Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Toronto, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 355-377).

Thesis (M. Sc. (Environmental Science))--Rhodes University, 2005.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2009. / Title from title page screen (viewed on Nov. 5, 2009). Thesis advisor: Carol Harden. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Edmir Daniel Carvalho / Banca: Lucia Helena Sipauba Tavares / Banca: José Pedro Serra Valente / Resumo: O município de Botucatu está localizado na região centro-sul do Estado de São Paulo, a 230 km da capital, com altitudes variando de 400 a 950 metros. Essa geomorfologia propicia a formação de quedas d'água, cujo relevo chamado "Cuesta" é divisor de águas entre a Bacia do Rio Paranapanema e a Bacia do Rio Tietê. É na microbacia do Alto Rio Capivara (Bacia do Tietê) onde está situado o Parque Natural Municipal Cachoeira da Marta, Unidade de Conservação de Proteção Integral, conhecido como "Parque da Marta", tendo como principal atrativo a Cachoeira da Marta (38 metros de queda d'água), sendo um local muito procurado para a prática de atividades de lazer e ecoturismo. A Cachoeira é abastecida pelas águas do Córrego do Roseira, tendo como principal afluente o Córrego do Canela, que ao se juntarem, formam o Rio Capivara. O presente estudo teve como objetivos avaliar as condições limnológicas de balneabilidade da Cachoeira da Marta em interface com as possíveis fontes potenciais de poluição para propor medidas de recuperação e conservação através da analise dos parâmetros físico-químicos (TºC da água, pH, Condutividade elétrica, Oxigênio dissolvido, Nitrogênio total e Fósforo total) e microbiológicos (Coliformes totais e termotolerantes). As coletas de água foram bimensais durante 12 meses, de Junho/2009 a Maio/2010, em 5 pontos amostrais diferentes, sendo 3 pontos (P1, P2 e P3) no Córrego do Roseira, 1 ponto na junção dos Córregos do Roseira e Canela (P4) e 1 ponto no Córrego do Canela (P5). Os P2, P3 e P4 se localizavam dento do Parque da Marta. Para a comparação das médias nos pontos amostrais foi realizada a analise de variância (ANOVA) seguidas do Teste de Tukey (Tukey's Studentized Range - HSD) para as variáveis que apresentaram distribuição normal e o teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis para as variáveis... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Botucatu is a municipality located in the central south region of Sao Paulo State, 230 km away from de the capital at altitudes ranging from 400 to 950 meters. The landforms in this region favor the formation of waterfalls; the relief, called "Cuesta" is a water divisor for the watersheds of Paranapanema and Tiete Rivers. In the micro-watershed of Capivara Highest River (Tiete watershed) is located the Marta's Waterfall Natural Park, a protected area, know as "Marta's Park", where the Marta's waterfall (38 meters by heigh) is the principal atractive and have been searched for tourism and leisure activities. The waterfall is supply by the Roseira River and his principal tributary is the Canela River and when they to join up, they transformer in the Capivara River. This study aimed to evaluate the limnological conditions for the bathing water quality by the Marta's Waterfall associated with the possible potential source by pollution and suggest conservation and recovery measures through the physicochemical (water temperature (ºC), pH, eletric condutivity, dissolved oxigen, total nitrogen, total phosporus) and microbiological parameters (total and thermotolerants coliforms). The water samples were bimonthly collected for 12 months, between June/2009 ande May/2010, in different sites over the streams, in 5 diffrents collections sites, 3 sites (P1, P2 e P3) are inside in Roseira River, 1 site in the joiing at Roseira and Canela Rivers (P4) e 1 site located in Canela River (P5). For comparison of medias in the collections sites was realized the variance analisys (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey's Studentized Range (HSD) for the medias that showed normal distribution and the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test for the medias that doesn't showed normal distribuition, both in the 5% significance level. In the collection sites 1 and 5 were founded medias for dissolved oxigen... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Maurício Augusto Leite / Banca: Fernando Braz Tangerino Hernandez / Banca: Eduardo von Sperling / Resumo: O presente estudo teve por objetivo a determinação semanal da balneabilidade, mensal do índice de qualidade da água (IQA) e do bioensaio de toxicidade aguda do sedimento (Outubro de 2004 à outubro de 2005). Os pontos monitorados foram às praias Catarina (P1), Marina (P2) e Recanto das Águas (P3), que contam com um grande afluxo de pessoas em períodos de verão. O método para a avaliação do número de coliformes fecais e totais tanto na água quanto no sedimento foi o Chromocult. Para a balneabilidade, os resultados para a água evidenciaram que, segundo a Resolução CONAMA 274/00, as praias do reservatório oferecem uma qualidade de água de "Muito Boa" à "Excelente" em pelo menos 70% do ano. Onde sua qualidade está condicionada ao nível do reservatório, sendo que no mês de abril, com a elevação do nível da água, sua classificação foi imprópria nas semanas amostradas. Já a elevação no número de coliformes totais pode estar relacionada com a atividade de pecuária extensiva inserida no entorno do reservatório, que com a chegada das chuvas pode carrear esse material para o corpo d'água. Os resultados de coliformes fecais e totais para o sedimento mantiveram-se baixos em todas as estações analisadas durante o período amostrado. O índice de qualidade da água é composto das variáveis: temperatura... