The quantity of solid waste generated in Nigeria has increased at an alarming rate over the decades with lack of efficient and sustainable waste management in most cities of the country. This can be attributed to incessant increase in population, expansion of urban areas, industrialization and consumption rates. This study focuses on the ancient city of Ibadan and used Ibadan North Local Government as the case study. There are many environmental and sanitation problems in Ibadan due to improper waste management by the stakeholders involved. The result and analysis of the situation reveals that there are indications that most residents are ignorant of waste handling methods irrespective of their educational and economic status coupled with poor management of waste and lack of good environmental policy. The study analyzes options for adopting Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) which comprises of waste hierarchy. Activities of Oyo State Solid Waste Management Authority (OSSWMA), Ibadan North Local Government (IBNLG) and Private Refuse Contractors (PRCs) in terms of technical know-how, financial capacity and waste equipment are not adequate to meet the tasks. In order to overcome these challenges, this research work discusses if and how Integrated Solid Waste Management can be implemented.

Economy and environment has for a long time been studied separately and seen as incompatible. With a growing society and increasing pressure on environmental issues the need of a new economy with the environment included is necessary. This study examine if European Union´s picture of the waste hierarchy match the reality. Since the purpose with the waste hierarchy is to benefit environmental and economy. A survey was made over Käppalaförbundets waste from 2013, to see where the waste falls in the waste hierarchy. The results shows that the waste falls on those steps that are favorable to the environment and the economy, but the environment aspect can be improved if some of the waste switch to a different step in the waste hierarchy. Better statistics on some waste areas is also necessary to get a result that is more certain. The conclusion in this study is that European Union´s picture of the waste hierarchy match the reality to a certain extent but in order to achieve sustainable development in the long run, several measures need to be taken.

This thesis concerns waste management on construction sites and was conducted on behalf of ICA Fastigheter. Areas of concern: How can an environmentally-efficient waste management system on construction sites be defined?  What potential exists for exploiting the waste resources that are generated? How can the waste management be optimised by reducing the quantity of waste and by optimal sorting? How can the client of a project influence the waste management? The purpose of the work was to investigate sustainable waste management in the building and construction sector and to highlight waste as a resource from an environmental and economic perspective.The aim of the work was to define an environmentally-efficient waste management system, to analyse the potential that exists in waste management and to draw up guidelines for optimal waste management.The method consisted of a literature study, two visits to construction sites and four interviews.An environmentally-efficient waste management system means that the waste is managed in the following order of priority: Prevention      Reuse   Recycling      Energy recovery Landfill      The prevention of waste is an important area that has not been adequately explored by the building and construction industry. The quantities of waste could decrease with the implementation of measures such as ordering materials in the dimensions required, prefabricated components, logistics centres with Just-In-Time deliveries, less and improved packaging and less wrapping. The reuse of waste materials and temporary apparatus as well as the use of a return pallet system are examples of reuse that reduces the quantities of waste. In most cases the source sorting work is a matter of course and the proportion going to landfill is down at a low level. The source sorting can be optimised by sorting all materials that can be reused and recycled to use them as a resource. The client of a project has great opportunities to influence the waste management in a sustainable direction by placing demands on the contractor. Demands can be placed on measures to reduce the quantities of waste, on a specific level of source sorting and on the reporting and monitoring of statistics.

During the past few decades the focus of waste management in South Africa has been emphasised, especially in view of the increase in economic development which has resulted in an increase in commercial, industrial, hazardous, mining, power generation as well as radioactive waste. The iron and steel making industry in South Africa provides for a vast amount of recycling opportunities of various materials resulting from the iron and steelmaking process. The regulation of waste management in South Africa may have some significant implications on this particular industry. In this dissertation the history of waste management legislation in South Africa is researched. It is found that initially only waste disposal was regulated, but over time, in addition to disposal, other aspects were also regulated in terms of other pieces of environmental legislation, such as the recycling, recovery and storage of waste. In an attempt to provide for uniform waste management regulation in South Africa, and in order to achieve sustainable development by the provision of a new waste hierarchy, the National Environmental Management: Waste Act was introduced. As part of this legislation, a new definition of waste was also introduced. It is indicated as part of this dissertation that various interpretations of the definition of ‘waste’ are possible. It is also indicated that these various interpretations may not only have some significant implications for the iron and steelmaking industry in South Africa, but may also have significant implications for the implementation of the waste hierarchy, as envisaged in terms of current waste management legislation. In the light of the above, and after taking comments by the members of the South African Iron and Steel Institute into consideration, recommendations are made for an improved legislative framework for waste management in South Africa. It is recommended that there should be a trade–off between the protection of the environment and the re–use, recovery and recycling opportunities of materials available to industry in the short–term as well as the long–term. In order to achieve such a trade–off, it is suggested that the ‘End–of Waste’ criteria in South Africa be reconsidered and re–evaluated to ensure more legal certainty with regard as to exactly constitutes waste and to provide for a definition of ‘waste’ which is clearly defined. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

