No description available.

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Large volumes of wastewater are generated annually during the grape harvest season from various processing and cleaning operations at wineries, distilleries and other wine-related industries. South African regulatory bodies dictate that wastewater should have a pH of 5.5 to 7.5 and a chemical oxygen demand (COD) lower than 75 mg/L. However, winery wastewater has a typical pH of 4 to 5 and a COD varying between 2 000 and 12 000 mg/L. Urban wineries channel the wastewater to local sewage treatment facilities and are often heavily fined for exceeding governmental requirements. Rural wineries usually have little or no treatment operations for their wastewater and it is often irrigated onto crops, which may result in environmental pollution and contamination of underground water resources. Various criteria are important in choosing a wastewater treatment system, such as an ecofriendly process that is flexible to withstand various concentration loads and characteristics, requiring low capital and operating costs, minimal personal attention and do not require too much land. In this study, a large variation in COD, pH and chemical composition of the winery wastewater was observed that could be related to varying factors such as the harvest load, operational procedures and grape variety. Wastewater from destemming and pressing operations contained higher concentrations of glucose, fructose and malic acid, which originated from the grape berries. The fermentable sugars (glucose and fructose) contributed to almost half of the COD with a smaller contribution from ethanol and acetic acid. The low pH can be ascribed to relative high concentrations of organic acids in the wastewater. The efficacy of biological treatment systems depends strongly on the ability of microorganisms to form biofilm communities that are able to degrade the organic compounds in the wastewater. Preliminary identification of microorganisms that naturally occur in winery wastewater indicated the presence of various bacterial and yeast species that could be effective in the biological treatment of the wastewater. When evaluated as pure cultures under aerobic conditions, some of the yeast isolates effectively reduced the COD of a synthetic wastewater, whereas the bacterial isolates were ineffective. The most effective yeast isolates were identified as Pichia rhodanensis, Kloeckera apiculata, Candida krusei and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our search for cost-effective biological treatment systems led to the evaluation of a Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) for the treatment of winery wastewater. The RBC was evaluated on a laboratory scale with 10% (v/v) diluted grape juice and inoculated with a mixed microbial community isolated from winery wastewater. The results showed a reduction in the COD that improved with an extended retention time. Evaluation of the RBC on-site at a local winery during the harvest season resulted on average in a 41% decrease in COD and an increase of 0,75 pH units. RFLP analysis of the biofilm communities within the RBC confirmed a population shift in both the bacterial and fungal species during the evaluation period. The most dominant yeast isolates were identified with 18S rDNA sequencing as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida intermedia, Hanseniaspora uvarum and Pichia membranifaciens. All these species are naturally associated with grapes and/or water and with the exception of Hanseniaspora uvarum, they are able to form either simple or elaborate pseudohyphae. