Introduction: A trip was taken from July 3 to July 17, 1985 to Sudan to study the El Obeid compartmented reservoir system. This system supplies most of the domestic water for the city of El Obeid which has a population of 200,000 to 250,000 people. This water supply was exhausted in March of 1985 and the town was out of water until the monsoon rains began July 2, 1985. Approximately one week was spent in El Obeid and Kadugli. The remainder of the time was spent in Khartoum where the IBM PC was used. Some time was also spent in Khartoum in obtaining flattened ceramic spheres for evaporation control.

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During our study trip to Tanzania we discovered one of the great issues for farmers to be need of running water. So we asked ourselves: How can water from Lake Victoria be transported to the small scale farmer’s household and farm in the most optimized way? During the stay in North West of Tanzania we made field trips to the rural areas in Mara Region in order to understand the farmers who are the potential users. We performed semi structured interviews and observations during the whole field study. We also came to the conclusion that wind is a good source of power which can be used to pump water. The wind comes in from Lake Victoria in the same direction everyday. So therefore we decided to construct a water pumping wind power station for small scale farmers.

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Studies of community water have been on the increase since the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade, 1981 - 1990. However there is some key areas of community water supply that still require research as the literature survey in this thesis illustrates. The Operation and Maintenance of community water supplies has been identified to be as important in sustainability of the services as the institutional factors. Due to the increased number of failure of the community water supplies to continue operation after short periods of time compared to urban water supplies, effort is required to identify the least amount of in puts to ensure continued operation. Through literature survey and field collection of data on management of existing projects a model was developed in order to calculate the minimum amount of funds required for the operation and maintenance. The research showed that the current monthly charges by water committees were sufficient to operate and maintain the systems. The initial calculations using the model also revealed that the current charges would not be sufficient to pay replacement costs. The presence of subsidisation through materials and labour by the central government requires planners to study each project thoroughly before the determination of monthly costs. The conclusion was that further research and data collection was required for the determination of the replacement cost. The model was found to be capable of assisting planners, managers and engineers in the calculation of the cost of operation and maintenance of community water supplies. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Durban Westville, 2001.

A water supply tariff is a powerful water management tool that can be used to promote a number of economic, environmental and social-political objectives. In South Africa, increasing block tariffs are deemed to satisfy the domestic tariff regulations of the Water Services Act of 1997. The regulations require that the tariff supports the viability and sustainability of water supply services to the poor and discourages wasteful or inefficient water use. The application of increasing block tariff structures presents a number of problems. The main issue being the size and price of each block. Ramsey pricing proposes that consumer welfare is maximised when the mark-up in price above cost of a good is proportional to the price elasticity of demand of the good. This principle was applied in setting the block prices of an increasing block water tariff. The sizes of the blocks were based on the average water consumption of low, middle and high income consumers. The water demand characteristic of low, middle and high income households from a sample of domestic consumers in Durban were investigated. The water demand functions and price elasticity of demand for the three groups were estimated using econometric models. Two tariff structures based on Ramsey pricing principles were proposed and compared with the current increasing block tariff applied in Durban. The frequency distribution of demand of each of the three consumer groups were applied in a model to ensure the proposed tariffs met a certain revenue target. The water demand functions of each of the consumer groups were used to model how the proposed tariff structures impacted consumer surplus and water demand. The investigation found that increasing block tariffs designed with Ramsey pricing principles have a positive impact on social welfare, provide sufficient revenue for water service providers and support the conservation of water resources. / Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.

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Thesis (M.S. - Hydrology)--University of Arizona, 1982. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-48).