During the past few decades the focus of waste management in South Africa has been emphasised, especially in view of the increase in economic development which has resulted in an increase in commercial, industrial, hazardous, mining, power generation as well as radioactive waste. The iron and steel making industry in South Africa provides for a vast amount of recycling opportunities of various materials resulting from the iron and steelmaking process. The regulation of waste management in South Africa may have some significant implications on this particular industry. In this dissertation the history of waste management legislation in South Africa is researched. It is found that initially only waste disposal was regulated, but over time, in addition to disposal, other aspects were also regulated in terms of other pieces of environmental legislation, such as the recycling, recovery and storage of waste. In an attempt to provide for uniform waste management regulation in South Africa, and in order to achieve sustainable development by the provision of a new waste hierarchy, the National Environmental Management: Waste Act was introduced. As part of this legislation, a new definition of waste was also introduced. It is indicated as part of this dissertation that various interpretations of the definition of ‘waste’ are possible. It is also indicated that these various interpretations may not only have some significant implications for the iron and steelmaking industry in South Africa, but may also have significant implications for the implementation of the waste hierarchy, as envisaged in terms of current waste management legislation. In the light of the above, and after taking comments by the members of the South African Iron and Steel Institute into consideration, recommendations are made for an improved legislative framework for waste management in South Africa. It is recommended that there should be a trade–off between the protection of the environment and the re–use, recovery and recycling opportunities of materials available to industry in the short–term as well as the long–term. In order to achieve such a trade–off, it is suggested that the ‘End–of Waste’ criteria in South Africa be reconsidered and re–evaluated to ensure more legal certainty with regard as to exactly constitutes waste and to provide for a definition of ‘waste’ which is clearly defined. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

This study investigates the application of life cycle thinking (LCT) and life cycle assessment (LCA) in the field of waste management from perspectives based in the social sciences. LCT is explored through the theoretical construct of regimes, drawing theoretical resources from a combination of the ‘pragmatic turn’, the economics of conventions and transition theory.This work is based on eight papers treating theoretical arguments, qualitative and quantitative analysis, case studies and semi-structured interview data. LCT is placed in the context of contemporary societies. LCA is seen as an instrument of quantification and evaluation used by actors which have both similar and disparate objectives, and who offer justifications for its use through arguments embedded in conflicting pluralities of worth. Furthermore, this work analyses LCA as a tool for the qualification of the waste hierarchy; a waste management principle articulating a convention based on closed material cycles. This study argues that the technological trajectory of waste management regimes has been significantly influenced, inter alia, by actors’ institutional articulation of the waste hierarchy at national and territorial levels. It discusses the legitimacy of LCA, and the quantitative application of LCT, as an intermediary object used to qualify the waste hierarchy. Furthermore, LCT is placed in a prospective context which may be used to assist in the transition toward sustainable waste management. / <p>QC 20121127</p>

The current thesis presents an exploratory study on municipal solid waste generation and minimization in Sweden, with a focus on their connection to basic socio-economic parameters. The fundamental goal of the study is to investigate into correlations and interdependencies between waste generation, waste minimization and basic socio-economic characteristics on municipal level, and to search for models for explanation of waste management parameters through socio-economic factors. Theoretical background involves reasoning on the role of municipal waste management in sustainable development, and extensive analysis of framework, legislation and organization of municipal solid waste management in Sweden. Practical part presents correlation analysis of data, which proved that socio-economic parameters do not explain differences in waste management performance of Swedish municipalities; however they are closely connected to differences between municipalities in aspect of presence of waste-related data.

