Foram analisadas, durante um período de 52 semanas, 572 amostras de água provenientes de 11 pontos de colheita localizados em três mananciais de abastecimento público da cidade de Jaboticabal, S.P, representados por um córrego, um dreno e um poço artesiano, com o objetivo de conhecer algumas características bacteriológicas, físicas e químicas e suas possíveis relações com a precipitação pluviométrica. Para cada amostra de água foram realizadas as determinações do número mais provável (NMP/100 mL) de coliformes totais, coliformes fecais e de estreptococos fecais, do número de microrganismos mesófilos (UFC/mL), pH, temperatura e turbidez, paralelamente foi observada a ocorrência de precipitação pluviométrica. Para as amostras de água do córrego, dreno e poço artesiano, nos períodos em que ocorreram precipitações pluviométricas, os valores médios das determinações do NMP de coliformes totais e coliformes fecais foram de 1307,0, 41,0 e 4,4/100 mL e de 63,0, 4,5 e 1,7/100 mL, respectivamente. Por outro lado, nos períodos em que não ocorreram precipitações pluviométricas os valores médios das referidas determinações foram de 387,0, 20,0 e 3,5/100 mL e de 92,0, 3,0 e 1,8/100 mL, respectivamente. Os NMP de estreptococos fecais e o número de microrganismos mesófilos revelaram-se, na presença de precipitações pluviométricas, com valores médios de 15,6, 4,3 e 1,5/100 mL e de 1318,0, 44,6 e 41,7 UFC/ml nas amostras de água do córrego, dreno e poço artesiano. Na ausência de precipitações pluviométricas esses valores médios foram de 15,0, 2,5 e 2,0/100 mL e de 481,0, 29,0 e 26,0 UFC/mL, respectivamente. Os valores médios do pH, temperatura e turbidez nas amostras de água do córrego, dreno e poço artesiano, quando ocorreram precipitações pluviométricas, foram de 6,8, 5,3 e 7,1; 20,9, 23,8 e 29,8oC e de 18,2, 2,7 e 2,9 ntu. Quando as precipitações pluviométricas não ocorreram os valores médios das referidas determinações foram de 6,8, 5,2 e 7,0; 18,5, 22,2 e 29,5°C e de 10,2, 1,8 e 2,5 ntu, respectivamente. As variações constatadas nos resultados obtidos nas análises bacteriológicas, físicas e químicas, nos períodos com e sem precipitações pluviométricas, revelaram-se mais acentuadas no manancial representado pelo córrego, sendo seguido pelo dreno e poço artesiano, respectivamente. A turbidez das amostras de água dos três mananciais de abastecimento estudados foi o parâmetro físico que mais apresentou correlações positivas significativas com os números de microrganismos pesquisados. As amostras de água dos três mananciais foram submetidas, ainda, à verificação da provável origem da poluição fecal, através da razão CF/EF, sendo possível determinar somente a origem da poluição fecal observada nas amostras obtidas no córrego, que foi definida como sendo humana. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que as amostras de água colhidas no córrego, dreno e no poço artesiano apresentaram características bacteriológicas, físicas e químicas diferentes frente à ocorrência de precipitações pluviométricas, sendo que as amostras do córrego foram as que evidenciaram maior influência desse fator. Novos estudos devem ser realizados sobre o comportamento de diferentes fontes de abastecimento público de águas superficiais e subterrâneas, frente às mesmas variações de condições climáticas, principalmente a ocorrência de precipitações pluviométricas, pois o conhecimento desse comportamento possibilita a tomada de medidas preventivas com a finalidade de promover e proteger a saúde da população consumidora. / An analysis was carried out in 572 water samples, over a period of 52 weeks, in order to know some bacteriological, physical and chemical caracteristics and their eventual relations with rainfall. Water samples were collected from 11 points of 3 sources of watter public supply, a stream, a drain and an artesian well, in Jaboticabal-SP. Each water sample was submitted to the most probable number (MPN/100 mL) determinations of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococcus, determinations of mesophylic microorganisms (CFU/mL), pH, temperature and turbidity. At the same time, the occurrence of rainfall was recorded. For all the water samples from the stream, the drain and the artesian well, collected during periods that rainfall occurred, the mean values of total and fecal coliforms MPN were 