Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:32:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_2776_TeseDoutoradoLeandroColombiResendo.pdf: 1600437 bytes, checksum: d40bc605230b5d5995a431dc205d03a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-10 / O Problema de Grooming de Tráfego (Traffic Grooming Problem - TGP) trata da combinação eficiente de demandas de baixa velocidade em canais de alta velocidade. Com o objetivo de melhorar a utilização da capacidade da rede, o TGP é frequentemente estudado com métodos usando como função objetivo a minimização do número de transceptores eletro-ópticos. Porém, como o TGP pertence à classe de problemas HP-Completo, soluções ótimas com um pequeno tempo computacional são possíveis apenas para redes pequenas (por exemplo, 6 nós). Nesse trabalho são propostos novos modelos de Programação Linear Inteira (Integer Linear Programming - ILP), heurística e uma solução híbrida para o TGP em rede translúcidas de médio porte (aproximadamente 12 nós). Inicialmente, são propostos dois modelos para o TGP, um associando os nós aos enlaces e outro associando os enlaces aos caminhos, de forma que seus resultados foram comparados e usados como base para modelos mais complexos. No método híbrido é usada uma heurística para selecionar os caminhos ópticos (i.e., a topologia virtual) e um modelo ILP para rotear de maneira eficiente as demandas de tráfego sobre as topologias física e virtual. A aplicação desse método permitiu, primeiramente, a quantificação dos benefícios dos caminhos ópticos transparentes, em termos da redução do número de transceptores. Além disso, a diminuição do processamento eletrônico do tráfego de transito também foi analisada. Para redes maiores, a fase ILP no método híbrido ainda continua sendo um gargalo para as soluções ótimas, sendo assim necessárias soluções totalmente heurísticas. Esse trabalho mostrar que soluções eficientes podem ser encontradas usando métodos heurísticos simples e rápidos, onde não foi necessário o aumento do custo computacional para o ajuste de parâmetros complexos relacionados à heurística. Finalmente é proposta uma integração do TGP com sobrevivência. Nesse trabalho são propostos modelos ILP para formulação de um método iterativo capaz de oferecer uma proteção incremental em uma rede em malha com a minimização do número de transceptores. Além disso, são estudados dois métodos para a proteção da interconexão de redes multi-anel com dois nós de interconexão, Anel Virtual e Drop and Continue. Para essa investigação os resultados numéricos incluem o grooming de tráfego para diferentes cenários como, configurações opaca vs. translúcida e crescimentos de tráfego inter-anel vs. intra-anel.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, 2015. / Submitted by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2015-11-25T16:46:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_TiagoCarneiroDeLima.pdf: 1670349 bytes, checksum: 763194bab62f915e103eedd34252d14a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marília Freitas(marilia@bce.unb.br) on 2016-01-25T13:31:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_TiagoCarneiroDeLima.pdf: 1670349 bytes, checksum: 763194bab62f915e103eedd34252d14a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T13:31:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_TiagoCarneiroDeLima.pdf: 1670349 bytes, checksum: 763194bab62f915e103eedd34252d14a (MD5) / Este trabalho avalia o impacto de transceptores de taxa de código variável em redes WDM sem compensação óptica de dispersão cromática e com espaçamento de 50 GHz entre canais na banda-C. A análise quantitativa baseou-se em três topologias representativas - redes alemã, europeia e americana - com respeito ao custo, à capacidade e à sobrevivência. O canal óptico foi modelado de acordo com os parâmetros de transmissão amplificada sobre fibra monomodo padrão, limitado essencialmente pelo ruído de emissão espontânea amplificada e pela interferência não-linear do efeito Kerr. O modelo analítico de ruído Gaussiano branco aditivo - modelo GN - e alguns fundamentos de teoria da informação foram utilizados para avaliar o alcance transparente de sistemas ópticos com modulação multinível, com multiplexação de polarização e codificação de canal ideal. Dois cenários hipotéticos de transmissão com modulação codificada foram considerados: um com tecnologia de transmissão mais conservadora, e outro com hipóteses mais agressivas. Verificou-se que os transceptores de taxa de código variável - comparados com os transceptores de taxa de código fixa operando a 100 Gb/s, 200 Gb/s e 400 Gb/s - possibilitam reduções de custo de até 52% em termos de quantidade média de transceptores por conexão, e de até 50% em termos de ocupação média de canais por conexão, dependendo do tipo de topologia, do cenário de transmissão e da taxa de transmissão líquida dos transceptores. Mostrou-se ainda que estes transceptores permitem o projeto de redes com habilidade de sobrevivência com o conceito de proteção suave. Esta técnica permite o projeto de rotas de proteção sem a necessidade de regeneração, sob penalidades de capacidade menores que 25%, em média. / This work evaluates the impact of variable-code-rate transceivers in WDM networks with uncompensated transmission and with 50-GHz-spaced channels in the C-band. The quantitative analysis was based on three representative topologies - German, European and American networks - in terms of cost, capacity and survivability. The optical channel was modeled in accordance with parameters of amplified transmission over standard single mode fiber, essencially limited by amplified spontaneous emission noise and by nonlinear interference due to the Kerr effect. The analytical model of additive white Gaussian noise - GN model - and some fundamentals of information theory were employed to assess the reach-versus-data-rate trade-off of optical systems with multilevel modulation, polarization multiplexing and ideal channel co- ding. Two hypothetical scenarios of coded modulated transmission were considered: one with a more conservative technology, and other with a more aggressive hypothesis. It was verified that variable-code-rate transceivers - compared to the fixed-code-rate transceivers operating at 100 Gb/s, 200 Gb/s and 400 Gb/s - allow cost savings up to 52% in terms of average number of transceivers per connection, and up to 50% in terms of average occupancy of channels per connection. It was also shown that these transceivers enable the design of resilient networks based on the concept of soft protection. This technique allows the design of protection paths without the requirement of regeneration, at capacity penalties lower than 25%, in average.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:51:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo2230_1.pdf: 6593299 bytes, checksum: 3728fcc4b83894390a16239dd5aa05f3 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Atualmente a tecnologia de redes ópticas transparentes é apontada como a principal infraestrutura para suportar a crescente demanda de tráfego da Internet como também para prover serviços de rede diferenciados para aplicações com exigentes requisitos de qualidade de serviço (por exemplo, aplicações de e-science). Nesse contexto deve ser considerada a existência de uma variedade de perfis de usuários com diferentes requisitos de qualidade. Isso sugere uma provisão de serviços com garantias de qualidade de acordo com as necessidades de cada usuário. É importante, portanto, que os provedores de serviços de telecomunicações disponham de uma metodologia e ferramentas de planejamento para assegurar uma provisão de serviços diferenciada para cada classe de serviço. Tal planejamento é baseado nos requisitos definidos nos contratos de nível de serviço e na necessidade de otimização dos recursos de rede. Esta tese tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para o planejamento de redes de circuitos ópticos transparentes com garantia de QoS no nível do usuário