The purpose of this report is to increase the awareness about the problem that occur when the waste hierarchy is applied to management of contaminated land. The work with remediation of contaminated land in Sweden is part of the efforts towards reaching the national environmental objectives. Therefore a subsidiary aim is to analyze how this influences the prospects of reaching the objectives. The work consists of two parts; a case study and a comparative literature study that focus on England, the Netherlands and Sweden. The case study is intended to provide a practical perspective through a comparison of the climate impact from two methods. One of the methods does not take into account the waste hierarchy and the other is considered, by the principal, to do so. The calculation has been translated to carbon dioxide equivalents through the tool Carbon footprint from the Swedish Geotechnical Society. The literature study has focused on the national legislation connected to contaminated land within the respective countries with the purpose to see how they work with this and identify potential lessons that can be drawn from this comparison. A problem that is made visible through this study is that the waste hierarchy is not sufficiently implemented in the instruments used in Sweden. Landfill tax contribution to the compliance of the waste hierarchy is in the current situation, regarding contaminated soil, nonexistent. But the results of the literature study shows that there is potential for using landfill tax to implement the waste hierarchy in an efficient way. Lessons can be drawn from England, which has increased the accuracy of their landfill tax with two rates, depending on the waste type, and the fact that they have reversed their earlier exemption for contaminated soil. An experience from the case study is that there is a problem within the terminology connected to remediation and waste management in Sweden. The companies and the authorities do not agree about significant terms, for example the reuse and recycling of contaminated soil. This causes problems because the dissidence concerns the options under the hierarchy that should be prioritized.The case study shows that the climate impact from a remediation project can vary substantially between different methods. It would be more efficient if other environmental objectives such as reduced climate impact could be given more weigh in the method selection process than it does in the present situation. This would minimize the risks that a project has a negative impact on the work towards other environmental targets.

The diploma thesis concerns with the waste hierarchy in respect to the waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). The subject-matter of this thesis is to analyze the legal regulations set forth in both EU and Czech law. The main acts are Directive 2012/19/EU on waste electrical and electronic equipment and the Waste Act No. 185/2001 Coll. The crucial parts of this thesis are the part 3 and 4 focusing on the legal regulation of persons and entities which shall procure the management of WEEE and on life-cycle of the electrical and electronic equipment.

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is a global problem as most local authorities fail to dispose MSW safely. In view of this, the study was aimed at evaluating environmental and health risks associated with municipal solid waste (MSW) illegal disposal as well as constraints faced by Masvingo City in MSWM, with a view to developing an alternative sustainable management model. The study, informed by the philosophy of pragmatism, employed a mixed methods design in which quantitative and qualitative data werecollected concurrently. Questionnaires comprising both close and open-ended questions, semi-structured interviews and site visits were used to collect data. The study population comprised participants from Masvingo City’s residential areas, Masvingo City Council employees, Environmental Management Agency (EMA) officials and informal waste pickers. A sample of 406 participants, comprising 354 residents from high-density, 16 residents from medium-density, 24 residents from low-density suburbs, six council employees, two EMA officials and four informal waste collectors participated in the survey. Concurrent triangulation was employed to analyse data. Basic numerical analysis was used for quantitative data while thematic data analysis was employed for qualitative data. Three main findings which emerged from the study were (a) Land pollution, air pollution, surface water pollution and loss of urban beauty, were the main environmental risks as at least 59 % of the respondents noted the four as environmental risks associated with illegal municipal solid waste disposal (b) Cholera, skin problems and malaria were the main health risks; and, (c) The main constraints related to MSW management were inadequate environmental education, lack of cooperation and participation from waste generatorsand lack of resources by Masvingo City . From the findings, 66 %, 52 % and 49 % of participants noted inadequate environmental education, lack of cooperation and participation, and lack of resources respectively as constraints faced by Masvingo City in MSWM. Basing on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that MSW disposal in Masvingo was a threat to the environment and human health and, as a result, a sustainable MSWM model was developed for Masvingo City. / Environmental Sciences