1307.0, 40.7 and 4.4/100 mL and 62.7, 4.5 and 1.7/100 mL, respectively. On the other hand, during the periods when rainfall was not observed the mean values of the above mentioned determinations were 387.0, 20.0 and 3.5/100 mL and 92.0, 3.0 and 1.8/100 mL, respectively. The MPN of fecal streptococcus and the number of mesophylic microorganisms revealed, with the occurrence of rainfall, mean values of 15.6, 4.3 and 1.5/100 mL and of 1318.0, 44.6 and 41.7 CFU/ml in the stream, drain and artesian well water samples. When rainfall did not occur, the mean values were 15.0, 2.5 and 2.0/100 ml and 481.0, 29.0 and 26.0 CFU/mL, respectively. The mean values of pH, temperature and turbidity observed in the stream, drain and artesian well water samples, when rainfall occurred were 6.8, 5.3 and 7.1, 20.9, 23.8 and 29.8°C and 18.2, 2.7 and 2.9 ntu. When rainfall did not occur, the mean values of the determinations were 6.8, 5.2 and 7.0, 18.5, 22.2 and 29.5°C and 10.2, 1.8 and 2.5 ntu, respectively. The variations observed in the results of bacterial, physical and chemical analysis, with or without rainfall, were more accentuated in the stream water, drain and artesian well, in this order. The turbidity o f water samples was the physical characteristic that showed better correlation with the number of the microorganisms analysed. The probable origin of fecal polution for water samples from the 3 sources were also researched by the FC/FS ratio, that made possible to determine only the origin of the fecal polution observed in samples from the stream, found as being of human origin. The results obtained revealed that the water samples from the stream, the drain and from the artesian well showed different bacteriological, physical and chemical characteristis when cofronted with rainfall and the stream samples were more influenced by that factor. Other studies should be dane about the behaviour of different surface and ground water supply sources, related to the same climatical condition varitions, mainly the occurrence of rainfall, since the knowledge of this behaviour makes possible to adopt preventive measures aiming at to promete and to protect the health of the consumer population.

A ocupação e o uso do solo pelas atividades agropecuárias alteram sensivelmente os processos biológicos, físicos e químicos dos sistemas naturais. Estas alterações, ocorridas em uma bacia hidrográfica, podem ser avaliadas por intermédio do monitoramento da qualidade da água. Por meio do ciclo hidrológico, as chuvas precipitadas sobre as vertentes irão escoar superficialmente e irão carrear sedimentos e poluentes para a rede de drenagem. Muitos produtores vêm substituindo seus sistemas de produção por sistemas orgânicos, visando minimizar esses problemas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto da produção orgânica na qualidade da água superficial de uma propriedade rural, que usa sistemas de produção orgânica. Foi realizado o monitoramento de um córrego em vários pontos dentro da propriedade rural, em várias épocas do ano. Concluiu-se que a presença da fazenda ocasionou apenas o aumento da concentração de potássio e uma ligeira redução do potencial redox da água. As demais variáveis avaliadas foram afetadas apenas pela época de amostragem, sendo o efeito da erosão e do arraste de material maior do que o efeito da diluição causado pelas chuvas. / The occupation and use of land for agricultural activities significantly alter biological, physical and chemical natural systems. These changes in a watershed can be assessed by monitoring the water quality. Through the water cycle, the hasty rains on the slopes will seep surface that will silted sediment and pollutants to the drainage network. Many producers have replaced their production systems for organic systems to minimize these problems. This study aimed to assess the impacts of organic production on the quality of surface water in a farm which uses organic production systems. The research was conducted by monitoring in four points a stream within the rural property in many times of the year. We concluded that the farm presence, among fifteen variables, only rase potassium concentration and cause a slight decrease of the redox potential. There were a great effect of erosion and material transport when comparing with dilution caused by precipitation.

