Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research aimed to estimate the recharge and groundwater water table fluctuation in areas with withdrawals of groundwater and surface water related to the variation of groundwater levels and rainfall events. The two areas of study was inserted within the Cacequi Municipality, which is located in the Rio Grande do Sul state, southwestern Brazil, in the Guarani Aquifer System outcrops zone in the Paraná Sedimentary Basin. These two areas were selected because they have great applicability to the subject (water table fluctuation and recharge). The study was conducted in different areas of water withdrawals (surface and groundwater). It was installed a Monitoring Network, composed of three monitoring wells. The period of analysis was from February 01/2011 to 21/2012. During this hydrological period, there were executed campaigns for collection of information stored and biweekly checks of the conditions of automated dataloggers and the accuracy of records. Was used the Water Table Fluctuation (WTF) method for estimating groundwater recharge in uncofined aquifer. WTF is based on the variation of groundwater water table fluctuation recorded in automatic 3 dataloggers and 1 barologger, installed in three wells and measurements from hour to hour. Were performed in laboratory physical analyzes of the soil/rock characteristics (particle size and porosity). Were determined the values of specific yield - Sy and the sum of the values of water table fluctuations for each curve extrapolated recession - Δh used by the WTF method. The effective recharge estimated in the area with surface withdrawals accounted for between 11.5% and 13.9% of precipitation (1,572 mm) occurred during the hydrological 386 days, the range of the water table fluctuation obtained in this area from 1.17 to 5.15 meters, while the effective recharge the estimate was estimated in the area with groundwater exploitation represents about 25% of the precipitation (778.1 mm) occurring during a period of 243 days, and the range of fluctuation of the water table was between 8.4 to 16.46 meters. The present results provide subsidies for the sustainable management of groundwater resources, and also illustrate the development of new research on the exploitation of groundwater in the uncofined aquifer outcrops zone. / Esta pesquisa visou estimar a recarga e a flutuação dos níveis da água subterrânea em áreas com retiradas de águas subterrâneas e superficiais, relacionadas à variação dos níveis freáticos e aos eventos de precipitação pluviométrica. As duas áreas de estudo encontra-se no município de Cacequi-RS, que localiza-se no sudoeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, em Zona de Afloramentos do Sistema Aquífero Guarani, na Bacia Sedimentar do Paraná. Estas áreas foram selecionadas por terem uma ótima aplicabilidade ao tema (flutuação de nível e recarga). O estudo foi desenvolvido em áreas distintas de retiradas da água (superficial e subterrânea). Foi instalada uma Rede de Monitoramento, composta por 3 poços de monitoramento do nível da água. O período de análise foi do dia 01/02/2011 até o 21/02/2012. Durante este período hidrológico, realizaram-se campanhas para coleta das informações armazenadas e verificações quinzenais das condições dos medidores automáticos e da precisão dos registros. O método utilizado foi o Water Table Fluctuation (WTF) ou da Superfície Livre para estimativa da recarga em aquíferos livres. Está fundamentado na variação do nível freático registrada em sensores automáticos de hora em hora, instalados nos três poços. Realizaram-se em laboratório as análises das características físicas de solo/rocha (granulometria e porosidade total). Foram determinados os valores de rendimento específico - Sy e o somatório dos valores do nível da água extrapolados para cada curva de recessão - Δh, utilizados pelo método WTF. A recarga efetiva estimada na área com explotação superficial representou entre 11,5% e 13,9% da precipitação (1.572 mm) ocorrida durante o período hidrológico de 386 dias, a faixa de flutuação do nível obtida nesta área variou entre 1,17 a 5,15 metros, enquanto que a recarga efetiva estimada na área com explotação subterrânea representou cerca de 25% da precipitação (778,1 mm) ocorrida durante em um período hidrológico de 243 dias, e a faixa de flutuação do nível ocorreu entre 8,4 a 16,46 metros. Os resultados apresentados fornecem subsídios para uso sustentável dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos, e também ilustram o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas referentes a explotação das águas subterrâneas em Zona de Afloramentos de Aquífero livre.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The issue involving the proper management of municipal solid waste is still a serious problem that affects mainly developing countries, just as Brazil. Only in 2010, with the implementation of the National Solid Waste Policy from the Federal Law No 12.305, this issue began to gain traction in the social and economic environment. In this law one of the proposals is the removal and recovery inappropriate sites for the disposal of municipal waste. The adverse consequences of waste disposal involve two fundamental issues, regarding the contaminants migration and another that deals with the sites stability used for their disposal. