En explorant les valeurs et les éléments de culture associés à l'humanisme dans la culture du Web 2.0, le projet de maîtrise Iconologia Web présente une comparaison entre ces valeurs et une sélection idéaliste de celles associées à la Renaissance. Ce mémoire présente le contexte culturel et artistique à l'origine de Y Iconologia Web. Le concept de Réseau Vivant est introduit et précisé à travers une série d'images commentées suivie d'une mise en perspective de l'environnement de communication le concernant. En instaurant l'interrelation entre les internautes et le Web, le Web 2.0 (Web participatif) est présenté comme la manifestation du Réseau Vivant. À partir de cette idée, j'aborde la question de l'humanisme en faisant l'hypothèse que ce mouvement se poursuit dans la culture du Web 2.0. Enfin, le dernier chapitre concerne les étapes de création liées à {'Iconologia Web, un projet qui constitue une hybridation entre le Web participatif et l'humanisme de la Renaissance, (www.iconologia.net)

The Science 2.0-Survey investigates the dissemination and use of online tools and social media applications among scientists of all disciplines at German universities (institutions of higher education) and research institutions (Leibniz, Helmholtz, Max Planck institutes). Results show that digital, online-based tools have found widespread use and acceptance in academia and must therefore be considered a central component of scientific working processes. Furthermore the data gathered also make it clear that certain usage patterns begin to emerge and stabilise as routines in everyday academic work. The most popular tools are the online encyclopedia Wikipedia (95% of all respondents use it professionally), mailing lists (78%), online archives/databases (75%) and content sharing/cloud services such as Dropbox or Slideshare (70%). Meanwhile, social bookmarking services remain largely untapped and unknown among scientists (only 5% professional usage). Online tools and social media applications are most commonly utilised in a research context. In addition to Wikipedia (67%), the top three tools used for research purposes are online archives/databases (63%), reference management software (49%) and content sharing/cloud services (43%). In teaching, learning management systems (32%) play a significant role, even though this mainly applies to universities. Video/photo communities (25%), online archives/databases (23%) and content sharing/cloud services (21%) are also used by scientists in the context of teaching. However, there seems to be some backlog in the fi eld of science communication. Scientists are rarely active in this area; 45 per cent of respondents say science communication is not part of their range of duties, while for another 40 per cent such activities comprise no more than 10 per cent of their daily workload. When active in the fi eld of science communication, scientists seem to favour classic online-based tools such as mailing lists (44%) or videoconferences/VoIP (35%), while typical Web 2.0 tools such as weblogs (10%) or microblogs (6%) are rarely used in this context. Social network sites (SNS) with a professional and/or academic orientation (30%), however, are relatively common for communication purposes in academia. The situation is similar for science administration practices where, although the use of online-based tools and social media applications is more common, no more than one-quarter of the scientists use a particular tool, while personal organizers/schedule managers (27%) dominate. The main factors cited by scientists as preventing them from using online-based tools and social media applications professionally are a lack of added value for their own work (30%), insufficient technical assistance (21%) and insufficient time to become familiar with the handling of the tools (15%). In particular, many scientists do not use microblogs (53%), discussion forums (41%) and weblogs (40%) professionally because they cannot see any added value in using them. With regard to the attitudes of scientists in relation to the use of online tools and social media applications, results show that they are aware of privacy issues and have relatively high concerns about the spread of and access to personal data on the Internet. However, scientists generally have few reservations about dealing with social media and show themselves to be open to new technological developments. This report documents the results of a Germany-wide online survey of a total of 2,084 scientists at German universities (1,419) and research institutions (665). The survey explores the usage of 18 online tools and social media applications for daily work in research, teaching, science administration and science communication. In addition to the frequency and context of use, the survey also documents reasons for the non-use of tools, as well as general attitudes towards the Internet and social media. The survey was conducted between 23 June 2014 and 20 July 2014 and is a joint project of the Leibniz Research Alliance „Science 2.0“, led by the Technische Universität Dresden’s Media Center.

