<p>Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka effekterna av ozonering och filtrering på råvattnet från sjön Mälaren. Studien är utförd i en pilotanläggning på Lovö vattenverk, Stockholm Vatten AB, under våren 2004.</p><p>En negativ effekt med den konventionella reningen är den stora konsumtionen av kemiska koagulanter. Kemikalieanvändningen leder till många transporter och processen producerar också ett slam som för närvarande transporteras till Mälaren. År 2001 byggdes en pilotanläggning på Lovö vattenverk för utveckling av nya processer, en av processerna är ozonering följt av olika filter.</p><p>Ozonering har använts i Europa i många år som desinfektion i slutet av dricksvattenreningsprocessen. Intresset för ozonering har ökat markant sista åren och idag används ozonet också i andra steg i processen. Förutom desinfektion har ozonet andra fördelar, som oxidation av järn och magnesium, mikroflockning, reduktion av lukt och smak samt är bra på att reducera färgen på vattnet. Mikroflockningen leder till att kemikalieanvändningen kan minska och i vissa fall tas bort helt.</p><p>Den här studien startade med en litteraturundersökning följd av försök med ozonering och filtrering i pilotanläggningen. De första undersökningarna sammanfattades med att ozonering följt av filtrering inte gav tillräckligt bra resultat och processen behöver ett komplement för att producera ett högklassigt vatten.</p><p>Undersökningen fortsatte med laboratorieanalyser för att undersöka effekterna av olika kemiska koagulanter. Resultatet visade att järnsulfat tillsammans med kalcium var ett bra alternativ och en lägre kemikaliedos kunde användas.</p><p>Efter implementering av kalcium och järnsulfat till pilotanläggningen testades olika ozondoser och olika järnsulfatdoser. Det bästa resultatet erhölls då man använde sig av en ozondos på 6 mg O3/l och en järnsulfatdos på 50-60 μmol/l. Denna mängd av järnsulfat är ca 60 % lägre än den dos som används vid den konventionella reningen på Lovö vattenverk.</p><p>Olika filter används i pilotanläggningen och för att förbättra resultatet provades även ett Filtralite-filter som biofilter istället för GAC-filtret. Jämförelsen mellan Filtralite-filter och GAC-filter visade på stora skillnader i parametervärden i början av studietiden. När bakteriepopulationen ökade i Filtralite-filtret blev skillnaderna mindre och i slutet av undersökningstiden var parametervärdena likartade. Det slutliga resultatet indikerar att Filtralite-filter kan vara ett bra alternativ som biofilter.</p> / <p>This Master thesis was made to investigate the effects of ozonation and filtration on raw water from Lake Mälaren. The study was performed in lab-scale as well as in a pilot plant at Lovö waterworks, Stockholm Water Company during spring 2004.</p><p>The conventional treatment at Lovö waterworks comes with a few disadvantages, such as large consumption of chemical coagulants. The chemical consumption leads to many transports and the treatment also produces a sludge which is, in present, returned to Lake Mälaren. In 2001 a pilot plant were built at Lovö waterworks for research on new treatment processes, and ozonation followed by filtration is one of them.</p><p>Ozonation has been used in Europe for several years as disinfection at the end of the drinking water treatment process. The interests of ozonation has increased significantly in recent years and today the ozonation is used in other steps in the drinking water treatment process. Except for the disinfection, ozone has other benefits such as oxidation of iron and manganese, microflocculation, reduction of taste and odour and it is also effective to reduce the water colour. The microflocculation leads to the fact that less or no coagulants need to be used in the process.</p><p>This study started with a literature overview followed by experiments on ozonation and filtration in the pilot plant. After the first experiments the conclusions were that the ozonation and filtration did not reach the same results as Lovö waterworks. To continue, jar tests were made to see the effects of different coagulants. The result indicated that ferric sulphate together with calcium addition (pH-adjustment) was a good alternative. Thereby a lower coagulant dose could be used.</p><p>When ferric sulphate and calcium were implemented into the pilot plant, different ozone doses and ferric sulphate doses were tested. The best results occurred when an ozone dose of 6 mg O3/l and a ferric sulphate dose of 50-60 μmol/l were used. This amount of ferric sulphate is approximately 60 % lower than that for the conventional treatment at Lovö waterworks. To produce ozone electrons are needed and energy consumption increases with approximately 66 % compared to the conventional treatment. The decrease in chemical dose and increase in energy demand gives a decrease of the total cost with 10 % compared to the conventional treatment. The results indicate that the treatment with ozonation, calcium addition and ferric sulphate as a coagulant is an alternative to the conventional treatment.</p><p>Different filters were used in the pilot plant and to improve the results a Filtralite-filter was tested instead of the GAC-filter as a bio filter. When comparing Filtralite-filter with the GAC-filter there were large differences between the filters at the beginning of the study. When the bacteria population in the Filtralite-filter had started to increase the differences became less. In the end of the experimental period the filters had similar conditions and Filtralite-filter may be a good alternative as a biofilter.</p>