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the support of the geological environment for the operation of a landfill. The enterprise is a public consortium, licensed by the responsible environmental agency, and is located in the northwest region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, in the Volcanic Plateau Province of Serra Geral. Thus, there were performed studies of the soil, involving physical, chemical and geotechnical parameters. Regarding the groundwater quality parameters, there were evaluated the water of four active monitoring wells and one of supply, besides the water level variation in a period exceeding hydrologic year. The soil was classified as very clayey, with average clay content of 86 %, and predominance of micropores, common in clayey soils. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the not compacted soil presented values in the order of 10-4 cm.s-1. Geotechnical parameters were within the described by current standards, with mean values of liquid limit, plastic and shrinkage of 68,83, 41,73 and 28,94 %, respectively, being the soil classified like highly plastic. In relation to the clay fraction, its colloidal activity was classified with low activity, with the presence of non-expansive kaolinite 1:1. The soil presented low values of cation exchange capacity, it was also identified that only copper and chrome elements were above proposed by State law. In relation to the qualitative parameters of groundwater, was identified changes in the concentration of coliforms, nitrate and ammoniacal nitrogen, in some of the samples. In the quantitative matter the area showed a wide variation in water levels, and the rainfall showed significant correlation at 5 % with the water level in three monitoring wells (01, 03 and 05), situated in different positions in the landscape. Regarding the aquifer vulnerability to contamination, the area was classified as a low vulnerability area. Thus, it is concluded that the shallow aquifer in the study area showed variable behavior, in local and regional scales. Changes were identified in the quality of the groundwater in some samples in different periods, between 2007 and 2015. / A questão envolvendo a gestão adequada dos resíduos sólidos urbanos é um grave problema que afeta principalmente os países em desenvolvimento, assim como o Brasil. Apenas no ano de 2010, com a implementação da Política Nacional dos Resíduos Sólidos, a partir da Lei Federal Nº 12.305, essa questão começou a ganhar espaço no meio social e econômico. Nessa lei, uma entre as propostas apresentadas, é a eliminação e recuperação dos locais inapropriados para a disposição dos resíduos urbanos. As consequências adversas da disposição de resíduos envolvem duas questões fundamentais, uma relativa à migração dos contaminantes e outra que trata da estabilidade dos locais usados para sua disposição. Nesse sentido, este estudo tem por objetivo analisar o suporte do meio geológico para a operação de um aterro sanitário. O empreendimento é um consórcio público, licenciado pelo órgão ambiental competente, e está localizado na região noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, na Província Vulcânica do Planalto da Serra Geral. Assim, foram realizados estudos de solo, envolvendo parâmetros físicos, químicos e geotécnicos. Em relação à água subterrânea, foram avaliados parâmetros de qualidade da água de quatro poços de monitoramento ativos e um de abastecimento, além da variação do nível da água em um período superior a um ano hidrológico. O solo foi classificado como muito argiloso, com teores de argila médios de 86 %, e predominância de microporos, comuns em solos argilosos. A condutividade hidráulica saturada do solo não compactado apresentou valores na ordem de 10-4 cm.s-1. Os parâmetros geotécnicos estiveram dentro dos descritos pelas normas vigentes, com valores médios de limite de liquidez, plasticidade e contração de 68,83, 41,73 e 28,94 %, respectivamente, sendo o solo classificado como altamente plástico. Em relação a fração argila, sua atividade coloidal foi classificada como de baixa atividade, com presença do argilomineral não expansivo caulinita 1:1. O solo apresentou baixos valores de capacidade de troca de cátions, também foi identificado que apenas os elementos Cobre e Cromo estiveram acima do proposto pela legislação do Estado. No que se refere aos parâmetros qualitativos da água subterrânea, identificou-se alterações na concentração de coliformes termotolerantes, nitrato e nitrogênio amoniacal, em algumas amostras. Na questão quantitativa, a área apresentou uma grande variação no nível da água, sendo que a precipitação pluviométrica indicou correlação significativa ao nível de 5 % com o nível da água em três poços de monitoramento (01, 03 e 05), situadas em distintas posições na paisagem. Em relação à vulnerabilidade do aquífero à contaminação, a área foi classificada como de baixa vulnerabilidade. Com isso, conclui-se que o aquífero raso na área do estudo apresentou comportamento variável, em escala local e regional. Foram identificadas alterações na qualidade da água subterrânea em algumas amostras em distintos períodos, entre os anos de 2007 e 2015.

