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Effects of load shifting on water quality in a large potable water network / Francois Gysbert Jansen van RensburgJansen van Rensburg, Francois Gysbert January 2015 (has links)
Mathematical analyses indicated that significant possibilities exist for load shifting projects
on a Large Potable Water Utility (LPWU) in South Africa. A primary concern remained,
i.e. whether the load variation would have an effect on the water quality. Extensive
simulation and testing were initiated in order to prove that the load shift will not affect the
water quality.
In South Africa, the highest standard for drinking water is the Blue Drop award. The
LPWU has received this award multiple times and strives to maintain it. An investigation
was launched to determine if this load shifting project would have an effect on the quality
standards to which the utility holds (SANS 241 (2011)).
The LPWU has over 3000 km of pipelines to supply potable water to the industrial
heartland of the country as well as millions of domestic users. The LPWU network is the
longest pumping network in the world and is still expanding.
The investigation included a simulation of a pumping simulation package to determine
how the system would react to the changes. In this simulation, the load reduction in terms
of Mega litre per day (Ml/day) was established. Results were compared to the normal
operating parameters of the Water Treatment Works (WTW).
The mathematical analysis in this investigation concluded that an evening peak load shift
of 24.5 MW is achievable. This dissertation will emphasise the necessity of a detailed
investigation. The investigations and simulation will determine that the volume of water is
well within the operating parameters of the WTW. Studies were done on each area of the
plant. In-depth conversations with WTW personnel revealed that the reduction of the
volume of water in question will not have an effect on the water quality.
Further, it was established that it would be possible to use the sumps of the water
treatment works to achieve the desired load shift. By using the sumps of the WTW, a load
shift can be done without stopping any process in the WTW with the exception of
disinfection at the Booster Pump Stations (BPS), where the balancing reservoirs were
used as buffer capacity.
The investigation shifted to establish whether stagnant water and a change in dosage
would have an effect on the water quality in regard to the reduction and recovery load. As
expected, the water never became stagnant at any moment due to the fact that only a
small portion of the load was reduced.
The water quality and dosage report of the water utility was used and compared to normal
operations. The planned load shift had no effect on any aspects of the water quality. The
project is feasible and will reach the set targets without affecting the water quality. / MIng (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
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Analysis of physico-chemical characteristics of drinking water, biofilm formation and occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria / Suma George MulamattathilMulamattathil, Suma George January 2014 (has links)
The main aim of the study was to analyse the impact of physico-chemical
parameters on drinking water quality, biofilm formation and antibiotic resistant
bacteria in the drinking water distribution system in Mafikeng, North West Province,
South Africa. Another objective was to isolate and characterise Pseudomonas and
Aeromonas species from drinking water distribution system and detect the virulence
gene determinants in the isolates by PCR analysis. The physico-chemical data
obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Excel 2007 (Microsoft) and
SPSS (version 14.0) programmes. Pearson’s correlation product of the moment was
used to determine the correlation between EC, TDS, pH and temperature. The two
tailed test of significance (p<0.05) was used in order to determine the significance of
the result. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using Kirby-Bauer disk
diffusion method. Cluster analysis based on the antibiotic inhibition zone diameter
data of different organisms isolated from different sites was determined and was
expressed as dendograms using Wards algorithm and Euclidean distance of
Statistica version 7. Specific PCR was used to determine the identities of
presumptive Pseudomonas and Aeromonas species through amplification of the
gyrB, toxA and the ecfX gene fragments. Virulence gene determinants for the
confirmed Pseudomonas and Aeromonas species were detected by amplifying the
exoA, exoS and exoT genes and the aerA and hylH gene fragments, respectively. A
Gene Genius Bio imaging system (Syngene, Synoptics; UK) was used to capture the
image using GeneSnap (version 3.07.01) software (Syngene, Synoptics; UK) to
determine the relative size of amplicons.
