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In der Abfallbilanz 2007 wurden die von den öffentlich-rechtlichen Entsorgungsträgern, ihren beauftragten Dritten bzw. von den Dualen Systemen eingesammelten Abfälle dargestellt. Das Gesamtaufkommen der den öffentlich-rechtlichen Entsorgungsträgern überlassenen und entsorgten Abfälle im Jahr 2007 betrug insgesamt 1,97 Mill. Tonnen. Vom Gesamtaufkommen entfielen 72 % auf die Abfälle aus privaten Haushalten. Die überlassenen Abfälle aus anderen Herkunftsbereichen machen in der Summe einen Anteil von 28 % des Gesamtaufkommens aus.

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Orientador: Prof. Dr. Gilberto Martins / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2014. / A principal destinação de resíduos sólidos urbanos coletado no Brasil tem sido aterros controlados e sanitários. Contudo, grande parte ainda é enviada para áreas popularmente conhecidas como lixões. Em pouquíssimos casos são aplicadas outras soluções que poderiam trazer benefícios adicionais para as localidades. O aproveitamento energético de RSU é, de fato, uma alternativa promissora. De imediato, se apresenta a alternativa de geração de energia elétrica. Neste caso, embora não se trate de potencial com dimensão suficiente para sustentar uma estratégia de expansão da oferta de energia elétrica do país no longo prazo, a geração de eletricidade a partir de RSU é, sem dúvida, elemento importante de uma estratégia regional ou local e, portanto, não deve ser desconsiderada. Neste cenário, este trabalho procurou estudar e quantificar a viabilidade de implementação de tecnologias alternativas e complementares de destinação de RSU com geração de energia elétrica levando em consideração seus impactos ambientais, utilizando, como ferramenta, a ACV- Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida, e uma análise de custo-benefício entre elas para servir como referência a possíveis investidores nessa área. Os resultados mostraram que, entre as alternativas consideradas neste estudo, a geração de energia elétrica a partir dos processos combinados de tratamento mecânico biológico e incineração é a mais atraente em termos de impactos ambientais (considerando resultados normalizados) e de viabilidade econômica no atual cenário de preços de energia elétrica no país. A geração de energia elétrica ,considerando-se o processo de incineração mass burning, mostrou-se também atraente em termos de impactos ambientais e viabilidade econômica, colocando-se como tecnologia que pode ser muito eficiente no que diz respeito ao melhor aproveitamento do potencial energético dos resíduos sólidos urbanos para geração de energia elétrica. Como conclusão geral deste estudo, identificou-se a existência de alternativas e oportunidades para a implementação de projetos relacionados à geração de energia elétrica no Brasil a partir de resíduos sólidos urbanos, especialmente através do processo de incineração, embora ainda existam barreiras econômicas, políticas e sociais que precisam ser vencidas. No entanto, as tecnologias apresentadas merecem ser cada vez mais estudadas, viabilizadas e aplicadas, pois oferecem uma disposição e tratamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos mais eficientes e sustentáveis, a exemplo do que é feito nos países mais desenvolvidos do mundo. / The main destination of municipal solid waste collected in Brazil is "controlled" dumping sites and landfills but a great quantity of this material is still sent to irregular dumping sites. There are just a few cases where the waste material receives other solutions bringing additional benefits to the local communities. The energy recovery from waste material is a very prone alternative. The most used alternative appears to be the electric energy generation. In this case, it certainly will not cover the potential demand of electric energy in the country, but it is a very important element of regional energy strategy and therefore should be considered. In this scenario, this study sought to study and quantify the feasibility of implementing alternative and complementary technologies for disposal of MSW to generate electricity considering some environmental impacts using LCA - Life Cycle Assessment and a cost benefit analysis among them, to be useful as reference to potential investors in the area. The results showed that among the alternatives considered in this study, the generation of electricity from the combined processes of mechanical biological treatment and incineration is the most attractive in terms of environmental impacts (considering normalized results) and economic viability in the current price of electricity scenario in the country. The generation of electricity considering the mass burning incineration process also proved attractive in terms of environmental impacts and economic viability, and position itself as technology that can be very efficient with respect to the better utilization of the energy potential of municipal solid waste for generation of electricity.As a general conclusion of this study, the identification of the existence of options and opportunities for the implementation of projects related to power generation in Brazil from municipal solid waste, especially through the incineration process, with the caveat that there are still economic, political and social barriers that must be overcome. However the technologies presented should be increasingly studied, enabled and enforced to offer a disposal and treatment of more efficient and sustainable solid waste, like the more developed countries of the world.