abstract: C.C. Cragin Reservoir’s location in the Coconino National Forest, Arizona makes it prone to wild fire. This study focused on the potential impacts of such a wild fire on the reservoir’s annual thermal stratification cycle impacts and water quality. The annual thermal stratification cycle impacted the reservoir’s water quality by increasing hypolimnion concentrations of magnesium, iron, turbidity, and specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) values, as well as resulting in the hypolimnion having decreased dissolved oxygen concentrations during stratified months. The scarification process did not affect the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in the reservoir or the total/dissolved nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations. Some general water quality trends that emerged were that phosphorous was the limiting nutrient, secchi disk depth and chlorophyll a concentration are inversely related, and no metals were found to be in concentrations that would violate an EPA drinking water maximum contaminant level (MCL). A carbon mass model was developed and parameterized using DOC measurements, and then using historic reservoir storage and weather data, the model simulated DOC concentrations in the reservoir following four hypothetical wild fire events. The model simulated varying initial reservoir storage volumes, initial flush volumes, and flush DOC concentrations, resulting in reservoir DOC concentrations varying from 17.41 mg/L to 8.82 mg/L. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2018

O trabalho contempla os conhecimentos necessários para o desenvolvimento de um modelo de simulação de qualidade da água que integre rios e reservatórios e apresenta essa metodologia desenvolvida e aplicada no rio Tietê, no trecho entre Pirapora do Bom Jesus e Salto, conhecido por ser muito poluído, além de apresentar o fenômeno de formação de espumas devido ao recebimento do aporte de carga de toda Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). O modelo integrado foi desenvolvido no aplicativo Microsoft Excel, assim como a calibração, que se utilizou dos dados de monitoramento realizado em 2012 e ferramentas de otimização disponibilizadas pelo programa, sendo que o modelo pode ser adaptado facilmente a outras bacias hidrográficas com características semelhantes ao contexto analisado, além de simular outros cenários diferentes do proposto pelo estudo. Os resultados do modelo permitiram avaliar os possíveis impactos da operação do reservatório de Pirapora (vazão descarregada e nível) na qualidade da água do rio Tietê a jusante deste barramento, também foi levada em consideração a influência da qualidade das águas provenientes da RMSP, concluindo que esta variável é a mais impactante na qualidade da água do trecho estudado. Porém, diminuir o aporte dessa carga orgânica remete a um planejamento de longo prazo, nesse caso medidas na operação do reservatório de Pirapora podem ajudar a minimizar os impactos causados por esse problema no curto prazo. / The work covers the skills required to develop a simulation model of water quality that integrates rivers and reservoirs and presents this methodology developed and applied in Tietê river, in the reach between Pirapora do Bom Jesus and Salto, known to be heavily polluted, besides presenting the foaming phenomenon due to the receipt of load inflows derived from the entire Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (RMSP). The integrated model was developed in Microsoft Excel, as well as calibration, which used data from monitoring conducted in 2012 and optimization tools provided by the software, which enables the model to be easily adapted to other watersheds with similar characteristics to the analyzed context and simulate different scenarios those proposed by the study. The results of the model enabled us to evaluate the possible impacts of Pirapora reservoir operation (discharged flow and level) on the water quality of the Tietê river downstream of the dam, also considering the influence of the quality of water from the RMSP, concluding this variable is the most impacting on water quality of the studied reach. However, diminish the contribution that organic load refers to a long term planning. In this case, operational policies on the Piraporas reservoir can minimize the impacts of this problem in the short term.

