The aim of my thesis is to destabilise the persistently pessimistic framing of Eve as a highly negative symbol of femininity within Western culture by engaging with marginal, and even heretical interpretations that focus on more positive or sympathetic aspects of her character. My objective is to question the myth that orthodox, popular readings represent the 'true' meaning of Genesis 2-4, and to explore the possibility that previously ignored or muted rewritings of Eve, which emphasise her knowledge or her motherhood, are in fact equally 'valid' interpretations of the biblical text. By staging analytical and dialogic encounters between the biblical Eve and re-writings of her story, particularly those that help to challenge the interpretative status quo, my thesis re-frames the first woman using three key themes from her story: sin, knowledge, and life. Employing a method of ideological reception criticism, I consider how and why the image of Eve as a dangerous temptress has gained considerably more cultural currency than the equally viable pictures of her as a subversive wise woman or as a mourning mother. To conclude, I argue that Eve is neither an entirely negative nor entirely positive figure, but rather that her characterisation, both biblically and in reception, is ambiguous and multivalent. My thesis thus offers a re-evaluation of the meanings and the myths of Eve, deconstructing the dominance of her cultural incarnation as a predominantly flawed female, and reconstructing a more nuanced and balanced presentation of the first woman's role in the Bible and in her afterlives.

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Major issues that this dissertation concerns itself with are: patriarchalisation of the church, societal valuation of women, changing culture and the changing images of women, and finally unmasking the sin of patriarchy. The essay will be examining such issues as what makes patriarchy so strong? Why does the church hold dearly on patriarchal systems that exclude and undermine women yet preaching universality of the church which emphazises community of believers? In this community of believers all are believed to be equal in Christ Jesus. How then does the church's witness to the world remain" good news" and valid when the half or the majority of the community remain marginalised and subjugated? The study traces the background history of the status and role of women in the church. The historical background examines the place and images of women in the Hebrew culture. Women leadership during the patriarchal period is also examined. Christ being the head of the church, the concept of Christo logy is explored in relation to women. Biblical and Pauline attitudes towards women are also examined since they influence the place of women in the church. The attitudes towards women in the church leadership roles from both women and men are examined. The status and place of women in the church are influenced by religious, cultural, social and economic aspects. The study therefore, is concluded by raising suggestions that will bring about transformation for the betterment of women's place and status. This is in hope that, the church will become a community of believers where women and men will participate equally. Core to this is the investigation, exploration and examination of the leadership roles of women in the church. This is from different perspectives, for instance, how are women represented in church leadership positions? What are the numerical ratios between women and men? What role do the structures of the church play in maintaining this? What is the role played by men and women? Answers to these questions raise the challenges that the church should be prepared to face in the new millenium / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Durban-Westville, 2000.

The homosexual orientation has been controversial in many countries around the world, with religion often used as the foundation for critique against this orientation. The prevalence of discrimination, and the expectation of rejection, often results in homosexual individuals concealing their sexual identity. In the process homosexual individuals may deny, hide, or even discarded their authentic selves. However, some individuals reach a point of comfort with both these constructs of their identity, a position that supports the authentic self. The aim of this study is to explore and describe the process of how individuals who identify as both Christian and homosexual align these parts into their identity, to reach a place of comfort. The study further seeks to generate insight that can be used to assist individuals in similar positions of identity conflict. The study uses qualitative methodology, more specifically an exploratory- descriptive design. The sample is identified through non-probability purposive sampling, and data collected through semi- structured interviews. The data is analysed using an interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) framework. Thematic analysis identified major themes of denial, conflict, anger, bargaining, deconstruction, and self- acceptance. These themes followed a non- linear and interactive process, and present participants reaching a place of comfort with their Christian beliefs and homosexual orientation; which is discussed through the interpretative lens of social constructionism and queer theory.

Submitted to the Faculty of Theology and Religion Studies in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Theology in the Department of Missiology, Religion Studies and Practical Theology at the University of Zululand, 2003. / This dissertation focusses on the biblical role of women in the contemporary church, taking into account God's original plan and purpose for women in Genesis 1 and 2, the changes which occurred as a result of the Fall in Genesis 3, and the influence of the various cultures and traditions, especially in the Old Testament period, on the attitudes toward and treatment of women. Jesus' apparently revolutionary attitude towards women challenged the Jewish status quo, directing the people back to His Father's original plan and purpose for the relationship between men and women. His attitude is reflected in the teachings of the apostles in the New Testament, women being spiritually equal before God, yet having different and complementary roles and functions to fulfil. The clear hierarchical structure of authority which was laid down by God in the beginning, is therefore reinforced through Scripture. The strong influence of feminism over the past century is investigated, where women are demanding equal rights in all spheres. As a result, the call for full ordination of women within the Church is now widely acceptable even in evangelical circles. It appears that women are "abandoning" the biblical role which God ordained for them. The aim of this study is to explore the validity of women in leadership roles within the church and whether this practice deviates from God's original plan revealed in His Word or not. The research seeks to trace this tendency in some mainline churches and to prove the hypothesis that this is due to a misinterpretation of the Scriptures and a lack of biblical teaching on this subject. The central finding is that there certainly is confusion among today's Christians on this issue, and that feminist thinking has drawn both pastors and laity alike away from the biblical principles of authority. The study concludes that women do have a very crucial role to play in the contemporary church, a vast number of ministries being open to them, allowing them to exercise all their spiritual gifts. The only biblical restraint and prohibition, however, is that they are not permitted to preach, teach, lead or rule over men in any way within the church, such positions of authority being reserved for men only. Women should therefore be discouraged from assuming leadership over men, and should spend more time encouraging men to lead in a godly manner, both in the home and in the church, so that they might fulfil their God-ordained purpose. My submission is that if men and women live and serve Him within the authority structure which He has set in place, God will surely be glorified and His kingdom extended.