進入Web2.0時代後，社群網站產業成長快速，從各大入口網站、部落格網站及社群網站業者所投入的程度來看，社群網站的確是目前極具發展前景的網路新興產業。但觀察目前現有的社群網站研究文獻，大多仍局限於探討社群網站使用者的使用動機、行為等等，對於社群網站的產業環境、廠商策略、行為與績效，以及服務機制的使用、應用創新程度缺乏有力的分析。故本研究藉由SCP產業分析模型來分析社群網站的產業狀況，以『結構—行為—績效』的架構來分析社群網站的產業結構、市場行為與經濟績效之間的關係，佐以產業五力分析理論及產業生命週期理論研究社群產業現況，據以歸納出社群產業的現況及社群網站廠商經營策略的關鍵成功因素，並對未來的社群網站提供建議。 本研究採質化及量化的研究方式。質化部份為分別對台灣主要的四家社群網站（Facebook、無名小站、痞客邦、優勢網）做個別研究，訪談相關資深人員，得出目前產業的現況及各家廠商的關鍵成功因素。量化部份則藉由蒐集問卷樣本資料，分析社群網站使用者的動機與行為、以及他們對於上述四家社群網站功能的偏好。 本研究結果發現，(1) 社群網站的經營模式多為建立一個網路平台，以網站的功能吸引使用者加入並增加黏著度，並以高流量吸引廣告收入，故社群網站一般不會對使用者收費。(2) 社群網站產業沒有傳統上所謂的供應商，與同業間也非傳統的競爭關係。因為使用者可同時使用多個社群網站，社群網站間的使用者也很有可能重複，所以社群網站間並非零和的競爭關係。現今多為互相串連合作，使更多使用者加入與增加停留時間，擴大產業的影響力。(3) 社群網站產業呈現大者通吃的現象，同一類型的社群網站只有前一兩家能夠生存。(4) 社群網站產業的進入門檻低，但新進入者必須有足夠的差異性與創新性才能成功。而現存的社群網站也必須不斷創新服務、提供新功能，才能保有領先地位不被淘汰。(5) 社群網站未來將持續著重於建立使用者之間的人際網路，讓彼此的訊息往來更加簡便迅速。 最後，本研究希望據以歸納出社群產業的環境狀況及各家具代表性的社群網站廠商的關鍵成功因素，並針對未來的社群網站廠商提供建議。 關鍵字：社群網站、SCP產業分析模型、Web2.0、產業五力分析、產業生命週期、關鍵成功因素 / In the Web2.0 era, the growth rate of social networking industry is so fast. The social networking sites are so potential businesses from the investments of major portals, blogs and social networking sites. Almost the thesis are studied the users’ behaviors and motivation’s factors. It’s so lack to study about the industry’s environment, the strategies, conducts, performances of social networking site business. So, this thesis wants to analysis the social networking industry by SCP model. And it wants to analysis the relationship of industry structure, conducts, and performances, and to study the industry status by five competitive force model and industry life cycle theory. It wants to summarize the status of social networking industry, the key successful factors, and the suggestions for future new entrants. This thesis is studied by qualitative research and quantitative research. The qualitative research is that I had a discussion with the senior managers of four famous social networking sites. It discussed the status of the industry and the key successful factors. And the quantitative research is by collecting questionnaire, analysis of community motivation and behavior of website users and their social networking site for the function of the four sites. This study summarized that (1) social networking business model is to build up a networking platform’s functions to attract users to this site, to increased degree of adhesion to earn more high advertising revenue. It can’t charge any fees from users. (2) There is no supplier that like as the tradition business. And the competition is not like as the traditional business due to users can simultaneously access multiple social networking sites. Each user has some different social networking site’s accounts. (3) Just one or two largest sites can survive in similar business model. (4) The entry barrier is so low, but the new entrants must have a sufficient difference and innovation to succeed. (5) the future of social networking sites will continue to focus on interpersonal networks between users, to let social information more easily and quickly. Keywords: social networking sites, SCP industry analysis model, Web2.0, five competitive forces analysis, industry life cycle, the key successful factors