Physico-chemical parameters were monitored from three drinking water sources
three times a week and bacteriological quality was monitored weekly for four months
from raw and treated drinking water. Water samples were analysed for pH,
temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS) and electric conductivity (EC). Bacterial
consortia from drinking water samples were isolated using selective media and
enumerated. The results revealed a good chemical quality of water. However, the
microbial quality of the water is not acceptable for human consumption due to the
presence of Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, faecal coliforms (FC), total coliforms (TC)
and Heterotrophic bacteria. The results showed that the drinking water is slightly
alkaline with pH value ranging between7.7 to 8.32. What is of concern was the
microbial quality of the water. Pseudomonas sp., faecal coliforms (FC), total
coliforms (TC) and heterotrophic bacteria were present in some of the treated water
samples. The most significant finding of this study is that all drinking water samples
were positive for Pseudomonas sp.(>100/100ml), but also that when one considers
the TDS it demonstrates that water from the Modimola Dam has an impact on the
quality of the mixed water.
The prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of planktonic and biofilm bacteria
isolated from drinking water were determined. The susceptibility of these isolates
was tested against 11 antibiotics of clinical interest and the multiple antibiotic
resistance (MAR) patterns were compiled. The most prevalent antibiotic resistance
phenotype observed was KF-AP-C-E-OT-K-TM-A. All isolates from all samples were
susceptible to ciprofloxacin. However, all faecal coliforms and Pseudomonas spp.
were susceptible to neomycin and streptomycin. On the contrary all organisms
tested were resistant to erythromycin (100%) trimethoprim and amoxycillin. Cluster
analysis based on inhibition zone diameter data could not differentiate the various
isolated into sample types. The highest prevalence of antibiotic resistant isolates was
observed in Modimola Dam and Molopo eye.
Biofilms were investigated in both raw water and treated drinking water sources for
the presence of faecal coliforms, total coliforms, Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas
spp. and heterotrophic bacteria based on conventional microbiology and molecular
methods. Drinking water biofilms were grown twice and the biofilm developing device
containing copper and galvanized steel coupons were utilized.
The Mini Tap filter, a home water treatment device which can be used at a single
faucet, under constant flow was used during the second collection of treated water
samples from cold water taps. Scanning electron micrograph revealed the existence
of biofilms in all the sites investigated and the highest density was obtained on
galvanized steel coupons.
Isolates were tested against the antibiotics ampicillin (10μg), cephalothin (5μg),
streptomycin (10μg), erythromycin (15μg), chloramphenicol (30μg), neomycin (30
μg), amoxycillin (10 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), trimethoprim (25μg), kanamycin (30μg),
and oxytetracycline (30μg). The multiple antibiotic resistance profiles and the
presence of virulence related genes were determined. Various types of drug
resistance and presence of virulence genes were observed. The most prevalent
resistance phenotype observed was KF-AP-C-E-OT-TM-A.
In conclusion, the results indicated the occurrence of faecal indicator bacteria in the
drinking water destined for human consumption. Faecal indicator bacteria are the
major contributors of poor drinking water quality and may harbour opportunistic
pathogens. This highlighted survival of organisms to treatment procedures and the
possible regrowth as biofilms in plumbing materials. The detection of large proportion
of MAR Aeromonas and Pseudomonas species which possessed virulent genes was
a cause of concern as these could pose health risks to humans. The data obtained
herein may be useful in assessing the health risks associated with the consumption
of contaminated water. / PhD (Microbiology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
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Integration of electricity cost saving interventions on a water distribution utility / Wynand Johannes Jacobus BreytenbachBreytenbach, Wynand Johannes Jacobus January 2014 (has links)
Electrical energy has become a very important and integrated part of the current era. Electricity cost saving interventions, such as load shifting, form part of demand side management (DSM) interventions. DSM interventions have been successfully implemented in the past to ensure reliable supply of electricity during the Eskom peak periods. It has been established that there is a need to implement an electricity cost saving intervention on a large water distribution utility.
This dissertation focuses on the integration of electricity cost saving interventions on a water distribution utility. An investigation methodology, as well as an integration strategy for implementing an electricity cost saving intervention were developed. This study expands on the importance of an integrated approach. It further discusses the shortcomings of the current control philosophies of a large water distribution utility in South Africa.
A load shifting project was implemented as an electricity cost saving intervention on a large water distribution utility in South Africa. The proposed integrated strategy was simulated and an optimised approach developed. It was found that the implementation of the strategy was limited due to process constraints and increasing water demand.