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This research was conducted to update previous studies of the springs of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Approach: Revisit every spring that was recorded previously to ascertain the current status, water quality and zooplankton communities. Results: fourteen springs out of forty six were still flowing. Several springs in the Eastern Province were structurally changed into manmade pools. Also, one new spring was located and documented in the northwestern region. Zinc and copper in several springs were the common dissolved heavy metals and have had exceeded the safe drinking water standards according to World Health Organization. Fourteen zooplankton taxa was found, seven belonged to phylum Rotifera (four Lecane spp. and three brachionids). Six belonged to subclasses Phyllopoda and Copepoda. The phyllopod, Pleuroxus sp., belongs to suborder Cladocera. The remaining five were copepods: one in the order Cyclopoida (Halicyclops sp.) and four in the order Harpacticoida (Bryocamptus sp., Schizopera sp., Euterpina sp. and Metis sp.). The remaining taxon was an unidentified species belonging to class Ostracoda. Zooplankton species were present in nine of the fifteen springs; the exceptions were Umm Al-Eyal, Abu-Dhuba and the four geothermal springs. Conclusion/ recommendation: The research concluded that the majority of the springs in the Kingdom have fallen dry between 1990 and 2013. Total dissolved solids as well as electrical conductivity, during the same period, were not significantly different. Zooplankton abundance displayed a positive correlation to Electrical Conductivity. Spring water is an important source of freshwater in the Kingdom; as such, springs must be properly maintained and conserved. More attention should be given to protect this important commodity from becoming obsolete. Groundwater protection is everyone's responsibility

Numerical modeling has become a major tool for managing water quality in surface waterbodies such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and estuaries. Since the two-dimensional longitudinal/vertical model CE-QUAL-W2 is a well-known model and it has been applied to thousands of waterbodies around the world successfully, its numerical scheme was adapted to develop a new three-dimensional numerical model for simulating hydrodynamics, temperature, and water quality in surface waterbodies. Finite difference approximations were used to solve the fluid dynamic governing equations of continuity, free water surface, momentums, and mass transport. No coordinate transformations were performed and the z-coordinate system has been used. Higher-order schemes (QUICK, QUICKEST, and ULTIMATE QUICKEST) in addition to the UPWIND scheme were used for the advective temperature and mass transport. A novel numerical approach was used for the numerical formulation of the three-dimensional scheme. This approach forced the numerical solution of the free surface equation to be a tri-diagonal matrix form rather than a more computationally intensive penta-diagonal matrix solution. This new approach was done by linking a method called line-by-line with the free water surface numerical solution. Another new approach was that the three-dimensional numerical scheme involved a simultaneous solution of hydrodynamics, temperature, and water quality at every model time level instead of saving the hydrodynamic results to be used later for water quality simulation. Hence, this scheme allowed feedback between the hydrodynamics and water quality every time step. In addition, various unique numerical algorithms were employed from CE-QUAL-W2 such as the W2 turbulence model, selective withdrawal theory, surface heat fluxes, and water quality sources and sinks, making the three-dimensional model built on well-tested algorithms. To test the model structure and assumptions, an analytical verification was performed by comparing model predictions to known analytical exact solutions test cases. Good agreement was showed by the model for all of these tests. A computation of the volume balance over the simulation period was also incorporated within the model to assess how well the code performed. Sensitivity tests were also made varying bed and wind shear. The model was also applied to three reservoirs in the USA as field case studies: Lake Chaplain in WA, Laurance Lake in OR, and Cooper Creek Reservoir in OR. The model was validated by comparing the model predictions of water levels, velocities, vertical temperature profiles, and dissolved oxygen with field data. Through these real applications, the numerical predictions of the 3D model showed good agreement with field data based on error statistics. The model results of each field case study were discussed separately. In the Lake Chaplain model application, the study was focused on the importance of the higher-order schemes compared to the first-order UPWIND scheme. The model predictions of temperature were determined by using the UPWIND, QUICK, and QUICKEST scheme and compared with field data. The Error statistics of the model predictions compared to field data were an absolute mean error (AME) of 0.065 m for the water level predictions and an overall AME of 1.62 °C, 1.09 °C, and 1.23 °C for the temperature predictions by using the UPWIND, QUICK, and QUICKEST scheme, respectively. In the Laurance Lake model application, a comparison was performed between the present 3D model and the 2D CE-QUAL-W2. Since the 3D model was build based on CE-QUAL-W2, differences between the two models were evaluated. Error statistics between the model predictions of water level and temperature compared to field data showed that both models were in good agreement with field data. However, the 3D model AME (0.30 m for the water level predictions and 0.48 °C for the temperature predictions) was higher than the 2D model (0.03 m for the water level predictions and 0.42 °C for the temperature predictions). Finally, the Cooper Creek Reservoir case study was done to show the model predictions of temperature and dissolved oxygen. In this application, vertical temperature profiles were covered the entire simulation period in order to show how the model transfer heat between stratification and non- stratification conditions. The model showed good agreement with field data (0.12 m AME for the water level predictions, 1.00 °C overall AME for the temperature predictions, and 1.32 g/m3 overall AME for the dissolved oxygen predictions). Finally, comparisons were made between CE-QUAL-W2 and the 3D model. The 2D model generally performed better in the tests cases if the model user is unconcerned about lateral impacts. The 3D model is important to use when lateral currents and variation in the lateral dimension are important.