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Groot hoeveelhede afloopwater word jaarliks gedurende die druiwe-oestyd deur verskeie prosessering- en skoonmaakoperasies deur wynkelders, distilleer- en ander wynverwante industrieë gegenereer. Suid-Afrikaanse beheerliggame vereis dat afloopwater ‘n pH van 5.5 tot 7.5 en ‘n chemiese suurstofbehoefte (COD) van minder as 75 mg/l moet hê. Kelderafloopwater het egter gewoonlik ‘n pH van 4 tot 5 en ‘n COD van 2 000 tot 12 000 mg/L. Stedelike wynkelders voer die afloopwater na ń plaaslike rioolsuiweringsaanleg wat dikwels tot swaar boetes vir oortreding van die wetlike vereistes lei. Plattelandse wynkelders het gewoonlik min of geen behandelingsprosesse vir hul afloopwater nie en gebruik die water dikwels vir gewasbesproeiing, wat tot omgewingsbesoedeling en kontaminasie van ondergrondse waterbronne kan lei. Verskeie kriteria is belangrik in die keuse van ‘n waterbehandelingstelsel, byvoorbeeld ‘n omgewingsvriendelike proses wat verskillende konsentrasieladings en samestellings kan hanteer, ‘n lae kapitaal- en bedryfskoste en minimale persoonlike aandag vereis en min ruimte benodig. Hierdie studie het getoon dat kelderafloopwater ‘n groot variasie in COD, pH en chemiese samestelling het wat met wisselende faktore soos die oeslading, operasionele prosesse en selfs die druifkultivar verband kan hou. Afloopwater van ontstingeling- en parsoperasies het hoër konsentrasies glukose, fruktose en appelsuur wat van die druiwekorrels afkomstig is. Die fermenteerbare suikers (glukose en fruktose) dra tot amper 50% van die COD by, met ‘n kleiner bydrae deur etanol en asynsuur. Die lae pH kan grootliks aan organiese sure in die afloopwater toegeskryf word. Die effektiwiteit van biologiese behandelingstelsels steun sterk op die vermoë van mikroorganismes om biofilmgemeenskappe te vorm wat die organiese verbindings in die afloopwater kan afbreek. Voorlopige identifikasie van mikro-organismes wat natuurlik in wynafloopwater voorkom, het die teenwoordigheid van verskeie bakteriese en gisspesies aangedui. Evaluering van hierdie isolate onder aërobiese toestande het getoon dat sommige van die gis-isolate die COD van ‘n sintetiese afloopwater effektief kon verlaag, terwyl die bakteriese isolate oneffektief was. Die mees effektiewe gis-isolate is as Pichia rhodanensis, Kloeckera apiculata, Candida krusei en Saccharomyces cerevisiae geïdentifiseer. Ons soektog na ‘n koste-effektiewe biologiese behandelingsisteem het tot die evaluering van ‘n ‘Rotating Biological Contactor’ (RBC) vir die behandeling van afloopwater gelei. Die RBC is op laboratoriumskaal met 10% (v/v) verdunde druiwesap geëvalueer en met ‘n gemengde mikrobiese gemeenskap wat uit afloopwater geïsoleer is, innokuleer. Die resultate het ‘n verlaging in die COD getoon wat met ‘n langer retensietyd verbeter het. Evaluering van die RBC by ‘n plaaslike wynkelder gedurende die oesseisoen het gemiddeld ‘n verlaging van 41% in die COD en ‘n verhoging van 0,75 pH eenhede getoon. RPLP analise van die biofilmgemeenskappe in die RBC het ‘n bevolkingsverskuiwing in beide die bakteriese en swamspesies aangetoon. Die mees dominante gisspesies is met 18S rDNA volgordebepaling as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida intermedia, Hanseniaspora uvarum en Pichia membranifaciens geïdentifiseer. Al hierdie spesies word gewoonlik met druiwe en/of water geassosieer en is, met die uitsondering van Hanseniaspora uvarum, in staat om òf eenvoudige òf komplekse pseudohife te vorm.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Physics / Master / Master of Philosophy