Submitted by VITOR FIDELIS MONTEIRO GONÇALVES null (vitorfmg3@gmail.com) on 2017-09-22T14:54:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_FINAL_VFMG.pdf: 4132746 bytes, checksum: 859492e59068c54703c158251d1cff51 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-09-25T17:57:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 monteiro_vf_me_bot.pdf: 4132746 bytes, checksum: 859492e59068c54703c158251d1cff51 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-25T17:57:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 monteiro_vf_me_bot.pdf: 4132746 bytes, checksum: 859492e59068c54703c158251d1cff51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fenômenos geográficos apresentam indexação temporal e espacial. Temporal pela dinâmica do processo que se altera ao longo de um período ou sob determinada influência. Espacial pela maneira com que se distribui ao longo do território. Diversas são as condicionantes que podem induzir comportamentos e padrões nesses fenômenos em bacias hidrográficas, como pedoformas, compartimentação geomorfológica, canais de drenagem, geologia, clima, entre outras. A maneira com que dados de monitoramento de recursos naturais são tratados sob o ponto de vista geoespacial pode determinar de forma definitiva o resultado final das feições que se deseja representar e dos mapas obtidos. E por consequência toda inferência que se deseja obter a respeito de determinada região de forma que venha a contribuir nos planos de bacias e gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estimar a recarga das águas subterrâneas por meio do método da Variação da Superfície livre (WTF) na Estação Ecológica de Santa Barbara (EEcSB), situada no município de Águas de Santa Bárbara, sudoeste do estado de São Paulo, a partir de dados de monitoramento. Foram utilizados dados de monitoramento climatológico e hidrogeológico para estimar a recarga das águas subterrâneas no período de 2014/2016. Para isso, foi testada uma metodologia baseada no princípio de calcular antes/interpolar depois, onde a recarga foi estimada pontualmente pelo método da flutuação da superfície livre (WTF) para cada poço de monitoramento. Os resultados do trabalho foram interpolados pelo do Inverso do quadrado da distância (IDW) demonstrando graficamente como o fenômeno foi especializado e qual foi a taxa de recarga para a área de estudo. / Geographical phenomena show time and space indexation. Time indexation for the process dynamics, which, changes itself through the period or under influence. Space indexation for the manner that it distributes itself in the territory. The factors are diverse and they an induce behavior and patterns in watershed phenomena, like pedofomrs, geomorphological compartmentation, rivers, streams, geology, climate, among others. The manner, which the natural resources monitoring data, is treated by geospatial look can determine the final result of the components which is aimed to represent and obtained maps. Thus, by consequence, all the inference which is desired to be obtained about a determined region for contributing in watershed plans and water resources management. The aim of this work was to estimate the groundwater recharge via Water Table Fluctuation Method (WTF), from monitoring data, in Santa Barbara Ecological Station (EEcSB), located in Águas de Santa Bárbara county, southeast of Sao Paulo state. It was used climate and hydrogeological monitoring data to estimate the groundwater recharge in the period of 2014/2016. It was tested a methodology based in calculate first/interpolate after, where the recharge was estimated by water table fluctuation method (WTF) for each monitoring well. The results were interpolated by the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method showing in graphs how the phenomena was spatialized and what was the recharge rate presented in the study area.