This mini-thesis is a small-scale exploratory case study into the experiences of eight mature women members of a particular parish in the Church of the Province of Southern Africa (CPSA) situated in the Diocese of Cape Town. Using qualitative feminist research methodologies, this study sets out to explore how this group of non-ordained women perceives their roles in the church structure. The study examines what initially attracted the participants to this parish and what motivates them, despite the challenges, to continue performing their voluntary licensed and unlicensed roles in the church. It then goes on to consider the contradictory ways in which their roles as individuals, gendered as women, serve to simultaneously reinforce and challenge the patriarchy of the church. In this respect the participants often held conflicting views within themselves, thus demonstrating the complexities surrounding such issues. Upon reflection the researcher acknowledges that, similar to the participants, she also holds contradictory views on some of these issues. The research therefore identifies and explores three main themes in this regard, firstly the reasons why women originally joined the parish church, secondly the ways in which these women are active in the church and lastly the ways in which women&rsquo / s activities simultaneously challenge and reinforce the patriarchy and continued male domination of church.

金佩瑋. / "2003年9月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2003. / 參考文獻 (leaves 126-133). / 附中英文摘要. / "2003 nian 9 yue". / Jin Peiwei. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2003. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 126-133). / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 論文摘要 --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 致謝 --- p.iii / Chapter 1. --- 序章 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 緣起與目的 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- 硏究方法 --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- 論述分析. --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- 質性調查 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- 理論及分析架構 --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- 佛教學向度 --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- 佛教看待女性的四種態度 --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- 不利女身的斷言多爲後來竄加 --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.1.3 --- 轉身論及法無男女論的形成過程 --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.1.4 --- 轉男身的宗教意義 --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.1.5 --- 女性曾爲一個歷史主體 --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.1.6 --- 從權力角度檢視佛教女性處境 --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- 女性主義與婦女硏究向度 --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- 婦女硏究 --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- 女性主義 --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- 佛法義理原則 --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4 --- 典籍與名相 --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- 典籍使用 --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- 名相釋義 --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.2.1 --- 女身 --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.2.2 --- 成佛 --- p.20 / Chapter 2. --- 重構女身成佛的論述場景 --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1 --- 佛經時代的女性境況 --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2 --- 建立女身成佛的系譜 --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 佛在世勇於破禁的年代´ؤ´ؤ女性即身成就阿羅漢 --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 部派對立及厭惡女性的年代´ؤ´ؤ女身不能成佛 --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- 大乘運動崛起的年代´ؤ´ؤ以轉身論解放女身 --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- 密教與陰性興起的年代´ؤ´ؤ所有人皆能即身成佛 --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3 --- 小結 --- p.58 / Chapter 3. --- 論述背後的女人 --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1 --- 尋找女性的蹤影 --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- 碑銘上存在的女性 --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- 佛塔信仰體系下的女性狀況 --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- 論爭背後的女性參與 --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2 --- 沒女身的協商與互動 --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3 --- 義理上分析和解構 --- p.71 / Chapter 3.4 --- 小結 --- p.73 / Chapter 4. --- 女修行人的協商與互動 --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1 --- 受訪者背景與成佛觀 --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- 受訪者背景簡述、接觸佛教以及修行槪念 --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- 不同傳統的成佛觀 --- p.78 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- 成佛信念與本身傳統相應 --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2 --- 抵抗與協商的話語 --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 女身之苦與障重 --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 抵抗與磋商 --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- 人望高處成男身 --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- 建構乘願再來的話語 --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- 直接向權威挑戰 --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.2.4 --- 把經教性別支配論述消弭 --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.2.5 --- 把握佛法的隨機和弔詭性 --- p.92 / Chapter 4.3 --- 佛教女人的得力與消力 --- p.94 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 傳統與信仰想像 --- p.94 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 以退爲進及以傳統制傳統 --- p.96 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- 建立正面楷模及女性的傳統 --- p.101 / Chapter 4.4 --- 小結 --- p.101 / Chapter 5. --- 去性別化與權力主體 --- p.104 / Chapter 5.1 --- 從轉身到去性別 --- p.105 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- 去性別化´ؤ´ؤ現代轉身論 --- p.106 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- 轉身/去性別還是陽剛與陰柔？ --- p.107 / Chapter 5.2 --- 女性的權力與主體性 --- p.109 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- 沒女身的主體性與權力 --- p.110 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- 顛覆性的主體權力 --- p.113 / Chapter 5.3 --- 小結 --- p.115 / Chapter 6. --- 總結´ؤ´ؤ初探女性義理學 --- p.118 / Chapter 6.1 --- 新世代的衝擊與重建 --- p.119 / Chapter 6.2 --- 女性義理學及性別硏究的策略與方向 --- p.121 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- 轉身/去性別的新意涵 --- p.121 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- 回復性別平等的新傳統 --- p.123 / Chapter 6.3 --- 正視偏見與盲點 --- p.124 / Chapter 6.4 --- 結語 --- p.125 / Chapter 7. --- 參考書目 --- p.126

This thesis, grounded in a select group of women's experience, critiques the exclusive images for God presented by the Church in its language and liturgy. My contention in this thesis is that in an emerging democracy such as South Africa, the metaphors and language used are increasingly restrictive - in terms of both the empowerment of women and the enrichment of men. I look at how feminist scholarship has focussed on the implications of patriarchy for women and the claim by feminist theologians that the ensuing symbols have been damaging for women The analysis includes means to recover traditional images for God and suggestions of ways to discover alternative images. Following the feminist analysis, I argue for a hermeneutic which locates the meaning of the tradition within the experience of three local, select groups of women. / Thesis (M.Th.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2000.