Responses of phytoplankton productivity in the Red River to unbleached pulp and paper mill wastewaters were monitored using in situ ^14C incubation. Preoperational studies, conducted prior to the discharge of mill wastewaters varied seasonally, but revealed similar productivity trends when compared with postoperational studies, conducted after mill discharges began entering the Red River. Carbon assimilation rates measured downstream of mill discharge were generally greater than upstream levels in both preoperational and postoperational studies. Selected physical, chemical, and biological parameters varied seasonally, but showed similar upstream-downstream values and preoperational-postoperational values. Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD_5) were positively correlated with postoperational productivity rates. Apparent color was negatively correlated with productivity rates.

by Chan Yu Keung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-141). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Table of Content --- p.iv / List of Figures --- p.ix / List of Tables --- p.xiv / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Overview --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Textiles Industry in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- Processes Involved in Textiles Industry --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Typical Stages in Bleaching and Dyeing Step --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Characterization of Textile Wastewater --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Desizing --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Scouring --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Bleaching --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Mercerizing --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- Dyeing and Printing --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4.6 --- Finishing --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5 --- Toxicity of Pollutants from Textiles Industry --- p.8 / Chapter 1.6 --- Related Environmental Legislation in Hong Kong --- p.9 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Water Pollution Control Ordinance --- p.9 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Waste Disposal Ordinance --- p.10 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- General Sewage Charge --- p.10 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Trade Effluent Surcharge --- p.10 / Chapter 1.7 --- Chemical Specific Approach --- p.11 / Chapter 1.8 --- Toxicity Based Approach --- p.12 / Chapter 1.8.1 --- Selection of Organisms for Bioassays --- p.13 / Chapter 1.9 --- Whole-Effluent Toxicity (WET) Test --- p.14 / Chapter 1.10 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation --- p.14 / Chapter 1.10.1 --- Phase I ´ؤ Toxicant Characterization --- p.15 / Chapter 1.10.2 --- Phase II - Toxicant Identification --- p.16 / Chapter 1.10.3 --- Phase III - Toxicant Confirmation --- p.16 / Chapter 1.11 --- Ecotoxicology --- p.16 / Chapter 2. --- OBJECTIVES --- p.18 / Chapter 3. --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.19 / Chapter 3.1 --- Sources of Samples --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2 --- Whole Effluent Toxicity Test --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Microtox® test --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Growth inhibition test of a marine unicellular microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2 --- p.22 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Survival test of a marine amphipod Parhyale plumulosa --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Survival test of a marine fish Mylio macrocephalus --- p.29 / Chapter 3.3 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation - Phase I --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- pH adjustment filtration --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- pH adjustment aeration --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Anion exchange --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Cation exchange --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- pH adjustment C18 solid phase extraction (C18 SPE) --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Activated carbon extraction --- p.41 / Chapter 3.4 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation - Phase II --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Determination of total organic carbon (TOC) --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Determination of metals --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Determination of anions --- p.48 / Chapter 4. --- RESULTS --- p.51 / Chapter 4.1 --- Sample Description --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2 --- Whole Effluent Toxicity Tests --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on algal growth inhibition test using Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2 --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on Microtox® test --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on survival test of amphipod Parhyale plumulosa --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on survival test of Mylio macrocephalus --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation - Phase I --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Effect of filtration at pH 3 on toxicity reduction --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Effect of filtration at pH 7 on toxicity reduction --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Effect of filtration at pHi on toxicity reduction --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Effect of aeration at pH 3 on toxicity reduction --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Effect of aeration at pH 7 on toxicity reduction --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Effect of aeration at pHi on toxicity reduction --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3.7 --- Effect of anion exchange on toxicity reduction --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3.8 --- Effect of cation exchange on toxicity reduction --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3.9 --- Effect of C18 extraction at pH3 on toxicity reduction --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3.10 --- Effect of C18 extraction at pH 7 on toxicity reduction --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.11 --- Effect of C18 extraction at pH 9 on toxicity reduction --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.12 --- Effect of activated carbon extraction on toxicity reduction --- p.101 / Chapter 4.4 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation ´ؤ Phase II --- p.101 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effect of anion exchange on chemical reduction --- p.101 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effect of cation exchange on chemical reduction --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Effect of C18 extraction at pH 3 on chemical reduction --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Effect of C18 extraction at pH 7 on chemical reduction --- p.110 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Effect of C18 extraction at pH 9 on chemical reduction --- p.110 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Effect of activated carbon extraction on chemical reduction --- p.110 / Chapter 5. --- DISCUSSION --- p.114 / Chapter 5.1 --- Whole Effluent Toxicity Test --- p.114 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on algal growth inhibition test of Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2 --- p.114 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on Microtox® test --- p.116 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on survival test of amphipod Parhyale plumulosa --- p.117 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Toxicity of whole effluent samples on survival test of fish Mylio macrocephalus --- p.118 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Correlations among toxicity tests --- p.118 / Chapter 5.1.6 --- Factor analysis on whole effluent toxicity tests --- p.121 / Chapter 5.2 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation ´ؤ Phase I --- p.122 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- pH adjustment filtration test --- p.124 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- pH adjustment aeration test --- p.124 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Anion exchange test --- p.124 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Cation exchange test --- p.125 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- pH adjustment C18 solid phase extraction test --- p.125 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Activated carbon extraction test --- p.126 / Chapter 5.3 --- Toxicity Identification Evaluation Phase II --- p.126 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Effect of anion exchange on chemical reduction --- p.126 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Effect of cation exchange on chemical reduction --- p.127 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Effect of C18 solid phase extraction on chemical reduction --- p.127 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Effect of activated carbon extraction on chemical reduction --- p.127 / Chapter 5.4 --- Correlation between toxicity reduction and chemical reduction --- p.128 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Anion exchange --- p.128 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Cation exchange --- p.129 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- C18 solid phase extraction --- p.129 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Activated carbon extraction --- p.130 / Chapter 6. --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.131 / Chapter 7. --- REFERENCE --- p.133

Thesis. 1975. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography : leaves 118-121. / M.C.P.