<p>An excessive input of nutrients to lakes and other water bodies has created a problem with eutrophication in Sweden. Untreated, or partially treated, domestic sewage is a major source for discharge of phosphorus (P), which is the nutrient most frequently responsible for eutrophication of most fresh waters and the Baltic Sea. The waste water can be cleaned by filter materials, which have a high P-retention ability and which after saturation may be used as fertilizers. Four potentially suitable filter materials were tested in batch- and column experiments in this study. In the batch experiments, the following materials were shaken with waste water in time series ranging from 5 seconds to 60 minutes: coarse (1-4 mm) and fine (0-2 mm) Polonite® (heated bedrock from Poland); Filtralite® (light expanded clay aggregates with limestone added before burning); water cooled blast furnace slag (BF-slag) and BF-slag mixed with 10% burned limestone. In the column experiment, the phosphorus sorption capacity in BF-slag and BF-slag mixed with burned limestone was observed under saturated and unsaturated flow conditions for 10 weeks. The waste water used in both experiments originated from the full scale testing site at Ångersjön in Sweden. After the column experiment was ended, the filter materials were investigated with XRD (X-ray diffraction) and SEM (scanning electron microscope) in order to figure out which chemical reactions that had taken place.</p><p>The results from the batch experiments show that fine Polonite® and BF-slag mixed with limestone have the fastest P sorption capacity. Already after 5 seconds of shaking the materials showed effective retention of P. The coarse Polonite®, Filtralite® and BF-slag showed similar sorption capacities, although the coarse Polonite® tended to be somewhat inferior. The column studies showed that the materials used in the columns had a sorption capacity of 98 % or more. The XRD and SEM indicated that an amorphous calcium-P-compound was created in the filter material.</p> / <p>I Sverige är reningen av fosfor i vatten från enskilda avlopp ofta bristfällig, vilket bland annat kan leda till övergödning av sjöar, hav och vattendrag. Sedan några år tillbaka har olika filtermaterial med speciella reaktiva egenskaper, som bland annat avskiljer fosfor från avloppsvatten, undersökts. Tanken med filtermaterialen är att de efter mättnad med näringsämnen ska kunnas användas som jordförbättringsmedel. I denna rapport har några olika filtermaterial, lämpade för fosforavskiljning, undersökts genom skak- och kolonnförsök. I skakförsök, där skaktiderna varierade mellan 5 sekunder och 60 minuter, testades Polonite®, Filtralite®, Hyttsand och Hyttsand blandad med 10 % bränd kalk. Polonite® är en upphettad form av bergarten opoka varav två olika kornstorleksfraktioner (0-2 mm och 1-4 mm) användes. Filtralite® och Hyttsand är antropogena filtermaterial. Filtralite® tillverkas i Norge och består av kalkhaltiga kulor av expanderad lera (Leca®). Hyttsand framställs genom vattenkylning av masugnsslagg som bildas vid framställningen av råjärn vid stålverket i Oxelösund. I kolonnförsöken, som utfördes under 10 veckor, studerades Hyttsand och Hyttsand blandad med 10 % bränd kalk under omättade och mättade flödesförhållanden. I samtliga experiment användes avloppsvatten från reningsverket vid Ångersjön, där Filtralite® och Hyttsand testas i fullskala. Efter kolonnförsöken avslutats undersöktes filtermaterialen med XRD (röntgendiffraktion) och SEM (svepelektron mikroskop) för att utreda vilka mekanismer som medverkat vid avskiljningen av fosfor.</p><p>Resultaten från skakförsöken visade att finkornig Polonite® och Hyttsand blandad med kalk avskiljer fosfor effektivt redan efter skakning i 5 sekunder. Grovkornig Polonite, ren Hyttsand och Filtralite® sorberade fosfor tämligen likartat, även om den grovkorniga Poloniten® tenderade att vara aningen sämre än de övriga. Resultaten från kolonnförsöken visade att fosfor kunde avskiljas till över 98 % i alla kolonner och att det bildats amorfa fosfatföreningar, främst med kalcium, under den 2,5 månader långa experimentperioden.</p>

4 pp. / Following on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's "Arsenic Rule" decision to require public water systems to lower the allowable arsenic content in drinking water from 50 parts per billion (ppb) to 10 ppb by January 23, 2006, private well owners across the state have realized the importance of testing their own water supply for arsenic. Under Arizona law, it is the sole responsibility of the private well owner to determine the quality (potability) of their private well water. This article discusses the geologic prevelance of arsenic across the state, and options available to the well owner to address this water quality concern. Expected to be the first in a 3-part series on ground water quality issues common in Arizona.