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present study had for objective the weekly bathing water quality, montly determination of the Water Quality Index (WQI), and the acute toxicity bioassays in the sediment (from october 2004 to october 2005). The monitored points were Catarina (P1), Marina (P2) beaches and Recanto das Águas (P3), which has a great affluence of people in the summer. The method for the evaluation of the number of fecal and total coliforms in the water and sediment it was Chromocult. The bathing water quality results showed, according to Resolution CONAMA 274/00, that the beaches of the reservoir presented a bathing water quality varying from "Very Good" to "Excellent" in at least 70% of the year. Where your quality was conditioned to the level of the reservoir, in April, with the water level elevation, its classification was "Inappropriate". The number of total coliforms can be related to the extensive cattle breeding activity all around reservoir. With the rainy season, the material produced by such an activity can be carried to the body water. The fecal and total coliforms data on sediment remained low in all sampling stations. The water quality index (WQI) is composed of the variables: temperature, pH, turbidity, fecal coliforms, BOD5, dissolved oxygen percentage saturation, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total solids... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-08-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:26:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 vasilio_vaa_me_ilha.pdf: 1318052 bytes, checksum: 8b46e1ce70e2e6b147802e677b0544e9 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente estudo teve por objetivo a determinação semanal da balneabilidade, mensal do índice de qualidade da água (IQA) e do bioensaio de toxicidade aguda do sedimento (Outubro de 2004 à outubro de 2005). Os pontos monitorados foram às praias Catarina (P1), Marina (P2) e Recanto das Águas (P3), que contam com um grande afluxo de pessoas em períodos de verão. O método para a avaliação do número de coliformes fecais e totais tanto na água quanto no sedimento foi o Chromocult. Para a balneabilidade, os resultados para a água evidenciaram que, segundo a Resolução CONAMA 274/00, as praias do reservatório oferecem uma qualidade de água de Muito Boa à Excelente em pelo menos 70% do ano. Onde sua qualidade está condicionada ao nível do reservatório, sendo que no mês de abril, com a elevação do nível da água, sua classificação foi imprópria nas semanas amostradas. Já a elevação no número de coliformes totais pode estar relacionada com a atividade de pecuária extensiva inserida no entorno do reservatório, que com a chegada das chuvas pode carrear esse material para o corpo d'água. Os resultados de coliformes fecais e totais para o sedimento mantiveram-se baixos em todas as estações analisadas durante o período amostrado. O índice de qualidade da água é composto das variáveis: temperatura... / The present study had for objective the weekly bathing water quality, montly determination of the Water Quality Index (WQI), and the acute toxicity bioassays in the sediment (from october 2004 to october 2005). The monitored points were Catarina (P1), Marina (P2) beaches and Recanto das Águas (P3), which has a great affluence of people in the summer. The method for the evaluation of the number of fecal and total coliforms in the water and sediment it was Chromocult. The bathing water quality results showed, according to Resolution CONAMA 274/00, that the beaches of the reservoir presented a bathing water quality varying from Very Good to Excellent in at least 70% of the year. Where your quality was conditioned to the level of the reservoir, in April, with the water level elevation, its classification was Inappropriate. The number of total coliforms can be related to the extensive cattle breeding activity all around reservoir. With the rainy season, the material produced by such an activity can be carried to the body water. The fecal and total coliforms data on sediment remained low in all sampling stations. The water quality index (WQI) is composed of the variables: temperature, pH, turbidity, fecal coliforms, BOD5, dissolved oxygen percentage saturation, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total solids... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Magister Scientiae (Integrated Water Resource Management) / The Eerste River is a river system which has, over the years, been subjected to human interference. The purpose of this study was to investigatge temporal and spatial trends in the water quality of the Eerste River between 1990 and 2005. The study results revealed that the major trends in the water quality of the Eerste River are more spatial than temporal. / South Africa