A necessidade de transmissão de canais modulados a taxas a partir de 400 Gb/s tem motivado a pesquisa e os esforços relativos às tecnologias de camada física habilitadores desta alta capacidade. A atenção se volta, principalmente, aos frontends (transmissores e receptores), aliados aos processadores digitais de sinal (Digital Signal Processors, DSPs), às técnicas de amplificação óptica e a novos tipos de fibra óptica. Em particular a técnica baseada no emprego de filtros de Nyquist combinados à multiplexação de comprimentos de onda (Wavelength Division Multiplexing, DWM), conhecida como Nyquist-WDM, ou N-WDM, tem atraído grande interesse para geração de supercanais ópticos, hoje um dos elementos chave nos sistemas de redes ópticas. O estudo dos fundamentos e casos particulares dos filtros de Nyquist são aprofundados nesta dissertação para o controle de seus parâmetros, em especial o parâmetro conhecido como fator de roll-off, em aplicações que requerem flexibilidade na ocupação espectral e até o reaproveitamento das limitações do filtro para atenuar alguns efeitos lineares e não lineares na fibra. A técnica utiliza um tipo de formatação geométrica de pulso e é limitada pelo ajuste grosso do fator de roll-off, mas como abordagem inicial, permite estabelecer uma série de compromissos na concepção do circuito eletrônico de um transponder sintonizável. Uma investigação teórica foi feita em um sistema PM-16QAM de 21x256 Gb/s, a partir de dados experimentais obtidos com roll-off igual 0,1, para análise do efeito no desempenho sistêmico do ajuste do excesso de largura de banda (em relação à banda de Nyquist) de um filtro formatador de pulso. O fator de roll-off foi ajustado e seu impacto no desempenho do sistema, em termos de alcance, foi verificado. A partir dos resultados, foi observado que, desde que a taxa de erro de bit, BER, esteja dentro do limite do código corretor de erro (forward error corrector, FEC), o valor de roll-off pode ser ajustado para um valor ótimo de acordo com a configuração do sistema e as metas requeridas. Uma vez encontrada a relação entre a BER e o fator de roll-off, foi possível determinar um fator de mérito que relaciona a resolução do filtro de Nyquist, em função do número de taps que ele emprega, o consumo de energia da DSP e, consequentemente, a BER. O compromisso assim estabelecido entre o desempenho sistêmico, o consumo de energia e o fator de roll-off representa a principal contribuição desta dissertação. / The need for transmission of channels modulated at rates greater than 400 Gb/s has motivated the research and efforts related to the physical layer technologies that will enable this high capacity. The attention turns mainly to the frontends (transmitters and receivers), allied to digital signal processors (DSPs), optical amplification techniques and new types of optical fiber. The technique based on the use of Nyquist filters combined withWavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), known as Nyquist-WDM, or N-WDM, has attracted great interest for the generation of optical super-channels, today one of the key elements in optical network systems. The study of the fundamentals and particular cases of the Nyquist filters are detailed in this dissertation for mastering the control of the parameters, especially the parameter known as roll-off factor, for applications that require flexibility in the spectral occupation and even the reutilization of the limitations of the filter to attenuate some linear and non-linear effects on the fiber. The technique uses a geometric type of pulse-shaping, and is limited by the roll-off factor tunning, but as an initial approach, it allows to establish a series of compensations in the design of the electronic circuit of a tunable transponder. A theoretical investigation was made on a 21x256 Gb/s PM-16QAM system, taken as reference the experimental data obtained with roll-off equal to 0.1, to analyze the effects of adjusting the excess bandwidth (relative to the Nyquist band) of a pulse-shaping filter. The roll-off factor was tunned and its impact on the system performance in terms of range effects was verified. From the results, it was observed that, as long as the bit error ratio, BER, is within the FEC limit, the roll-off parameter can be set to an optimum value according to the system configuration and required targets. Once the relationship between the BER and the roll-off factor was found, it was possible to determine a merit factor that relates the resolution of the Nyquist filter, as a function of the number of taps it uses, the energy consumption of the DSP and, consequently, the BER. The compromise thus established between system performance, energy consumption and roll off represents the main contribution of this work.