6 pp. / 1. Drinking Water Wells; 2. Private Water Well Components; 3. Do Deeper Wells Mean Better Water; 4. Maintaining Your Private Well Water System; 5. Private Well Protection; 6. Well Water Testing and Understanding the Results; 7. Obtaining a Water Sample for Bacterial Analysis; 8. Microorganisms in Private Water Wells; 9. Lead in Private Water Wells; 10. Nitrate in Private Water Wells; 11.Arsenic in Private Water Wells; 12. Matching Drinking Water Quality Problems to Treatment Methods; 13. Commonly Available Home Water Treatment Systems; 14. Hard Water: To Soften or Not to Soften; 15. Shock Chlorination of Private Water Wells / This fact sheet is one in a series of fifteen for private water well owners. The one- to four-page fact sheets will be assembled into a two-pocket folder entitled Private Well Owners Guide. The titles will also be a part of the Changing Rural Landscapes project whose goal is to educate exurban, small acreage residents. The authors have made every effort to align the fact sheets with the proposed Arizona Cooperative Extension booklet An Arizona Well Owners Guide to Water Sources, Quality, Testing, Treatment, and Well Maintenance by Artiola and Uhlman. The private well owner project was funded by both the University of Arizonas Water Sustainability Program-Technology and Research Initiative Fund and the USDA-CSREES Region 9 Water Quality Program.

Several electrochemical processes are modeled at process levels and atomic scales. Processes are presented for acid generation and ion exchange media regeneration, along with corresponding process models. Transport and reaction processes in individual ion exchange beads are also modeled. Acids of mild strength (pH = ~1-2) are generated from electrolyte solutions and their strength is effectively modeled as a function of time. The regeneration of ion exchange media is also modeled, to close agreement with measurements, and the process model is reconciled with a model for solute flux from an individual ion exchange bead. Together, the models show that the "gentle" regeneration process is controlled by the plating rate. Processes interior to the particle are controlled by diffusion, but all processes are faster than the characteristic time for plating. In a separate process, an electrochemical method is used to produce hypochlorite for disinfection. The process generates perchlorate as a toxic byproduct. Density function theory is used to construct an atomic-scale model of the mechanism for producing perchlorate, as well as the aging of the boron-doped diamond anode used in the process. The mechanism shows that the boron-doped diamond surface plays an important role in chemisorbing and stabilizing radicals of oxychlorine anions, allowing the radicals to live long enough to react and form higher ions like perchlorate. Wear mechanisms that occur on the anode are shown to oxidize and etch the surface, changing its chemical functionality over time. As the surface ages, the overpotential for water oxidation is decreased, decreasing the efficiency of the electrode.