Biomass is an attractive renewable energy resource for electricity generation, which has the potential to protect air quality, reduce dependence on fossil fuel, and improve forest health. Biomass gasification is a technology that transfers solid or liquid biomass into gaseous energy carrier (syngas) to increase the efficiency of electricity generation. The objective of this thesis is to supply a detailed feasibility study and provide a state-of-the-art economical pathway on biomass gasification application. The work of this dissertation can be separated into two parts: commercial-scale biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (BIGCC) power plants comparison and other biomass gasification system design. The first part compares eight BIGCC systems with three groups of technology variations of gasification agent, syngas combustion method, and CO2 capture and storage. By comparing on performance, economic, and environmental indicators of these systems, it is found that BIGCC systems have higher exergy efficiency and lower emissions than biomass combustion electricity production system and electricity grid. However, its levelized cost of electricity is around 27% higher than the average electricity market price. To reduce the BIGCC system’s cost, in the second part of this thesis, the potential for waste material gasification has been discussed. This part discussed the tire gasification and the gasification technology application for avian influenza poultry management. Results showed that tire gasification has a lower cost than natural gas which has the potential to reduce the BIGCC system’s cost. Moreover, gasification is an effective and economical available approach for avian influenza poultry management.

Die Sächsischen Sortierrichtlinie 2014 dient der Vereinheitlichung der Sortieranalyse fester Siedlungsabfälle in Sachsen. Die Daten zu Aufkommen und Zusammensetzung von Siedlungsabfällen sollen vergleichbar, fortschreibbar und zusammenführbar sein. Sie richtet sich an die öffentlich-rechtlichen Entsorgungsträger und Ingenieurbüros, die Sortieranalysen vornehmen. Mit ihr wird die Sortierrichtlinie aus dem Jahr 1998 fortgeschrieben. Neben der Richtlinie wird ein dokumentierender Bericht zur Fortschreibung veröffentlicht, der Gründe und Aspekte der Fortschreibung sowie weitergehende Informationen enthält.

Detta projekt gjordes med syfte att få upp ögonen för problematiken kring hur mycket trämaterial som går till spillo hos diverse snickerier i Sverige. Material som är fullt funktionellt men som inte anses som användbart för möbeltillverkning och annan användning, mals ner och bränns efter det slängts på hög. I detta arbete har ett skivmaterial formgivits och designats av spillbitar i trä. Detta för att sedan kunna användas som dekoration på golv, väggar, tak och även möbler. På så sätt berättas träets livshistoria och samtidigt uppmärksammas träslaget som material och dess möjligheter inom inredningsdesign / The aim with this project was to act as an eye opener for the problematic regarding the respect for wooden waste materials thrown away every day at Swedish wood companies. A lot of material, that is completely functional, but is considered as too defect and therefore useless for wooded furniture factories, is grained down to dust and chippings to eventually getting burnt to ashes and stocked in piles.In this project, a wooden tile was designed and hand crafted from waste wood. The tile was created to use as a décor for floors and walls as well as ceilings and furniture. This to communicate the true life story of the wooden waste as well as to raise awareness of wood as a material and its possibilities in interior design.

This thesis deals with the mechanical and physical investigations on a newly discovered porous material based on fly ash cenospheres. The process used to fabricate the material along with the physical properties of the material is first described. Under uniaxial compression, it is observed that the material exhibits a long load plateau that is typical of energy absorbing materials such as thin-walled metallic honeycombs. In tension, the material fractures similar to most traditional brittle materials such as glass and ceramics. As a result, several uniaxial compression and tension tests are performed on different samples to evaluate the influence of the different chemicals, the curing time, and the mass density on the 'plateau' strength. However, in addition to its low processing costs, the new material presents important properties that are desirable for discrete materials such as homogeneity and isotropy. Although its insulating properties were not quantified, it appears that the material can be used as an excellent heat barrier. Finally, metallic tubes as well as bamboo poles reinforced with the new material are tested to investigate the effectiveness of the reinforcement, showing highly improved structural performance.

Incineration of waste materials has become a common way to handle a worldwide increase of produced waste materials. The problem with waste as fuel is that the material is not homogeneous and include a mixture of fossils and renewables. The fossil part ends up in an emission of fossil carbon dioxide in a combustion process, which is included in the emissions trading system. However, since waste material varies a lot in composition depending on the time of the year, origins, etc. it is preferable to have a method for real-time measurement of the fossil share of combusted waste. No real-time measurement technologies are available today which is the reason to investigate if near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy could be a potential solution. An artificial mixture of refused derived fuel has been used to investigate the possibilities of NIR for prediction of the fossil share in waste material. The fossil share is assumed to be equal to the content of plastic material with an origin of oil products. Mixtures with different plastic content are scanned by the NIR instrument to obtain individual absorption spectra. A Partial least square (PLS) regression model is created on measured spectra and known content of plastics. The best model for the prediction on new spectral data using one of four measured replicates is a PLS model preprocessed with Savitzky-Golay smoothing that gives an R-square value of 0,782. If the prediction is done, depending on a delimitated wavenumber interval and an average of all four replicates is the best model instead of a PLS model pre-processed with standard normal variate without seven outliers that have an R-square value of 0,81. R-square value is the coefficient of determination which has been used to figure out the best model. An R-square value above 0,65 are recommended for process modelling, where 1 is the highest possible value.