M. Tech. Chemical Engineering. / Discusses the general objective of this research is to study the application of a combined advanced oxidation and adsorption process, with a view to developing a novel technique for the treatment of tea industry effluents prior to discharge into receiving water bodies. The specific objectives of the research are: a) To tailor natural zeolite physico-chemical properties in attempt to enhance its adsorptive performance ; b) To evaluate the decolourization efficiency of functionalized zeolite in tea industry effluent treatment. c) To evaluate the effect of the following operational parameters: pH, initial concentration,temperature and the sorbent mass, on the removal of colour in tea industry effluent. d) To apply adsorption and advanced oxidation independently and to combine the two into one process.

No description available.

Coliform bacteria have long been used to indicate fecal contamination of food, water, and solid surfaces, and thus the presence of a health hazard. In this study, the in-mill water and external effluent treatment systems of seven typical Canadian pulp and paper mills were shown to support the growth of numerous coliforms, especially Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., and Citrobacter spp . Mill coliforms were shown to be not just simple transients from feedwater or furnish (wood), but to be continuously growing, especially in the primary clarifiers. Therefore, coliforms and fecal coliforms cannot be used as fecal contamination indicators in pulp and paper mill water and effluent treatment systems. / N2-fixing coliform populations were detected in mill water systems and were analyzed using N2-fixation assays and nitrogenase gene (nifH) probing. Both active in situ populations and cultured microbial isolates were tested. Active N2-fixation was demonstrated in six primary clarifiers. Measurement of the numbers and composition of the total culturable bacterial community in a primary clarifier revealed that approximately 50% of all aerobic cells contained nifH , of which >90% were Klebsiella. Coliforms growing on MacConkey agar plates from the primary clarifier were all identified as Klebsiella and 100% of these Klebsiella contained the nifH gene. Preliminary estimates indicate that the amount of N2 fixed per day is substantial in some clarifiers.

Since 1994, South African governance has been in transition from bureaucracy to democracy. In tenns of democracy, local government is specifically tasked with providing goods and services equitably and sustainably not only to it's citizens, but along with them. In South Africa, the provision of refuse removal services and landfill sites for waste disposal are under local government control. Recently, Durban Solid Waste, a municipal waste management contractor in the Durban Metropolitan Area, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa embarked on a comprehensive exercise, the first of it's kind in the country. to locate, plan, develop and operate new generation landfill sites with the aid of a public participation process involving capacity building which is a requirement of legislation. It is in the North Zone of this area that the existing landfill is to close by December 2000, and so there is an urgent need to locate and develop a new landfill site for the region. It is the capacity building and public participation process of the North Zone landfill site selection process which is the subject of this study. A case study format provides an intensive examination of the public participation and capacity building process. Qualitative research methodology was employed to compliment the interp retive approach undertaken in the research process, which used conceptual frameworks drawn from literature for the data interpretation. Data were collected via participant observation at meetings and workshops, and semi-strucrured interviews with stakeholders of the North Zone process. The research findings revealed that while a variety of capacity building and public participation means suggested by government policy have been utilised., none of the statutory principles of public participation for landfill siting have been implemented satisfactorily by participants in the North Zone public participation process. The findings also indicate that the predominant type of public participation being followed in the North Zone is instrumental in nature. and thus in the main does not exhibit outcome measures of empowerment which are associated with transformative participation. Furthermore. the findings demonstrate that while capacity building made the North Zone public participation process more democratic than previous landfill site selection exercises, principles of equity were only satisfied to the extent that the statutory requirements, the will of the developer, a shortage of time and adequate funding pennitted. The recommendations suggest: lobbying for changes to the statutory requirements. ways of building trust between stakeholders. activities to promote equity and democracy, and the use of more suitable means of capacity building and public participation for landfill site selection public participation processes in South Africa / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2000.