Utilising the large combined installed capacity of the pumps in the water distribution utility and the storage capacity, the strategy was implemented and cost savings obtained. It was concluded that load shifting was possible on individual pumping stations in the water distribution utility subsystems, and could, therefore, be quantified to an integrated approach. / MIng (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
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Effects of load shifting on water quality in a large potable water network / Francois Gysbert Jansen van RensburgJansen van Rensburg, Francois Gysbert January 2015 (has links)
Mathematical analyses indicated that significant possibilities exist for load shifting projects
on a Large Potable Water Utility (LPWU) in South Africa. A primary concern remained,
i.e. whether the load variation would have an effect on the water quality. Extensive
simulation and testing were initiated in order to prove that the load shift will not affect the
water quality.
In South Africa, the highest standard for drinking water is the Blue Drop award. The
LPWU has received this award multiple times and strives to maintain it. An investigation
was launched to determine if this load shifting project would have an effect on the quality
standards to which the utility holds (SANS 241 (2011)).
The LPWU has over 3000 km of pipelines to supply potable water to the industrial
heartland of the country as well as millions of domestic users. The LPWU network is the
longest pumping network in the world and is still expanding.
The investigation included a simulation of a pumping simulation package to determine
how the system would react to the changes. In this simulation, the load reduction in terms
of Mega litre per day (Ml/day) was established. Results were compared to the normal
operating parameters of the Water Treatment Works (WTW).
The mathematical analysis in this investigation concluded that an evening peak load shift
of 24.5 MW is achievable. This dissertation will emphasise the necessity of a detailed
investigation. The investigations and simulation will determine that the volume of water is
well within the operating parameters of the WTW. Studies were done on each area of the
plant. In-depth conversations with WTW personnel revealed that the reduction of the
volume of water in question will not have an effect on the water quality.
Further, it was established that it would be possible to use the sumps of the water
treatment works to achieve the desired load shift. By using the sumps of the WTW, a load
shift can be done without stopping any process in the WTW with the exception of
disinfection at the Booster Pump Stations (BPS), where the balancing reservoirs were
used as buffer capacity.
The investigation shifted to establish whether stagnant water and a change in dosage
would have an effect on the water quality in regard to the reduction and recovery load. As
expected, the water never became stagnant at any moment due to the fact that only a
small portion of the load was reduced.
The water quality and dosage report of the water utility was used and compared to normal
operations. The planned load shift had no effect on any aspects of the water quality. The
project is feasible and will reach the set targets without affecting the water quality. / MIng (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
|
85 |
Analysis of physico-chemical characteristics of drinking water, biofilm formation and occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria / Suma George MulamattathilMulamattathil, Suma George January 2014 (has links)
The main aim of the study was to analyse the impact of physico-chemical
parameters on drinking water quality, biofilm formation and antibiotic resistant
bacteria in the drinking water distribution system in Mafikeng, North West Province,
South Africa. Another objective was to isolate and characterise Pseudomonas and
Aeromonas species from drinking water distribution system and detect the virulence
gene determinants in the isolates by PCR analysis. The physico-chemical data
obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Excel 2007 (Microsoft) and
SPSS (version 14.0) programmes. Pearson’s correlation product of the moment was
used to determine the correlation between EC, TDS, pH and temperature. The two
tailed test of significance (p<0.05) was used in order to determine the significance of
the result. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using Kirby-Bauer disk
diffusion method. Cluster analysis based on the antibiotic inhibition zone diameter
data of different organisms isolated from different sites was determined and was
expressed as dendograms using Wards algorithm and Euclidean distance of
Statistica version 7. Specific PCR was used to determine the identities of
presumptive Pseudomonas and Aeromonas species through amplification of the
gyrB, toxA and the ecfX gene fragments. Virulence gene determinants for the
confirmed Pseudomonas and Aeromonas species were detected by amplifying the
exoA, exoS and exoT genes and the aerA and hylH gene fragments, respectively. A
Gene Genius Bio imaging system (Syngene, Synoptics; UK) was used to capture the
image using GeneSnap (version 3.07.01) software (Syngene, Synoptics; UK) to
determine the relative size of amplicons.