Em zonas ripárias o nível freático encontra-se próximo à superfície do solo e tem contato com as raízes da vegetação. Como resultado, as taxas de evapotranspiração (ET) são elevadas, gerando flutuações diárias do nível de água subterrânea. Apesar da riqueza hídrica que a América Latina possui, estudos sobre a evapotranspiração nas suas zonas ripárias são raros. Os prováveis motivos da pouca investigação na área podem ser atribuídos ao difícil acesso econômico para adquirir equipamentos necessários para a sua medição. Além disso, a aplicação de técnicas como sensoriamento remoto, eddy covariance ou a razão de Bowen é limitada, devido à bordadura das zonas ripárias, que geralmente é estreita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a ET em zona ripária e áreas vizinhas através de métodos baseados na flutuação diária do nível de água subterrânea. No desenvolvimento deste estudo foram instalados poços de monitoramento na bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão da Onça. A profundidade do nível freático foi registrada em dataloggers em intervalos de 15 minutos, no período de 09/2015 a 10/2016. O rendimento específico transiente (S*y) foi estimado através da modernização do funil de Haines acoplado a uma balança de precisão.Em função do regime de flutuação diária do nível freático, foi adotado o S*y correspondente a 6 horas de drenagem. Os resultados mostram que na zona ripária a evapotranspiração oscila entre 2,74 e 14,90 mm/d. Para o Cerrado stricto sensu e o eucalipto, a variação da ET é de 1,23 a 2,02 mm/d e 1,96 a 5,45 mm/d, respectivamente, sendo coerentes com resultados prévios obtidos no Brasil. A aplicação de métodos da flutuação diária mostra ser economicamente viável e ter potencial para estimar a evapotranspiração em áreas estreitas. / In riparian zones the groundwater is close to the soil surface and the roots of its vegetation have contact with it. As a result, evapotranspiration (ET) rates are high, generating diurnal groundwater level fluctuations. Despite Latin America\'s water resources wealth, reports of evapotranspiration in its riparian zones are scarce. The probable reasons of little investigation in the area can be attributed to the economical difficulties to access the equipments necessary for this kind of measurement. Furthermore, the application of techniques as remote sensing, eddy covariance or Bowen ratio is limited, due to the usual narrow fetch that are found in the riparian zones. The aim of this study was to determine the ET in the riparian zone and its surroudings areas, using methods based on the diurnal groundwater level fluctuations. To develop this study, monitoring wells were installed in the Ribeirão da Onça basin. The water table depth was recorded in dataloggers using a 15-minute interval, from 09/2015 to 10/2016. The transient specific yield was estimated by improving the Haines funnel coupled to a precision balance. In function of the daily fluctuation regime of the groundwater table, it was adopted the S*y corresponding to 6 hours of drainage. The results show that, in the riparian zone, evapotranspiration ranges from 2,74 to 14,90 mm/d. For Cerrado stricto sensu and eucalyptus, the ET variations are 1,23 to 2,02 mm/d and 1,96 to 5,45 mm/d, respectively, being consistent with previous studies performed in Brazil. The application of diurnal groundwater level fluctuations methods shows to have the potential to estimate evapotranspiration in narrow areas, with low economic investment.