<p>Att utveckla en publik webbtjänst kan tyckas lätt, men att få denna till en framgångsrik och lönsam applikation är en annan sak. Konkurrensen är idag stenhård och en bra applikation är långt ifrån det enda man behöver för att lyckas.</p><p>Studiens syfte var att kartlägga och öka förståelsen kring publik webbtjänstutveckling, ett område som tidigare inte fått så stor uppmärksamhet i den akademiska världen. Studien bygger på ett empiriskt material insamlat genom intervjuer med några av Sveriges främsta IT-entreprenörer inom området. Studien inkluderade även ett praktiskt moment där utveckling av inbjudningssajten InviClub.se genomförts för att praktiskt testa teorierna.</p><p>Vår studie visade på att traditionella systemutvecklingsmetoder är svåra att tillämpa på detta område. En faktor som visade sig vara av yttersta vikt för lyckade projekt var snabbhet, något som de traditionella modellerna RUP och Vattenfallsmodellen inte prioriterar. Därför tog utvecklandet av MISSILE (Marknadsföring, Interaktion, Snabbhet, Snack, Integration, Lock-In samt Enkelhet) vid. Denna modell är en lättviktsmodell som är baserad på både teoretisk och praktisk grund, och är speciellt anpassad för webbutveckling inom publika webbtjänster. Modellen tar vara på och behandlar de nyckelfaktorer som kommit fram under studiens gång, genom att utkast till en tidigare egenutvecklad teoretisk modell, MALIN (Marknadsföring, Användbarhet, Lock-In) jämfördes med vad experter inom området publika webbtjänster tyckte var framgångsfaktorer för att utveckla publika webbtjänster.</p><p>Vi anser att uppsatsen har stort värde då det inte finns tidigare forskning inom området publika webbtjänster. Vi anser även att det finns ett stort praktiskt värde av MISSILE-modellen, då modellen kan vägleda IT-entreprenörer att utveckla nya publika webbtjänstprojekt mer framgångsrikt och snabbare än tidigare.</p>

Att utveckla en publik webbtjänst kan tyckas lätt, men att få denna till en framgångsrik och lönsam applikation är en annan sak. Konkurrensen är idag stenhård och en bra applikation är långt ifrån det enda man behöver för att lyckas. Studiens syfte var att kartlägga och öka förståelsen kring publik webbtjänstutveckling, ett område som tidigare inte fått så stor uppmärksamhet i den akademiska världen. Studien bygger på ett empiriskt material insamlat genom intervjuer med några av Sveriges främsta IT-entreprenörer inom området. Studien inkluderade även ett praktiskt moment där utveckling av inbjudningssajten InviClub.se genomförts för att praktiskt testa teorierna. Vår studie visade på att traditionella systemutvecklingsmetoder är svåra att tillämpa på detta område. En faktor som visade sig vara av yttersta vikt för lyckade projekt var snabbhet, något som de traditionella modellerna RUP och Vattenfallsmodellen inte prioriterar. Därför tog utvecklandet av MISSILE (Marknadsföring, Interaktion, Snabbhet, Snack, Integration, Lock-In samt Enkelhet) vid. Denna modell är en lättviktsmodell som är baserad på både teoretisk och praktisk grund, och är speciellt anpassad för webbutveckling inom publika webbtjänster. Modellen tar vara på och behandlar de nyckelfaktorer som kommit fram under studiens gång, genom att utkast till en tidigare egenutvecklad teoretisk modell, MALIN (Marknadsföring, Användbarhet, Lock-In) jämfördes med vad experter inom området publika webbtjänster tyckte var framgångsfaktorer för att utveckla publika webbtjänster. Vi anser att uppsatsen har stort värde då det inte finns tidigare forskning inom området publika webbtjänster. Vi anser även att det finns ett stort praktiskt värde av MISSILE-modellen, då modellen kan vägleda IT-entreprenörer att utveckla nya publika webbtjänstprojekt mer framgångsrikt och snabbare än tidigare.