Physico-chemical parameters were monitored from three drinking water sources
three times a week and bacteriological quality was monitored weekly for four months
from raw and treated drinking water. Water samples were analysed for pH,
temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS) and electric conductivity (EC). Bacterial
consortia from drinking water samples were isolated using selective media and
enumerated. The results revealed a good chemical quality of water. However, the
microbial quality of the water is not acceptable for human consumption due to the
presence of Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, faecal coliforms (FC), total coliforms (TC)
and Heterotrophic bacteria. The results showed that the drinking water is slightly
alkaline with pH value ranging between7.7 to 8.32. What is of concern was the
microbial quality of the water. Pseudomonas sp., faecal coliforms (FC), total
coliforms (TC) and heterotrophic bacteria were present in some of the treated water
samples. The most significant finding of this study is that all drinking water samples
were positive for Pseudomonas sp.(>100/100ml), but also that when one considers
the TDS it demonstrates that water from the Modimola Dam has an impact on the
quality of the mixed water.
The prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of planktonic and biofilm bacteria
isolated from drinking water were determined. The susceptibility of these isolates
was tested against 11 antibiotics of clinical interest and the multiple antibiotic
resistance (MAR) patterns were compiled. The most prevalent antibiotic resistance
phenotype observed was KF-AP-C-E-OT-K-TM-A. All isolates from all samples were
susceptible to ciprofloxacin. However, all faecal coliforms and Pseudomonas spp.
were susceptible to neomycin and streptomycin. On the contrary all organisms
tested were resistant to erythromycin (100%) trimethoprim and amoxycillin. Cluster
analysis based on inhibition zone diameter data could not differentiate the various
isolated into sample types. The highest prevalence of antibiotic resistant isolates was
observed in Modimola Dam and Molopo eye.
Biofilms were investigated in both raw water and treated drinking water sources for
the presence of faecal coliforms, total coliforms, Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas
spp. and heterotrophic bacteria based on conventional microbiology and molecular
methods. Drinking water biofilms were grown twice and the biofilm developing device
containing copper and galvanized steel coupons were utilized.
The Mini Tap filter, a home water treatment device which can be used at a single
faucet, under constant flow was used during the second collection of treated water
samples from cold water taps. Scanning electron micrograph revealed the existence
of biofilms in all the sites investigated and the highest density was obtained on
galvanized steel coupons.
Isolates were tested against the antibiotics ampicillin (10μg), cephalothin (5μg),
streptomycin (10μg), erythromycin (15μg), chloramphenicol (30μg), neomycin (30
μg), amoxycillin (10 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), trimethoprim (25μg), kanamycin (30μg),
and oxytetracycline (30μg). The multiple antibiotic resistance profiles and the
presence of virulence related genes were determined. Various types of drug
resistance and presence of virulence genes were observed. The most prevalent
resistance phenotype observed was KF-AP-C-E-OT-TM-A.
In conclusion, the results indicated the occurrence of faecal indicator bacteria in the
drinking water destined for human consumption. Faecal indicator bacteria are the
major contributors of poor drinking water quality and may harbour opportunistic
pathogens. This highlighted survival of organisms to treatment procedures and the
possible regrowth as biofilms in plumbing materials. The detection of large proportion
of MAR Aeromonas and Pseudomonas species which possessed virulent genes was
a cause of concern as these could pose health risks to humans. The data obtained
herein may be useful in assessing the health risks associated with the consumption
of contaminated water. / PhD (Microbiology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
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Catchment management-model evaluation : verifying data for the implementation of the water release module of the WAS programJansen van Vuuren, A., Pretorius, E., Benade, N. January 2005 (has links)
Published Article / The Water Administration System (WAS) is designed to be a management tool for irrigation schemes and water offices that want to manage their water accounts and supply to clients through canal networks, pipelines and rivers. The ultimate aim of WAS is to optimize irrigation water management and minimize management-related distribution losses in irrigation canals. This research project focus on the implementation of the water release module of the WAS program at the Vaalharts irrigation scheme. WAS consists of four modules that are integrated into a single program that can be used on a single PC, a PC network system (in use currently at Vaalharts) or a multi-user environment. These modules can be implemented partially or as a whole, depending on the requirements of the specific scheme or office. The four modules are an administration module, a water request module; water accounts module and a water release module. The first three modules are already implemented at Vaalharts, while module four is implemented only partially. This module links with the water request module and calculates water releases for the main canal and all its branches allowing for lag times and any water losses and accruals. Any researcher in this field should first understand where water comes from and how it will be utilized before any calculations are attempted. Only then manipulation of the release volume can commence. To precisely calculate this water release, accurate data is needed to ensure that the correct volume of water is released into the canal network. This can be done by verifying existing data with field data. To optimize the management of the irrigation scheme the fully implemented WAS program need to be installed and running at the scheme. A series of data and calculation verification needs to be executed. The exercise will show the adequacy and correctness of the available database WAS uses to do the release calculation from. This will ensure improved management of the irrigation scheme, catchment and water resource sustainability. It is planned that the information generated from this project will be used in the compilation of an integrated catchment management information system, currently underway in the school of Civil Engineering and Built Environment at the Central University of Technology, Free State, South Africa.