La recharge de l'eau souterraine est un paramètre encore peu connu du bilan hydrologique. La connaissance des processus et l'estimation précise de la recharge de l'eau souterraine est une condition préalable à une gestion efficace et durable des eaux souterraines dans les régions arides et semi-arides. En plus la recharge de l'eau souterraine est considérée comme le paramètre le plus direct avec lequel le changement climatique peut affecter les ressources renouvelables des aquifères. Les présents travaux de thèse s'intéressent à la recharge de l'aquifère alluvial de la plaine du Haouz par les crues de l'oued Rheraya (rivière intermittente), qui descend des montagnes du Haut-Atlas et traverse la plaine du Haouz du sud vers le nord. Ces travaux ont deux objectifs principaux (i) d'abord simuler le régime hydrologique de l'oued Rheraya dont les crues sont à l'origine de la recharge de l'eau souterraine, et ensuite (ii) aborder la quantification de la recharge de l'eau souterraine du Haouz par ces crues dans la zone du piémont atlasique. La modélisation des débits de l'oued Rheraya dans le Haut-Atlas marocain (225 km², altitudes comprises entre 1030 m et 4165 m) est réalisée en prenant en compte la composante nivale. Pour cela, le modèle conceptuel global GR4J est appliqué sur la période 1989-2009 en y adjoignant le module CemaNeige qui simule la dynamique de la composante neigeuse de manière semi- distribuée. La fraction enneigée simulée se révèle corrélée avec celle extraite du produit neige MODIS durant la période 2000-2009 (R2 = 0,64). De plus, l'équivalent en eau de la neige simulé est cohérent avec celui mesuré par la station automatique au sommet de l'Oukaimeden durant la période 2004-2006 (R2 = 0,81). Enfin, nous obtenons une simulation des débits qui reproduit bien la très forte variabilité saisonnière et interannuelle. En conclusion, le régime hydrologique de l'oued Rheraya est pluvio-nival avec une distribution unimodale des débits dont le maximum en avril coïncide avec la fonte des neiges. L'étude de la recharge de l'eau souterraine est effectuée à travers l'analyse du suivi des fluctuations de l'eau souterraine sous le lit de l'oued Rheraya sur deux cycles hydrologiques 2014-2015 et 2015-2016.[...] / Groundwater recharge is a little known parameter in the water balance. Knowledge of processes and accurate estimation of groundwater recharge is a prerequisite for effective and sustainable management of groundwater resources. In addition, groundwater recharge is considered the most direct parameter by which climate change affects the renewable groundwater resources. The present PhD thesis focuses on the recharge of the alluvial aquifer of the Haouz plain by the floods of the Rheraya wadi (intermittent river), which descends from the High-Atlas Mountains and crosses the southern plain towards the North. This work has two main objectives: (i) simulating the hydrological regime of the Rheraya River whose floods are at the origin of the groundwater recharge, and (ii) Quantifying the groundwater recharge by the floods of the Rheraya in the zone of the High-Atlas piedmont. The runoff modeling of the Rheraya wadi in the High-Atlas (225 km², elevations ranging between 1030 and 4165 m.a.s.l.) takes into account the snow component. For this purpose, the GR4J conceptual and global model was applied over the period 1989- 2009, coupled with the CemaNeige module for semi-distributed snow dynamics. The daily snow coverage simulated by CemaNeige is in good agreement with that extracted from the MODIS snow product in the period 2000-2009 (R² = 0,64). In addition, the simulated daily snow water equivalent is consistent with that measured at the weather station of Oukaimeden (2004-2006, R² = 0,81). Finally, the runoff simulation reproduces quite well the strong seasonal and inter-annual variability. In conclusion, the hydrological regime of the Rheraya wadi is pluvio-nival with an unimodal distribution whose maximum in April is linked with snowmelt. The study of groundwater recharge is carried out through the analysis of the monitoring of groundwater fluctuations in the streambed of the Rheraya wadi, over two hydrological cycles 2014-2015 and 2015-2016.[...]

This hydrogeophysical field experiment evaluated the ability of high frequency (450 & 900 MHz) ground penetrating radar (GPR) to characterize the release of gasoline over an annual cycle of in situ conditions. In August 2008, 200 liters of E10 gasoline were released into the unconfined sand aquifer at CFB Borden. The 900 MHz profiling clearly shows the development of shallow (i.e., above 10 ns) high reflectivity in the vicinity of the trench immediately after the release. Additional lateral extension of high reflectivity zone was observed over the following 20 days until the seasonal water table low stand occurred, after which no further lateral movement was observed. Throughout the remainder of the monitoring, the 900 MHz profiling observed a long-term dimming of reflectivity at the periphery of the impacted zone. While direct imaging of the shallow impacted zone by the 450 MHz antennas was significantly obscured by the superposition with the direct air-ground wave arrival; its improved depth of penetration allowed the measurement of a velocity “pull-up” of an underlying stratigraphic interface resulting from the displacement of low velocity water by high velocity gasoline. The maximum pull-up was observed during the water table low stand. The ongoing changes in the pull-up magnitude during the remainder of the observation period suggest the continued redistribution of fluids in the impacted zone. Because of the shallow depth of the gasoline impacted zone, the effects of freezing during the winter period were observed in the GPR imaging. The presence of the gasoline impacted zone appears to have affected the depth of freezing, causing a depression of the frozen soil base. The dimming of the direct air-ground wave complex indicates that the contaminant phase brought to the surface by the water table fluctuations have impacted the nature of the near-surface freezing.