Farmyard runoff, i.e. the effluent generated by the rain falling over farmyards, tracks and roofs, is a significant and overlooked source of nutrients and pathogens which degrades aquatic ecosystems through eutrophication, siltation and wildlife poisoning, raises public health concerns, and incurs considerable costs for society. Among other Best Management Practices implemented to address agricultural water pollution and help achieve compliance with the Water Framework Directive, Constructed Farm Wetlands (CFWs), i.e. shallow surface flow wetlands comprising several vegetated cells in series, are being recommended for remediation of farmyard runoff, due to their capacity to remove or store pollutants. Investigation is therefore needed of their long-term water treatment efficiency and ecological value to optimize their design and cost-effectiveness and minimize their negative externalities. The main aims of this study were to: 1) evaluate the treatment performance of CFWs and the link between design, hydrology and efficiency; 2) assess their ecological value and the influence of water quality and design on wetland ecology; 3) identify their costs, benefits and the way they are perceived by farmers; and 4) inform guidelines for the design, construction and aftercare of sustainable CFWs. Research focused on two CFWs in south-east Scotland, one at a dairy farm and one at a mixed beef-arable farm, which receive runoff from yards and roofs, field drainage and septic tank overflow. From February 2006 to June 2008, rainfall, evaporation, water levels and flow at the CFWs were monitored, and their treatment efficiency was assessed from water samples collected manually regularly or with automatic samplers during storm events, and analysed using standard methods. In addition, their ecological value was assessed twice a year from vegetation and aquatic macroinvertebrate surveys. Finally, semi-structured interviews with eight farmers and a farm advisor and discussions with three CFW designers in Scotland and Ireland allowed collection of technical and economic data on farm practices, CFW construction and maintenance, and helped assess CFW cost-effectiveness and acceptance by farmers. Both CFWs reduced pollutant concentrations between inlet and outlet, with efficiencies at CFW1 and CFW2 respectively of 87% and < 0% for five-day biochemical oxygen demand, 86% and 83% for suspended solids, 68% and 26% for nitrate/nitrite, 42% and 34% for ammonium, and 12% and 31% for reactive phosphorus. Nevertheless, the concentration of all pollutants at the outlet of CFW1, and concentration of nitrate/nitrite at the outlet of CFW2 frequently exceeded river water quality standards. Water treatment efficiency varied seasonally, being significantly lower in winter, mainly due to lower temperatures, increased volume of inputs and reduced residence time. The ecological value of the two CFWs differed greatly. At CFW1 and CFW2 respectively, 14 and 22 wetland plant species and 24 and 46 aquatic macroinvertebrate species (belonging to 13 and 27 BMWP scoring families respectively) were recorded, illustrating the greater biodiversity conservation value of CFW2, which was one year older, larger, cleaner, comprised several ponds with a combination of open water and densely vegetated areas, and was subsequently more structurally diverse. The socio-economic study revealed that, despite significant costs associated with their construction (£20 000-£50 000 ha-1) and maintenance (£900-£1500 ha-1 yr-1), CFWs may still represent a more cost-effective alternative than conventional methods. However, their adoption, implementation and sustainable use by farmers were conditioned by land availability and suitability, existing farm infrastructure, detailed information on limitations and maintenance requirements, and adequate financial support for both construction and aftercare. To ensure a long-term, consistent and efficient water treatment, and to enhance biodiversity and landscape, well-maintained, large, vegetated, multi-cell CFWs with shallow overflows are recommended. Their size should be adapted to local precipitation patterns and catchment characteristics. Keywords: agriculture, best management practice (BMP), biodiversity, constructed farm wetland (CFW), costs, farmyard runoff, water pollution, water treatment.