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Die Dissertation mit dem Titel „Wissensorientiertes Management: Ein systemischer Ansatz zur Mobilisierung von Erfahrungswissen“ widmet sich dem individuellen, persönlichen Erfahrungswissen als Teil des breit und interdisziplinär diskutierten Begriffs Wissen und dessen Relevanz für ein wissensorientiertes Unternehmen. Dafür wird eine Organisationsarchitektur auf Basis einer kontemporären Managementphilosophie und unter Berücksichtigung von Social Software vorgestellt, mit deren Hilfe der Austausch und die Generierung von Erfahrungswissen für eine Unternehmung gefördert werden kann. Ziel der Dissertation ist damit die Konzeption eines organisationsweiten Managementansatzes zur Mobilisierung von Erfahrungswissen in Unternehmen. Um die zentralen Probleme des Wissensmanagements, u. a. die reduktionistische Sicht auf Wissen als explizite, objektive Größe zu vermeiden, wird ein systemischer bzw. ganzheitlicher Ansatz beim Umgang mit Wissen verfolgt. Durch die systematische Literaturanalyse zu den Themen Erfahrungswissen und Wissensmanagement kommt die Arbeit zur Empfehlung, ein wissensorientiertes Management für die Mobilisierung von Erfahrungswissen als holistisches Gesamtkonzept in Unternehmen zu etablieren. Im Rahmen einer modelltheoretischen Analyse werden 14 Anforderungen an die Mobilisierung von Erfahrungswissen erhoben, drei Wissensmanagement-Modelle ausgewählt und detailliert auf ihre Eignung für die Mobilisierung von Erfahrungswissen geprüft und aus den Erkenntnissen mit dem IDEA Modell ein eigener Ansatz zur Beschreibung der komplexen Wirkzusammenhänge (Momente) und als strukturierender Ordnungsrahmen vorgestellt. Ausgehend von den technischen, soziokulturellen und organisationalen Prinzipien von Social Software wird deren potenzieller Beitrag zur Stärkung von sozialer Interaktion und Partizipation herausgestellt und für den angestrebten systemischen Managementansatz für die Wissensmobilisierung in Unternehmen eine Enterprise 2.0 Architektur als Ordnungsrahmen entworfen und hinsichtlich der Einflussfaktoren und Herausforderungen an die Umsetzung detailliert.

Web 2.0是一種架構在知識環境上的網路，使用者可以協同參與網站內容、工具和應用軟體的使用、發展與管理。為了創造更多使用者價值，各式各樣的Web 2.0新服務因應而生，例如：Wikipedia和Facebook，就是從這種服務導向的技術架構中衍生出來，進而提供有效的知識創造與社群互動。同時，由於Web 2.0平台具有協同合作與互動等特性，使用者的知識分享意願亦會受到平台中的知識與流程(即Web 2.0選擇權)所影響，因此，使用者參與和分享是十分重要的議題。 為了有效管理這類社群網路平台的知識創造與持續創新相關活動，本研究進行了兩階段的調查。在第一階段中，主要探索Web 2.0對於合作學習的知識創造服務。本研究分析並分類1,042個 Web 2.0 網站，進而定義出兩種知識創造服務平台(經驗交流型與智慧累進型) ，以及五種Web 2.0服務模式，包含交換模式、整合模式、組織模式、協同合作模式與開放模式，由於這些服務模式具體描繪出現有Web 2.0的不同應用，因此能清楚地闡釋Web 2.0科技的運用模式與價值建立。 第二階段本研究根據認知理論，調查知識貢獻者的分享動機，包括認知有用性、社群認同感、利他主義傾向、認知娛樂性和Web 2.0自我效能，以及Web 2.0選擇權對於分享意圖的調節效果。本研究對象來自於全球性樣本，即第一階段中兩大類型Web 2.0平台的貢獻者，經驗交流型平台蒐集了568位有效樣本；智慧累進型平台則有694位有效樣本。結果發現，Web 2.0選擇權會顯著地影響使用者的知識分享動機。對於經驗交流型平台而言，高度的知識與流程選擇權會顯著地調節知識貢獻者的社群認同感、利他主義傾向以及Web 2.0自我效能對於知識分享的意圖；對於智慧累進型平台而言，低度的知識與流程選擇權會顯著地調節知識貢獻者的社群認同感與認知有用性對於知識分享的意圖，而高度的流程選擇權則會調節貢獻者的認知娛樂性對於分享的意願。因此，組織在提供Web 2.0服務時，無論是為了人際交流目的或是知識累積目的，皆需要妥善地利用Web 2.0選擇權，才能有效建立良善的知識分享循環之平台。 / Web 2.0 is a network on which individuals contribute to the development and distribution of content, tools, and software applications over the Internet. To provide different values to the users, various innovative Web 2.0 services, such as Wikipedia and Facebook, have emerged from this omnibus technological concept, and the Web 2.0 platform has been praised for providing an effective platform for knowledge creation and group innovation. For a cyclical flow of knowledge generation and reinvention, user participation and contribution become the most critical part of the platform. Meanwhile, due to the collaborative and interactive features of the platform, this user intention can be highly affected by the Web 2.0 options—i.e., the reach and richness of knowledge and processes enabled on the Web 2.0 platforms. In order to effectively leverage this kind of social network platform for knowledge creation and innovation sustainment, this study has two stages. In Stage one, it explores Web 2.0 knowledge-creating services for collaborative learning. More than 1,000 Web 2.0 application sites were analyzed and classified, and two types of knowledge-creating services with five service models were identified. The two services are called experience-socialization and intelligence-proliferation, and the service models are coined with the names of Exchanger, Aggregator, Organizer, Collaborator, and Liberator. These service models represent the diversity of existing Web 2.0 applications and provide a base for better communications of the operating patterns and value