Water quality problems related to excessive algal growth, high nutrient loading, and low flows have been occurring along Oregon's Tualatin River. The Tualatin River is 86 miles long and has a drainage basin of 711 square miles. The drainage basin incorporates forest, agricultural, and urban areas. Located in the Portland metropolitan area, these problems have been acerbated by the effects of urban growth. To help analyze pollution control alternatives, a river model study, funded by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ}, was undertaken. An in-stream model of hydraulics and water quality was developed. The Corps of Engineer's CE-QUAL-W2 model, a twodimensional, laterally averaged, dynamic model of hydrodynamics and water quality was applied to the Tualatin system. Calibration of the main pool model of the Tualatin River was from field data taken during June through August of 1991. Verification of the model was performed from field data taken during the summer of 1990. After calibration and verification of the model, management alternatives were evaluated in order to achieve DEQ mandated water quality standards. Environmental performance criteria were determined to evaluate differences between model scenarios. Management alternatives focused on the reduction of point and non-point sources of pollution, flow augmentation, and structural changes in the river system, such as removal of the Lake Oswego Diversion Dam.

The imposition of water quality controls may affect the economy chiefly by altering aggregate production and changing the factor payments, These two effects could not only reallocate resources among production possibilities, but also could change the distribution of benefits of production among members of the society. This study attempted to provide a workable theory to establish an empirical test of the impacts of water quality controls on family income distribution. It consists of two separate areas: first, to analyze methodologies of measuring income distribution changes, and , second, to develop a theoretical model that is useful for empirical tests of the impacts of different water quality controls. A number of alternative probability density functions have been proposed as models of personal income distribution. The lognormal, displaced lognormal, gamma, and beta distribution functions were considered as appropriate methodologies, since each allows more productive power for income distribution as suggested in the past literature. Detailed information on income distribution can be extracted from the approximations of the distribution functions. One of the objectives of the research was to evaluate the different methodologies for usefulness. The gastwirth bounds for Gini coefficient were used as the test of goodness to fit; the beta density was clearly superior to the other densities for the SMSA data. Next, a theoretical model was constructed, emphasizing the production sector and the distribution sector. Water quality controls were introduced in the production process as a negative input. Water quality data were collected for all states, and indices of quality were estimated using analysis of variance techniques. The equilibrium conditions in commodity and factor markets generated the first impacts of water quality controls on total output and factor payments in the economy. The specific assumption was made as a theoretical bridge connecting family income distribution and factor payments in the distribution sector. It was assumed that a family's income equals total payments received from owned labor and capital in the production process. Thus, changes in factor payments and total output were included in the distribution equations. Water quality controls would, therefore, effect family income distribution through changes in total output and changes in factor payment. The simultaneous equation regression results for 72 SMSA's were not conclusive. It appeared that water quality parameter may effect the wage rate and total output, if the parameter was not, in fact, a surrogate for other excluded variables in the system. The effect of wage changes on income distribution was not significant, but changes in total output appeared to be the most significant variable in the distribution equations. In an attempt to account for the many variables which might be expected to effect income distribution, factor analysis was performed on the SMSA's. Two groups of SMSA's were identified and regressions were performed for these groups. Results from these regressions were similar in sign to the results from the 172 observations regressions, although many of the coefficients were not significant. Interpreting the results of the research was somewhat difficult, even though some results did appear consistent among all regressions. It does appear that there is some evidence to indicate that water quality controls lead to less equal family income distribution. Better data are required from more complete and accurate analysis. The principle thrust of the study was to develop a model to organize the complexity of economic causality with respect to income distribution change and water quality policy. It appeared that this type of systematic econometric approach can be fruitful in analyzing income distribution change.