Nanofiltration (NF) can be used in water and wastewater treatment as well as water recycling applications, removing micropollutants such as hormones. Due to their potential health risk it is vital to understand their removal mechanisms by NF membranes aiming at improving and developing more effective and efficient treatment processes. Although NF should be effective and efficient in removing small molecular sized compounds such as hormones, the occurrence of adsorption onto polymeric membranes results in performances difficult to predict and with reduced effectiveness and efficiency. This study aims firstly at defining, understanding and quantifying the relevant filtration operation parameters and, secondly, in identifying the physical mechanisms of momentum and mass transfer controlling the adsorption and transport of hormones onto polymeric NF membranes in cross-flow mode. The hormones estrone (E1) and 17-b-estradiol (E2) were chosen as they have very high endocrine disrupting potency. The NF membranes used and tested were the NF 270, NF 90, BW30, TFC-SR2 and TFC-SR3 since they have a wide span of pore sizes. The first step is to experimentally acquire the knowledge of how fluid flow hydrodynamics and mass transfer close to the membrane affect hormone adsorption. The focus will be particularly on the effect of operating pressure, circulating Reynolds numbers (based on channel height, Reh) and hormone feed concentration. These hydrodynamic parameters play an important role in concentration polarisation development at the membrane surface. A Reh increase from 400 to 1400 for the NF 270 membrane caused the total mass adsorbed of E1 and E2 to decrease from 1.5 to 1.3 ng.cm-2 and 0.7 to 0.5 ng.cm-2, respectively. In contrast, a pressure increase from 5 to 15 bar yielded an increase in the adsorbed mass of E1 and E2 from 1.0 to 1.8 ng.cm-2 and 0.5 to 0.7 ng.cm-2, respectively. Moreover, increasing hormone feed concentration caused an increase in the mass adsorbed for both hormones. These observations led to the conclusion that adsorption is governed by the initial concentration at the membrane surface which, in turn, depends on the hormone feed concentration, operating Reh and pressure. Membrane retention, however, depends on the initial polarisation modulus, defined as the ratio between the initial concentration at the membrane surface and the initial feed concentration. The same trends were obtained for the TFC-SR2 membrane. However, this membrane has a much lower permeability compared to the NF 270 one (7.2 vs 17 L.h-1.m-2.bar-1, respectively) and concentration polarisation is less severe. The experimental variations in mass adsorbed and retention as a function of the operating filtration parameters (Reh and pressure) were therefore lower. Based on these experimental results, a sorption model was developed. This model predicts well both feed and permeate transient concentrations for both hormones and membranes (NF 270 and TFC-SR2) in the common range of operating pressures and Reh of spiral-wound membrane modules. The model was further applied for E2 in the presence of background electrolyte, yielding good predictions. These findings are an important advancement in determining which membrane would be more suitable to effectively remove hormones with a substantial reduction of experimental work. The above-mentioned developed model does not give insight into the phenomena occurring inside the membrane since it focuses on the feed conditions. However, membrane characteristics, such as material and pore radius were found to have an impact in adsorption and retention of hormones. It was found experimentally that polyamide, from which the active layer of the NF membranes is made, adsorbs three times more mass of hormone than any other polymers constituting the membranes. Since this active layer is the membrane selective barrier of the membrane that is in contact with the largest hormone concentration (due to concentration polarization in the feed solution) it is concluded that the active layer adsorbs most of the hormones. Further experimental work carried out in this thesis showed that increasing the pore radius from 0.32 nm to 0.52 nm increased the E2 mass adsorbed from 0.17 ng.cm-2 to 1.1 ng.cm-2 and decreased the retention from 88% to 34%. These results show that the wider the pore, the larger the quantity of hormone that penetrates (i.e. partitions) inside the membrane and, therefore, the more the membrane adsorbs the hormone. For membranes of similar pore radius, the membrane with larger internal surface area was found to adsorb more. All the previous results led to the establishment of a new model for the hormone transport inside the membrane pore taking convection, diffusion and adsorption into account. Since the differential equation describing the transport with adsorption inside the pore has no analytical solution, a numerical model based on the finite-difference approach was applied. With such a model, its validation against experiments and parametric studies it was possible to understand the transport mechanisms of adsorbing hormones through NF membranes. The results show that for low pressures the hormone transport is diffusion dominated. In contrast, for higher pressures (above 11 bar) the transport is convection dominated, showing that a purely diffusion transport model does not describe well the actual transport phenomena of hormones in NF membranes. Furthermore, it was found that two similar molecules can behave very differently in terms of adsorption on the membrane. E1, which adsorbs 20% more than E2 in static mode, being slightly smaller than E2, partitions more inside the membrane pore and adsorbs double under filtration conditions. This study contributes to illuminating the adsorption mechanisms of hormones onto NF membranes by understanding what parameters control adsorption such as hydrodynamics, materials, structure, etc. This not only identifies a potential problem in large scale applications, but it also provides an understanding of the mechanisms involved in the removal of these hormones and a tool that can be used to design future membranes for the improvement of micropollutant removal.

