system. This will likely strengthen the referral system between the WBOT programme and PHC facilities. The current M&E policy needs to be reviewed and special consideration should be given to TB contact tracing related indicators. This should also be accompanied by an adjustment of the current WBOT data collection tools to better reflect the agreed upon TB contact tracing indicators. The study further recommends further research in the form of economic evaluations to determine the cost effectiveness of scaling up current digital based data collection methods to inform nationwide scale up. Key words: Ward Based Outreach Teams, data collection system, data collection tools, community health workers, TB contact tracing, Community Based Information System, acceptabiltity, mHealth / LG2018

Dissertation submitted to the FACULTY OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF ZULULAND in partial fulfillment of the MASTERS DEGREE IN COMMUNITY WORK in the Department of SOCIAL WORK at the UNIVERSITY OF ZULULAND, 2008. / Social workers are expected to bring about changes in the lives of individuals groups and communities. The post 1994 era brought many changes in the South African welfare policy. Among the changes envisaged was the need for the adoption and implementation of the developmental approach in terms of the White Paper for Social Welfare (1997), which strives to promote basic human rights, dignity and self reliance. The developmental approach to Social Welfare: • recognizes the need for integrated and strength-based approaches to service delivery; • ensures and promotes sustainability of intervention efforts; • emphasizes appropriate services to all, particularly the poor, the vulnerable and those with special needs; and • recognizes that social work amongst other social service professions plays a major role in addressing developmental needs of society. This research intends to: • determine the application of a developmental model in working with foster families; • address any challenges experienced by service providers and seek to get their opinions of what could be regarded as the best practice model in handling foster families.

Department of Social Work School of Human and Community Development Faculty of Humanities University of Witwatersrand In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree MA (Occupational Social Work) February, 2016 / Supervision in the social work profession is fundamental to training, as it helps social workers to develop theirprofessional capabilities and improves their skills and knowledge of rendering quality services to clients. Lack of supervision for newly qualified social workers may compromise the quality of services received by clients.Effective supervision is associated with good quality service to clients, increased professional development and greaterjob satisfaction for social workers. A qualitative study was conducted with a sample of 20 newly qualified social workers employed at the Department of Social Development in Waterberg District of the Limpopo Province where individual supervision is the most commonly used method of supervision. The aim of the study was to explore the perceptions and experiences of newly qualified social workers regarding supervision at their workplaces. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews, using semi-structured interview schedule, and analysed using thematic content analysis. The non-probability and purposive sampling was applied. The main findings were that the newly qualified social workers recognisedmany of the strengths of the Department of Social Development Supervision Framework which included: ethics, a supervision contract, professional development and compliance with the Framework. The data analysed also revealed that supervision within the DSD is not conducted in compliance with the Supervision Framework and various factors affecting the quality of supervision in the Department were highlighted. This report concludes with a brief discussion of the findings and recommendations.

No description available.

This study was concerned with the sources of variation in the attitudes of manual workers toward social class and related matters. A review of the literature suggested that, for workers to adopt a perspective that challenges the existing distribution of rewards and privileges in society, they have to be involved in a series of relationships, in work and in the wider community, that create barriers to the influence of the values of dominant groups in society. Evidence from studies in several societies suggests that involvement in predominantly working-class milieux, at work, in the community, and in kinship and friendship networks, leads to the worker adopting a perspective that is "deviant" from the dominant value system. Exposure to the influence ) of people from other classes, on the other hand, 'Would weaken the' barriers and increase the likelihood that the worker would adopt a perspective akin to that of groups higher in the social hierarchy. This study involved the application of the perspective outlined above to differences in the attitudes of manual workers in four Ontario communities. A questionnaire survey was administered in the four committees, which were selected because, in terms of class structure, they differed from each other in ways that were believed to be associated -with differences in working-class attitudes. The indicators of class attitudes examined in this thesis are class identification, choice of models describing the bases of the stratification system, an index of militancy, and support for the New Democratic Party. Residence in a predominantly working-class community was expected to influence the worker to adopt a "deviant" set of attitudes. But community differences in class identification and choice of class models among workers did not follow the expected pattern. Militancy and support for the NDP were found to be related to differences in the class compositions of the conm.mities studied, but, over-all, community differences were not as large as evidence from studies in other societies would lead one to expect. It was argued that the extensive geographical mobility among workers, and the ethnic diversity in three of the comm.mities, attenuated sanewhat the effect that differences in canmunity class stnicture were expected to have on workers' attitudes. Elements in the work situation did, however, show a more substantial relationship with differences in workers' attitudes. Membership in a trade union was found to be the most consistently strong influence on the workers' adoption of "deviant" attitudes. White-collar kinship and friendship affiliations, on the other hand, particularly marriage to a woman who had, at one time or another, been employed in white-collar work, were found to be related to the worker adopting attitudes more similar to those held by people higher in the social hierarchy. It was argued that the barriers to the influence of the dominant culture are nrutua.lly reinforcing, so that removal of one weakens the power of the others. Geographical mobility among workers, combined with ethnic and religious diversity, were seen as weakening even the solidarity ties that might exist in a community predominantly working-class in social composition. And the large number of workers who-were married to women with experience of non-manual work was seen as a further factor weakening the barriers to the influence of the dominant atlture. It was argued that, even though the trade union appears to be the most effective barrier to the dominant culture, the absence of other strung barriers lessens the power the union has to provide a set of alternative definitions of social reality for workers. It was concluded that the weakness of the barriers to the influence of the dominant culture may be suggested as one reason why Ontario workers do not provide the kind of support to the New Detoocratic Party that is provided to parties of the left by workers in other western societies. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)