propositions of the Web 2.0 technology. In Stage two, based on cognitive theories, it examines the determinants of knowledge sharing and the moderating effects of Web 2.0 options on the sharing intention. Motivators such as perceived usefulness, community identification, altruism tendency, perceived enjoyment, and Web 2.0 self-efficacy were verified by frequent contributors of all types. A global sample from contributors of two major types of Web 2.0 platforms, experience-socialization platforms (N = 568) and intelligence-proliferation platforms (N = 694), were collected. The results confirm that user motivations to contribute are moderated by Web 2.0 options. For contributors to experience-socialization platforms high knowledge and process options can affect their sense of community identity, altruism tendency, and Web 2.0 self-efficacy towards sharing intention. For contributors of intelligence-proliferation platform, low knowledge and process options affect the user’s sense of community identity and perceived usefulness that shapes their intention to share. By the same token, high process options affect contributors’ feeling of joyfulness towards contributing on the platform. Organizations providing Web 2.0 services for either socialization purposes or knowledge retention purposes need to leverage Web 2.0 options properly in order to build effective platforms and nurture a strong, growing stream of knowledge contribution.

The emergence of Web 2.0 tools has transformed the operation of Knowledge Management (KM) practices in the academic libraries. This study has investigated the application of Web 2.0 tools to enhance KM practices in academic libraries in Tanzania. Eight out of twelve academic libraries located in public universities in Tanzania were purposively selected in this study. The study included two categories of respondents: ordinary library staff and senior library staff (directors, heads of libraries, library managers, and Information and Technology (IT) specialists in the library etc). The findings of the study were determined after applying methodological triangulation within quantitative and qualitative research contexts. This included the use of questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and observations. In the first instance, questionnaires were used to collect data from 278 library staff selected using systematic sampling technique. Interviewing targeted 69 senior library staff was done using purposive sampling technique. In total, 254 (91.4%) ordinary library staff completed the questionnaire; while 57 (82.6%) senior librarians were interviewed. The study findings have indicated the low level of KM application in academic libraries. Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Science (MUHAS) Library showed the strongest application of KM practices, followed by State University of Zanzibar (SUZA) Library. Lack of KM enablers in academic libraries was indicated as one of the significant challenges that hinder the application of KM practices in academic libraries. It was noted that most of the academic libraries visited had websites. On the other hand, the majority of respondents acknowledged that they had personal accounts of the various Web 2.0 tools. The study findings imply that most library staff had some level of experience with a variety of Web 2.0 tools. It was further established that despite the high level of familiarity and use of Web 2.0 tools, respondents were not frequent users of their library websites. The study findings have also indicated a low level of access and use of Web 2.0 tools within academic libraries. Mzumbe University (MU) and SUZA Libraries were the main users of Web 2.0 tools; followed by University of Dar-es-Salaam (UDSM) Library. Knowledge Management System (KMS) Success Model was employed to investigate factors that affect the application of Web 2.0 tools to enhance KM practices. The study findings have demonstrated that the KMS Success Model is suitable for guiding the understanding of the contributing factors with respect to library staff‟s intention to reuse Web 2.0 tools. The study findings supported the KMS Success Model well, whereby seven of the twelve hypothesised relationships were found to be significant. The study recommends that academic libraries in Tanzania should promote and integrate KM practices in their daily operations as well as the use of KM enablers such as; reliable budget, Web 2.0 tools, reliable power supply, internet connectivity availability and adequate ICTs infrastructure. / Information Science / D. Litt. et. Phil. (Information Science)