Rapporten redovisar en utredning av konserveringsmetoder för vattensidan under stilleståndsperioder av ett värmeverk bestående av fem hetvattenpannor med ett gemensamt ångnät. Syftet var att utvärdera olika metoder för att motverka korrosion då pannorna inte är i drift. Konserveringsmetoderna som utreddes och jämfördes internt var konservering med en kvävgaskudde, ångkudde, torrläggning och en kemisk lösning. Att utreda metoderna innebar att uppskatta dess kostnad ekonomiskt genom att beräkna en årskostnad. För att besvara hur effektivt deras skydd mot korrosion är användes litteraturens referenser och teoretiska samband för att uppskatta syrehalten i matarvattnet. För att kunna göra en realistisk jämförelse mellan metoderna har den avgivna effekten för värmeverkets pannor under driftåret 2016 använts som en grund för beräkningarna. Årskostnaderna från konserveringsmetoderna är från 2016 års driftdata av värmeverket. En kvävgaskudde med en renhet av 99,999 % kan resultera i en syrehalt av 9,6 ppb för matarvattnet och har en total årskostnad av 77 300 SEK. En ångkudde har potentialen att bevara vattnet i princip syrefritt och har en total årskostnad av 809 000 SEK med en extern elpanna för ångproduktion. Att torrlägga pannorna är bara möjligt under vissa perioder av året dock skulle en total årskostnad av eldriften för att hålla pannorna torra motsvara en kostnad av 17 500 SEK. Metoden med en kemisk lösning hade en totalårskostnad av 1 640 000 SEK. Baserat på tillgänglig information och utförda antaganden är slutsatsen att värmeverket ifråga rekommenderas att upphöra med en kemisk konserveringsmetod och övergå till en kvävgaskudde som konserveringsmetod mot korrosion då pannorna inte är i drift.

Actuellement, les systèmes d’épuration des eaux n’ont pas été conçus pour éliminer les substances médicamenteuses notamment les hormones (estrogènes). Ces molécules sont ainsi déversées dans le milieu naturel et contaminent les rivières. Le 17 α-éthinylestradiol a été choisie comme molécule modèle pour illustrer la présence d’un perturbateur endocrinien dans une eau résiduaire. Cette molécule présente un réel risque pour la faune et la flore (Féminisation des poissons mâles, diminution de la reproduction…). L’objectif de ce travail est d’évaluer l’efficacité de la photocatalyse et de l’ozonation pour éliminer l’Ethinylestradiol dans les eaux. Le procédé d’oxydation utilisant l’ozone a été appliqué dans un premier temps sur des solutions concentrées d’éthinylestradiol (EE2 = 10 mg/L) préparées dans une eau ultrapure tamponnée afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes d’élimination de ce composé et d’évaluer l’efficacité en terme de taux de conversion de EE2 et de la minéralisation du substrat. Les expériences réalisées ont permis de montrer que l’ozone est un oxydant très efficace pour oxyder l’éthinylestradiol. L’oxydation se fait essentiellement par réaction directe de l’ozone sur la molécule d’EE2 alors que sa minéralisation nécessite la conversion de l’ozone en radicaux hydroxyles qui vont ensuite réagir sur la structure saturée de la molécule organique. L’étude de l’ozonation de solutions EE2 à différentes concentrations a permis d’établir une relation entre la concentration initiale en polluant dans l’eau et la dose d’ozone à introduire pour éliminer ce composé à un pH proche de la neutralité. Cette relation a été utilisée pour estimer la dose d’ozone à appliquer pour une eau contaminée par EE2 à une concentration proche de celle rencontrée dans les eaux résiduaires et comparée à celle obtenue sur une eau provenant de la station d’épuration du Bourget du Lac. L’efficacité du procédé photocatalytique a été évaluée en travaillant sur les vitesses de disparition et de minéralisation de EE2 en présence de TiO2 «Degussa P25» et TiO2 PC500. Les cinétiques d’adsorption et de dégradation photocatalytiques ont été évaluées dans une gamme de concentration allant de 1 à 10 mg/L en travaillant à différentes masses de photocatalyseur. Les constantes d’adsorption et de vitesse, modélisés avec les modèles de Langmuir et Langmuir-Hinshelwood respectivement révèlent, (1) des propriétés d’adsorption et de photocatalyse plus importante pour le photocatalyseur TiO2 «Degussa P25», (2) des constantes d’adsorption différentes en présence ou en absence d’irradiation et aucune proportionnalité entre quantité de EE2 adsorbée et concentration en photocatalyseur. Cette absence de corrélation est expliquée en considérant la taille des particules. La formation