South Africa, like the rest of the world, is vulnerable to the impact of climate change and loss of biodiversity. Water pollution is one of the six global threats to freshwater biodiversity. The future health status and productivity of South Africa’s estuaries is dependent on two main factors: management and quality and quantity of freshwater inputs. South Africa has around 250 functioning estuaries along its 3000 km coastline (Hosking 2004). They play an invaluable role in ecosystem functioning and biodiversity conservation. Estuaries are amongst the richest and most productive parts of the marine environment and as such call for careful management. Some of these ecosystems are focus areas for urban an industrial development. Urbanization and industrialization pose a serious threat to these sensitive systems. Increased water pollution from domestic use, industry and agriculture affect the ecology of these estuarine, river and lake systems. A large number of South African estuaries are still in excellent or good condition, but these are mainly the very small systems. The larger systems, like the Swartkops estuary, often very important in terms of conservation value, are also often compromised in some way or other. The reasons why they are compromised include habitat destruction, artificial breaching and pollution, especially those close to urban areas. This situation is aggravated by outdated and inadequate sewage treatment plant infrastructure and unskilled operators that dispose untreated waste into these systems. Pollution into estuaries can result in the partial loss of the environmental service flows supplied by them. The result of lost environmental service flows has adverse consequences, such as diminished residential and holiday recreational appeal, as well as reduced capacity to support subsistence livelihoods. Poor water quality not only limits its utilisation value, but is also places added economic burden on society, through both the primary treatment costs and the secondary impacts on the economy. Healthy estuarine ecosystems are essential for the maintenance of biodiversity and a wide range of environmental goods and services. Without a drastic improvement in water quality management approaches and treatment technologies, the continuous deterioration in water quality will decrease benefits and increase costs affiliated with use of these water resources.The market-based system of the South African economy has to a large extent failed to account for the value of the “free” goods and services provided by the natural environment. When the true value of the natural resources is unknown, there is a risk that less financial resources and capacity are made available to manage and protect these natural resources than is efficient. To ensure that these goods are properly taken into account, they must be valued and these values incorporated in social decision making. This study uses the contingent valuation method (CVM) to establish the value of the Swartkops estuary for changes to water quality. The CVM is a non-market valuation method that is widely used in cost-benefit analysis and environmental impact assessment. The CVM establishes the economic value of the good by asking the users of an environmental good to state their willingness to pay for a hypothetical scenario to prevent, or bring about, certain changes in the current condition of the environmental good. This method is subjected to some criticism. This criticism revolves around the validity and the reliability of estimated results and the effects of various biases and errors on them. The North Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Blue-Ribbon panel investigating the validity of the CVM resolved that the CVM can be used to guide social decision making, if a series of guidelines are followed. The Swartkops contingent valuation (CV) was conducted with these guidelines in mind. The results of the Swartkops CV indicate that the user population has a total willingness to pay (TWTP) of R68848 (median bid) and R203632 (mean bid) annually for the implementation of a project to improve the water quality in the Swartkops estuary. User population is an important determinant of the TWTP value. As a result, using a more broadly defined user population, TWTP per annum was calculated to be R3481987 (median bid) and R10298688 (mean bid). Management of natural resources should be informed by values that reflect efficient balances, so as to obtain the most efficient use of them (Trupie 2008). Polluted water inflows into South Africa’s estuaries are a threat to their biodiversity. Healthy estuarine ecosystems are essential for the maintenance of biodiversity and human well-being (Water Assessment Programme Report 2006: 15). As a result, this study recommends that a project be implemented by the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality to improve water quality in the Swartkops estuary.