This thesis describes single types of wavelength-division multiplex (WDM) according to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T). This work offers an overview of components and evaluation of critical parts of network design utilizing WDM technology. There are depicted typical properties, suitable components and channel spacing for each category. Suitable optic fibers according to ITU-T and characteristics of negative effects can be found in the work as well. Furthermore, there are presented most important optic sources, optic amplifiers, optic detectors with filters their requirements and application. They are especially important for achieving operation of WDM system. The fifth chapter considers impact of negative effects in fiber optics and their influence on the system. Then, a WDM system is designed along with management and monitoring the physical layer. The work also presents 1,33 Tbit/s (32 × 42,7 Gbit/s) WDM transmission over 300 km (with three 100 km spans) of post-compensated non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZDSF) LEAF. The capacity of 400 Tbit/s×km is achieved in a single 25,6 nm C band using non-return-to-zero differential phase-shift-keyed modulation (NRZ-DQPSK), balanced detection and erbium-doped fiber amplification. Together with design of transmission system a several simulative analysis has been carried out in order to find the optimum configuration (such as number and distances between amplifiers, length of spans or the way of dispersion compensation) for a high bit rate optical transmission system. It was used a program OptiSystem 8.0.

No description available.

In this dissertation, various analytical models to characterize fiber nonlinearities have been applied, and the ranges of validity of the models are determined by comparing with numerical results. First, the perturbation approach is used to solve the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, and its range of validity is determined by comparing to the split-step Fourier method. In addition, it is shown mathematically that the perturbation approach is equivalent to the Volterra series approach. Secondly, root-mean-square (RMS) widths both in the time domain and in the frequency domain are modeled. It is shown that there exists an optimal input pulse width to minimize output pulse width based on the derived RMS models, and the functional form of the minimum output pulse width is derived. The response of a fiber to a sinusoidally modulated input which models an alternating bit sequence is studied to see its utility in measuring system performance in the presence of the fiber nonlinearities. In a single channel system, the sinusoidal response shows a strong correlation with eye-opening penalty in the normal dispersion region over a wide range of parameters, but over a more limited range in the anomalous dispersion region. The cross-phase modulation (CPM) penalty in a multi-channel system is also studied using the sinusoidally modulated input signal. The derived expression shows good agreement with numerical results in conventional fiber systems over a wide range of channel spacing, ∆<i>f</i>, and in dispersion-shifted fiber systems when ∆<i>f</i> > 100GHz. It is also shown that the effect of fiber nonlinearities may be characterized with stochastic input signals using noise-loading analysis. In a dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) system where channels are spaced very closely, the broadened spectrum due to various nonlinear effects like SPM (self-phase modulation), CPM, and FWM (four-wave mixing) is in practice indistinguishable. In such a system, the noise-loading analysis could be useful in assessing the effects of broadened spectrum due to fiber nonlinearities on system performance. Finally, it is shown numerically how fiber nonlinearities can be utilized to improve system performance of a spectrum-sliced WDM system. The major limiting factors of utilizing fiber nonlinearities are also discussed. / Ph. D.