d’agrégats de plus en plus important est observée en augmentant la masse de TiO2. La minéralisation de EE2 est totale après moins d’une heure d’irradiation en travaillant avec une puissance lumineuse de 5,5 mW/cm2 et 10 mg/L de EE2 indiquant l’efficacité de ce procédé. / Currently, systems for water treatment have not been designed to eliminate drug substances such as hormones (estrogen). These molecules are thus discharged into the environment and contaminate rivers. The 17 α-ethinylestradiol has been chosen as model molecule to illustrate the presence of an endocrine disrupter in water waste. This molecule presents a real risk to wildlife (feminization of male fish, reduced reproduction ...). The objective of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of photocatalysis and ozonation to remove Ethinylestradiol waters. The oxidation process using ozone was applied initially in concentrated solutions of ethinylestradiol (EE2 = 10 mg / L) prepared in ultrapure water buffered to better understand the mechanisms of elimination of this compound and evaluate the effectiveness in terms of conversion rate of EE2 and mineralization of the substrate. Experiments have shown that ozone is a very effective oxidant for oxidation of ethinylestradiol. Oxidation occurs mainly by direct reaction of ozone on the molecule while EE2 mineralization involves the conversion of ozone into hydroxyl radicals which will then react on the structure of the saturated organic molecule. The study of ozonation of EE2 solutions at different concentrations has established a relationship between the initial concentration of pollutant in the water and the dose of ozone introduced to eliminate this compound at a pH near neutrality. This relationship was used to estimate the dose of ozone applied to water contaminated with EE2 at a concentration close to that found in wastewater and compared to that obtained water from the treatment plant Bourget du Lac. In the second part of our work, we studied the advanced oxidation process "Photocatalysis". The adsorption and photodegradation of EE2 were performed on the surface of TiO2 Degussa P25 "and under UV radiation (λ = 365 nm). The results were modeled using the model of Langmuir and Langmuir Hinshelwood respectively. These models allowed us to determine for different masses of TiO2 quantities of EE2 adsorbed on the surface of TiO2 and the constants of adsorption in the dark under UV light, and the rate constants. These values were compared to those obtained under the same conditions but on a different type of catalyst TiO2 PC500. The measurement of particle size of TiO2 shows the formation of agglomerates increasingly important function of the mass of catalyst TiO2 PC500 and it allowed us to explain the values of the constants of adsorption and kinetic results

Ultrafine bubbles, often referred to as nanobubbles, have been used in various applications from environmental remediation to medicine. Even though the technology to generate ultrafine bubbles has been around for many years, the full potential of its applications has not been completely studied. This project seeks to study the use of ultrafine bubble technology for water treatment in combination with ozone gas. A factorial design experiment was chosen to test the effects of ultrafine bubbles on the concentration of an indicator organism, E. coli, in water as well as their effects on ozone gas being injected into water. Ozone gas or nitrogen gas was injected into water contaminated with E. coli as either ultrafine bubbles or fine bubbles as treatments for up to 60 minutes. Ultrafine bubbles were found to not have any significant effect on the concentration of E. coli in water. However, ultrafine bubbles did provide benefits when used in conjunction with ozone gas that regular, fine bubbles did not provide. The benefits included allowing the concentration of dissolved ozone in the water to decrease at a slower rate as well as allowing more ozone to dissolve into water at a higher rate than conventional methods of bubbling in ozone. While in this particular set of experiments the concentration of dissolved ozone in water didn't surpass 2 mg/L, which didn't allow for rapid disinfection and treatment of water, it is believed that with a more powerful ozone generator better results can be achieved. This project demonstrates the benefits and potential of injecting ozone gas as ultrafine bubbles into water as a way to effectively and efficiently disinfect and treat water.