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Evaluation and performance enhancement of cooling tower spray zonesRoux, Daniel 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The performance of wet cooling towers can be improved by installing spray
nozzles that distribute the cooling water uniformly onto the fill whilst operating at
a low pressure head. In this thesis, three commercial spray nozzles are
experimentally evaluated in terms of flow and pressure loss characteristics as well
as water distribution patterns. The results of the evaluation process highlight the
need for spray nozzles with enhanced performance characteristics. The theory
required to implement the results of the evaluation process in the design of a
cooling tower is presented and discussed. A systematic approach to enhance the
performance of a spray nozzle through minor alterations is applied to one of the
commercial spray nozzles that was evaluated. The fluid dynamics of an orifice
nozzle, such as the effect of a change in pressure head, spray angle, spray height,
orifice diameter and wall thickness on drop diameter and spray distance, is
experimentally investigated and a model with which a spray nozzle can be
designed is finally presented. Two prototype spray nozzles show that it is possible
to enhance the performance of spray nozzles and thus wet cooling towers by
means of the methods presented. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die werkverrigting van natkoeltorings kan verbeter word deur sproeiers te
installeer wat die verkoelingswater uniform versprei op die pakking teen 'n lae
pomp drukhoogte. In hierdie tesis word drie kommersiële sproeiers
eksperimenteel geëvalueer in terme van vloei en drukverlies eienskappe sowel as
water verdelings patrone. Die resultate van die evaluasie proses beklemtoon die
behoefte aan sproeiers met verbeterde werkverrigtingseienskappe. Die teorie wat
benodig word om die resultate van die evaluasie proses te implementeer in die
ontwerp van 'n natkoeltoring word bespreek. 'n Stelselmatige benadering om die
werkverrigtings van 'n sproeier te verhoog deur klein veranderinge aan die
ontwerp aan te bring, word toegepas op een van die sproeiers wat getoets is. Die
vloeidinamika van 'n plaatmondstuk, soos die effek van 'n verandering in
drukhoogte, sproeihoek, sproeihoogte, gatdiameter en wanddikte op druppel
diameter en sproeiafstand, is eksperimenteel ondersoek en 'n model word
aangebied waarmee 'n sproeier ontwerp kan word. Twee prototipe sproeiers wys
dat dit moontlik is om die werkverrigting van sproeiers, en dus ook
natkoeltorings, te verbeter deur die metodes wat in die tesis aangebied word, toe
te pas.
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Multi-objective hyper-heuristics and their application to water distribution network designMcClymont, Kent January 2012 (has links)
Hyper-heuristics is a new field of optimisation which has recently emerged and is receiving growing exposure in the research community and literature. Hyper-heuristics are optimisation methods which are designed with a high level of abstraction from any one specific problem or class of problems and therefore are more generally applicable than specialised meta-heuristic and heuristic methods. Instead of being designed to solve a specific real-world problem, hyper-heuristics are designed to solve the problem of heuristic generation and selection. As such, hyper-heuristics can be thought of as methods for optimising the operations of an optimisation process which finds good solutions to a problem as a by-product. This approach has been shown to be very effective and in some cases provides improvement in search performance as well as reducing the burden associated with tailoring meta-heuristics which is often required when solving new problems. In this thesis, the hypothesis that hyper-heuristics can be competitively applied to real-world multi-objective optimisation problems such as the water distribution design problem is tested. Although many single-objective hyper-heuristics have been proposed in the literature, only a few multi-objective methods have been proposed. This thesis explores two different novel multi-objective hyper-heuristics: one designed for generating new specialised heuristics; and one designed for solving the online selection of heuristics. Firstly, the behaviour of a set of heuristics is explored to create a base understanding of different heuristic behavioural traits in order to better understand the hyper-heuristic behaviours and dynamics later in the study. Both approaches are tested on a range of benchmark optimisation problems and finally applied to real-world instances of the water distribution network design problem where the selective hyper-heuristics is demonstrated as being very effective at solving this difficult problem. Furthermore, the thesis demonstrates how heuristic selection can be improved by incorporating a greater level of information about heuristic performance, namely the historical joint performance of different heuristics, and shows that exploiting this sequencing information in heuristic selection can produce highly competitive results.