Spectrum slicing is a novel technique for the implementation of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). While conventional WDM systems employ laser diodes operating at discrete wavelengths as carriers for the different data channels that are to be multiplexed, spectrum-sliced systems make use of spectral slices of a broadband noise source for the different data channels, thus being economically attractive. In spectrum-sliced WDM systems with an optical preamplifier receiver there is an optimum m=BoT (Bo = optical channel bandwidth, T = bit duration) to minimize the average number of photons-per-bit (Np) required at the receiver for a given error probability (Pe). Both the optimum m and the minimum increase as interchannel interference increases. This has been analyzed previously by using the Gaussian approximation, or by assuming that the signals at the decision point are chi-square distributed. Although the chi-square distribution is valid in the case where there is no interference, it is not valid in the presence of interference, since the interference from the neighboring channel has a smaller bandwidth than the signal. In this thesis, a different method is used to analyze this problem. This method is called the Saddlepoint Approximation, and while the exact analysis required determination of the probability density function (pdf) of the received signal, the saddlepoint method makes use of moment generating functions (MGFs) which have a much simpler form and don't require the convolution operations the pdfs require. The saddlepoint method is validated by comparing results obtained with the chi-square analysis for the no interchannel interference case when a rectangular shaped filter is used. The effect of non-rectangular spectra on receiver sensitivity with the use of the Saddlepoint Approximation is also investigated. After verifying its validity, the method is applied to the interchannel interference case caused by filter overlap. It is shown that for small filter overlap, use of an equivalent chi-square distribution is valid, but when the overlap becomes larger, the performance approaches that calculated using the Gaussian distribution. It is shown that there is an optimum filter overlap to maximize the total system throughput when total bandwidth is constrained. Operating at this optimum, the total system throughput is 135 Gbits/s when the total system bandwidth is 4.4 THz (35 nm) for a Bit Error Rate (BER) of 10e-9. / Master of Science

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the effect of dispersion on a spectrum-sliced WDM (SS-WDM) system, specifically a system employing a single-mode optical fiber. The system performance is expressed in term of the receiver sensitivity defined as the average number of photon per bit <i>N_p</i>required for a given probability of bit error <i>P_e</i>. The receiver sensitivity is expressed in terms of two normalized parameters: the ratio of the optical bandwidth per channel and the bit rate <i>m</i>=<i>B</i>₀<i>/R_b</i>=<i>B</i>₀<i>T</i>, and the transmission distance normalized by the dispersion distance <i>z/L_D</i>. The former represents the effect of the excess beat noise caused by the signal fluctuation. The latter represents the effect of dispersion. The excess beat noise can be reduced by increasing the value of <i>m</i> (increasing the optical bandwidth<i> B</i>₀ for a given bit rate<i> R_b</i>). However, a large <i>m</i> implies that the degradation due to the dispersion is severe in a system employing a single-mode fiber. Therefore, there should be an optimum <i>m</i> resulting from the two effects. The theoretical results obtained from our analysis have confirmed this prediction. It is also shown that the optimum <i>m</i> (<i>m_opt</i>) decreases with an increase in the normalized distance. This suggests that the dispersion strongly affects the system performance. The increase in the excess beat noise is traded for the decrease in the dispersion effect. Additionally, the maximum transmission distance is relatively short, compared to that in a laser-based system. This suggests that the SS-WDM systems with single-mode fibers are suitable for short-haul systems, such as high-speed local-access network where the operating bit rate is high but the transmission distance is relatively short. / Master of Science

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1999 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / This paper presents the future of optical networking via photonic switches as a potential replacement for the existing electronic cross-connects. Although optical amplifiers are now mainstream and wave division multiplexing (WDM) systems are a commercial reality, the industry’s long-term vision is one of the all-optical network. This will require optical switching equipment such as all-optical or “photonic” cross-connect switches that will provide packet switching at an optical layer. Currently, as voice calls or data traffic are routed throughout Range and commercial networks, the information can travel through many fiber-optic segments which are linked together using electronic cross-connects. However, this electronic portion of the network is the bottleneck that is preventing the ideal network from achieving optimal speeds. Information is converted from light into an electronic signal, routed to the next circuit pathway, then converted back into light as it travels to the next network destination. In an all-optical network, the electronics are removed from the equation, eliminating the need to convert the signals and thereby significantly improving network performance and throughput. Removing the electronics improves network reliability and restoration speeds in the event of an outage, provides greater flexibility in network provisioning, and provides a smooth transition when migrating to future optical transmission technologies. Despite the fact that photonic switching remains uncommercialized, it now seems apparent that the core switches in both the public networks and DoD Range networks of the early 21st century will probably carry ATM cells over a photonic switching fabric.