M.Sc. / The occurrence of invertebrates in drinking water supplies is a common consumer complaint with studies showing that very few drinking water distribution networks are totally free of organisms. A detailed investigation of different types of metazoan animals in the drinking water supply networks of South Africa has not been undertaken. In limited worldwide studies, invertebrates (mainly Amphipoda, Chironomidae, Cladocera, Copepoda and Ostracoda) have been detected in produced drinking water. In countries that have started monitoring these organisms, the quality of the produced water has improved due to the improved methods of filtering. The occurrence of “worms” (Nematodes and Diptera) and Crustaceans decreases the aesthetic value of the drinking water, and pathogenic organisms, which may also be associated with them, can affect human health. Limited reference works have been compiled during the conducted studies on drinking water distribution networks throughout the world. All fresh water invertebrates have the potential to be passed into the drinking water supply network (Rising mains, pipelines, reservoirs, and consumer taps). There are few complete reference works available for fresh water invertebrates occurring in the fresh water sources and those of Southern Africa. Therefore, there are no reference works regarding fresh water invertebrates that can be used to monitor drinking water supply networks in South Africa. / Prof. J.H.J. van Vuren

Thesis (M.Sc. (Zoology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / The present study was carried out in the Kwena Dam, with the aim of determining selected water quality parameters, parasite diversity and condition factor (K) of Clarias gariepinus (sharptooth catfish), Cyprinus carpio (common carp) and Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia). This study was conducted in autumn (April 2016), winter (July 2016), spring (October 2016) and summer (February 2017). The present study was the first to investigate the parasite composition of these three fish species in the Kwena Dam. A total number of 26 Clarias gariepinus, 21 Cyprinus carpio and 57 O. mossambicus specimens were collected using gill nets of different mesh sizes (30 mm – 120 mm). Each fish was weighed, measured and euthanised by severing the spinal cord. Mucus smears from the skin, fins and gills were examined for ectoparasites using a stereo-microscope. The fish were then dissected and all organs examined for endoparasites. All parasites were fixed and preserved according to standard methods for each parasite group. In situ water parameters were determined using a handheld multi-parameter instrument for each sampling season. In addition, water samples were collected seasonally and sent to an accredited laboratory where they were analysed for selected metals and nutrients. Water quality parameters and the presence of metals in water are of importance in determining the water quality of an aquatic environment. Most water quality parameters were within the Target Water Quality Range (TWQR) for aquatic ecosystems. Aluminium, selenium and zinc had concentrations above the TWQR for aquatic ecosystems. Nutrient concentrations were within the TQWR during all sampling seasons. The water quality did not differ significantly between seasons during the present study. Four parasite groups were reported infecting Cyprinus carpio and these included Monogenea (Dactylogyrus extensus and Dactylogyrus minutus), Digenea (Diplostomum sp.), Cestoda (Atractolytocestus huronensis), Branchiura (Argulus japonicus) and Copepoda (Neoergasilus japonicus). Parasites collected from Clarias gariepinus belonged to four groups, namely Protozoa (Trypanosoma sp.), Monogenea (Quadriacanthus sp. and Gyrodactylus sp.), Nematoda (Paracamallanus cyathopharynx and Contracaecum sp.) and Branchiura (Dolops ranarum). Parasites collected from O. mossambicus belonged to five groups, namely Monogenea (Cichlidogyrus halli, Cichlidogyrus sclerosus, Cichlidogyrus tilapiae and Enterogyrus conoratus), Nematoda (Contracaecum sp.), Cestoda (Neogryporhynchus sp.), Acanthocephala (Acanthogyrus tilapiae) and Branchiura (Dolops ranarum). iv The number of parasite species for the four seasons were as follows: summer (13) > autumn and winter (12) > spring (11). From the Shannon-Wiener index results, O. mossambicus had a higher parasite diversity than Clarias gariepinus and Cyprinus carpio. The Parasite Index (IP) and Inverted Parasite Index (IPI) of the three fish species indicated that the water from the dam is not polluted. The condition factor (K) for all fish species indicated that fish collected from the dam during all sampling seasons were in a good condition and parasite load had little effect on K for all fish species. The use of PI and IPI in conjunction with the fish K can be regarded as a useful tool in freshwater and fish health monitoring. The present results report new geographical records of the parasites of Clarias gariepinus, Cyprinus carpio and Oreochromis mossambicus. Since no parasitological research was done before the present study at the Kwena Dam, the results of the present study form baseline data for future parasitology studies and can consequently be useful in the management and conservation of the Kwena Dam. / DSI–NRF SARChI Chair (Ecosystem Health) of the University of Limpopo and the Limpopo Department of Economic Development and Tourism (LEDET)