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TRANSIENT-BASED RISK ANALYSIS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMSHoagland, Steven 01 January 2016 (has links)
Water distribution system utilities must be able to maintain a system’s assets (i.e., pumps, tanks, water mains, etc.) in good working condition in order to provide adequate water quantity and quality to its customers. Various asset management approaches are employed by utilities in order to make optimal decisions regarding the renewal of system components. Part of a good asset management approach is performing a comprehensive risk analysis which consists of considering all potential ways in which the system may fail, the likelihood failure of for each scenario, and the consequences of said failure. This study investigates a water distribution system’s risk of failure due to both acute transient events (e.g., pump trip) and standard pressure fluctuations due to daily system operations. Such an analysis may be useful in optimal decision making such as asset monitoring, scheduling of condition assessments or system renewal projects, policy implementation, and investment priorities in order to keep the utility’s total costs at a minimum. It may also be useful as a precautionary measure to help prevent catastrophic failures such as large main blowouts for which the utility would incur substantial costs, both direct and indirect.
As part of this thesis, a database of water distribution system models is used to analyze the effects of an acute transient event for different system configurations. The database was created at the University of Kentucky and has been made available to the research community to test newly developed algorithms for various studies including optimal system operations and optimal system design.
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Integrated heat exchanger for shower cabins : Legal issues, cost efficiency, designing a prototypePekkala, Ossian January 2016 (has links)
The global energy usage have been growing and is expected to grow in the forthcoming years. The negative effects of increased energy use are greatly depending on the type of base raw materials required for converting the energy and the negative consequences those have on the environment. From the energy used, fossil fuels stands for the largest part. Excess use of fossil fuels have been shown to have considerable negative effects on the environment, including, but not limited to global warming. Renewable energy is today the world’s fastest growing energy source limiting the negative consequences of growing energy use. The commercial and residential buildings stands together for about 40 % of the total energy usage. Residential buildings alone stands for 20 % of the total world delivered energy consumption by end-use sector. In EU the average residential energy use amounts to 25 % and for individual countries like Sweden and Finland it is 21 %. The EU energy efficiency directive from year 2012 sets a target to save 20 % of the unions primary energy usage by year 2020 compared to the year 1990. The EU countries also agreed in October 2014 on a new energy efficiency target of at least 27 % by the year 2030. To reach this goal, improved energy efficiency are required in all sectors. Finland’s energy efficiency law for buildings from 2013 greatly reduces the minimum energy usage allowed for new buildings. Finland is also preparing for a new law that would by 2020 require all new buildings to be zero or close to zero energy buildings. This is defined by the Ministry of the Environment as buildings that have very high energy efficiency, where the already greatly reduced energy demand is satisfied extensively by renewable energy. As part of the goal to greatly increase buildings energy efficiency, this work focus on heat exchangers for showers. The purpose of this project is to investigate how two different heat exchangers works for shower cabins. This is done by testing a system where the heat exchangers are linked together. The system works by transferring heat from the drainage water and the moist air to the incoming colder drinking water before the cold water is heated in the mixerto desired shower temperature. The measurements are taken for different simulated shower situations. The Heat exchangers efficiency are calculated and the energy savings are examined with annual energy savings. The payback time shows that the system is not currently viable. The efficiency need to be improved, the main issue being the constituent materials heat transfer attributes between cold and hot water. The results are discussed and it is concluded that the system would be viable with improved heat exchanger efficiency and adequate shower use, which depends on the user and the amount of people using the shower. The main issue with increased heat transfer efficiency is the greater risk of contamination between the incoming cold drinking water and the outgoing dirty drainage water.
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