This hydrogeophysical field experiment evaluated the ability of high frequency (450 & 900 MHz) ground penetrating radar (GPR) to characterize the release of gasoline over an annual cycle of in situ conditions. In August 2008, 200 liters of E10 gasoline were released into the unconfined sand aquifer at CFB Borden. The 900 MHz profiling clearly shows the development of shallow (i.e., above 10 ns) high reflectivity in the vicinity of the trench immediately after the release. Additional lateral extension of high reflectivity zone was observed over the following 20 days until the seasonal water table low stand occurred, after which no further lateral movement was observed. Throughout the remainder of the monitoring, the 900 MHz profiling observed a long-term dimming of reflectivity at the periphery of the impacted zone. While direct imaging of the shallow impacted zone by the 450 MHz antennas was significantly obscured by the superposition with the direct air-ground wave arrival; its improved depth of penetration allowed the measurement of a velocity “pull-up” of an underlying stratigraphic interface resulting from the displacement of low velocity water by high velocity gasoline. The maximum pull-up was observed during the water table low stand. The ongoing changes in the pull-up magnitude during the remainder of the observation period suggest the continued redistribution of fluids in the impacted zone. Because of the shallow depth of the gasoline impacted zone, the effects of freezing during the winter period were observed in the GPR imaging. The presence of the gasoline impacted zone appears to have affected the depth of freezing, causing a depression of the frozen soil base. The dimming of the direct air-ground wave complex indicates that the contaminant phase brought to the surface by the water table fluctuations have impacted the nature of the near-surface freezing.

Direct mountain front recharge (MFR), water table recharge at the base of the mountain front, was evaluated on the arid (<250 mm/yr precipitation) Silver Island Mountains by comparing mountain precipitation to groundwater response. Direct MFR contributions were assessed on two catchments, one bedrock (i.e., mountain block) dominated and the other alluvial fan (i.e., mountain front) dominated. Catchment precipitation and shallow groundwater levels at each catchment outlet were measured for a 24 month period beginning October 2005. This time period captured one complete hydrologic cycle (December 2005-February 2007) for which annual and seasonal direct MFR rates were calculated. Annual direct MFR was calculated using a modified version of the water table fluctuation (WTF) method as 0.015-0.016% of precipitation on both catchments, with seasonal variations of 0% in summer up to 0.023% in winter, spring and fall. Seasonal direct MFR contributions are similar on the bedrock and the alluvial fan dominated catchments, with a notable exception during fall 2006 when direct MFR was twice as effective on the bedrock dominated system than on the alluvial fan dominated system (0.022% and 0.011% of precipitation, respectively). Darcy's law calculations show similarly low annual direct MFR contributions (0.013-0.032% of precipitation) as those calculated by the WTF method. Calculated direct MFR is 10% or less than typical calculated combined MFR (near surface recharge and deep underflow from the mountain block) for similar terrains and climates, and is only 3.5% of the combined MFR for the Silver Island Mountains as calculated by the Maxey-Eakin model. However, based on total recharge to the adjacent playa, it is apparent that the Maxey-Eakin model overestimates combined MFR, and the small calculated direct MFR is at least 50% of combined MFR. Despite some uncertainty in the numerical results, several patterns are evident in the data. The data show that direct MFR occurs in response to small rainfall events throughout much of the year, and that snowmelt is not necessary to produce direct MFR. The data also show that direct MFR responds more quickly and flushes through the system faster on the alluvial fan catchment than on the bedrock catchment.