A pesquisa aborda as percepções do Fator Acidentário de Prevenção como instrumento normativo para o alcance da sustentabilidade no meio ambiente do trabalho. Buscar a sustentabilidade no plano das relações de trabalho conduz à garantia de um ambiente laboral digno às presentes e futuras gerações de trabalhadores. Diante disso, a pesquisa atinge seus objetivos ao expor uma análise histórico-sociológica da transição do trabalho como formação biológico-evolutiva do ser humano à necessidade biológico-social pelo trabalho, abordando o meio ambiente do trabalho e as significativas transformações dos processos produtivos. Outrossim, a pesquisa demonstra a relevância do princípio da precaução para a construção de um meio ambiente do trabalho seguro, saudável e, sobretudo, sustentável, bem como aponta o Fator Acidentário de Prevenção (FAP) como instrumento normativo para a sustentabilidade do ambiente laboral. A pesquisa tem natureza qualitativo-exploratória, tendo utilizado como técnicas de coleta de dados a observação direta e a entrevista semiestruturada para identificar a percepção de seis observadores das relações de trabalho em relação ao FAP. Além disso, a pesquisa desenvolveu-se com uma sequência metodológica dividida em três fases: fase preliminar estado da arte , onde foram analisados os referenciais teóricobibliográficos, que fundamentaram a pesquisa de campo, denominada fase de coleta de dados , e a fase analítico-conclusiva , onde ocorreu a análise e discussão dos dados coletados. A pesquisa é dotada de embasamento metodológico que permitiu retratar o contexto fático do meio ambiente do trabalho e do Fator Acidentário de Prevenção sob o olhar do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego, Ministério Público do Trabalho, INSS, Justiça do Trabalho, representante da classe dos empregados e representante da classe dos empregadores. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-04T17:57:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Vinicius Borges Fortes.pdf: 1001126 bytes, checksum: c0e40811f9e71899ec7245cd545af372 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-04T17:57:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Vinicius Borges Fortes.pdf: 1001126 bytes, checksum: c0e40811f9e71899ec7245cd545af372 (MD5) / The research approaches the perceptions of Accident Prevention Factor as a normative instrument for achieving sustainability in the environment of work. Seeking sustainability in terms of labor relations leads to ensuring a decent working environment for present and future generations of workers. Given this, the research achieves its objectives by exposing a historical-sociological analysis of the transition from working as biological-evolutionary training of human beings to the need for biological and social work, approaching the environment of work and the significant transformations of production processes. Moreover, research demonstrates the relevance of the precautionary principle to build a working environment safe, healthy and above all, sustainable, and points to the Accident Prevention Factor (APF) as a regulatory tool for the sustainability of the work environment. The research has qualitative and exploratory nature, and used as data collection techniques the direct observation and semistructured interviews to identify the perception of six observers of labor relations about the APF. Moreover, the research was developed with a methodological sequence divided into three phases: preliminary phase - "state of the art", which analyzed the theoretical and bibliographic, which motivated the research field, called "phase of data collection" and "Analytical-conclusive phase" that was a discussion and analysis of data collected. The research is endowed with a methodological basis that allowed portray the factual context of the environment of work and Accident Prevention Factor under the gaze of the Ministry of Labor and Employment, Labour Prosecutor, Social Security, Labour Justice, representing the class of employees and representative of the class of employers.

Os serviços públicos de urgência e emergência têm se caracterizado pela superlotação, ritmo acelerado e sobrecarga de trabalho para os profissionais da saúde. O presente estudo se inscreve nesse âmbito, buscando compreender o trabalho na sua relação com a saúde das profissionais de enfermagem. Dessa forma, a relação saúde-trabalho é enfocada a partir da descrição do contexto organizacional do serviço, da compreensão da dinâmica de trabalho em urgência e emergência e das vivências da equipe de enfermagem nessa realidade. O Serviço de Atendimento Externo (SAE) do Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre foi o local utilizado para a investigação, que seguiu um modelo qualitativo de estudo de caso. A presente pesquisa teve sua proposta previamente aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da própria Instituição. A coleta dos dados compreendeu a análise de documentos da Instituição (escalas de trabalho, registro das queixas, dentre outros), a observação da dinâmica do serviço, ocorrida em 14 períodos de duas horas de duração, e a realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 12 profissionais de enfermagem. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo, elaborando-se um conjunto textual interpretativo a fim de responder aos objetivos do estudo. Três categorias emergiram do tratamento dos dados: O contexto organizacional do SAE, Aspectos envolvidos na dinâmica do trabalho da enfermagem em urgência e emergência, e O sentido do trabalho propiciando a saúde das trabalhadoras. A primeira categoria incluiu aspectos referentes às demandas que o serviço atende e sua organização quanto à estrutura física e recursos humanos disponíveis para o atendimento. A segunda categoria contemplou as conseqüências da intensificação do trabalho para o cotidiano da enfermagem, os desafios para a implantação da política de acolhimento no serviço, as condições e a divisão do trabalho, bem como as interações das profissionais com os usuários. Ainda, nessa categoria, foram abordadas as estratégias coletivas de defesa utilizadas pela enfermagem para conviver com o sofrimento gerado por muitas situações reveladas nesta pesquisa. Na terceira categoria, visualizou-se que a saúde das trabalhadoras preserva-se pelo sentido que elas atribuem para a atuação, o que foi explorado com base no orgulho manifesto pelas participantes e no reconhecimento constituinte da identidade no trabalho. Diante disso, foi possível compreender que a saúde das profissionais de enfermagem é constituída a partir de uma dinâmica de trabalho, por vezes danosa, resultante de um contexto organizacional que carrega marcas de um sistema público de saúde com muitas lacunas, mas que permite, de algumasmaneiras, que as trabalhadoras encontrem caminhos originais para dar conta das exigências do trabalho e das suas próprias necessidades, sem adoecerem. Ainda sobre a relação saúde-trabalho, pôde-se constatar que aspectos como a imprevisibilidade da demanda, a tecnologia e as manobras para salvar a vida, são fatores que favorecem a saúde no trabalho pelo reconhecimento provindo da ação de salvar vidas, uma vez que nessas situações as profissionais exercem suas habilidades especializadas, atuam intelectualmente diante do objeto de trabalho e acompanham o desfecho da produção (a vida ou a morte do paciente). Identificaram-se, como impróprias à saúde, as situações que deixam as trabalhadoras contrariadas pela sua incompletude, ou seja, situações nas quais o problema do paciente não é resolvido, e as trabalhadoras percebem os seus fazeres desprovidos de sentido. / The urgency and emergency state services have been characterized by overcrowd, accelerated rhythm and work overload for the health professionals. The current study is inserted within this range and searches for understanding the job in its relation with the health of the nursing professionals. So, the health-work relation is focused from the description of the service organizational context, from the understanding of the work dynamics in urgency and emergency and from the life experiences of the nursing team within this reality. The External Attendance Service (EAS) of Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre was the site utilized for the research that followed a qualitative model of case study. The Ethics Committee on Research of the institution itself previously approved the proposal for the current research. The collection of data comprised the analysis of documents from the Institution (work time schedules, registration of claims, among others), the observation of the work dynamics occurred in 14 periods of two hours each; and the performance of semi-structured interviews with 12 nursing professionals. The data were submitted to content analysis and an interpretative textual set has been elaborated in order to meet the objectives of the study. Three categories emerged from the data treatment: The organizational context of AES, Aspects involved in the dynamics of the nursing work in urgency and emergency, and The meaning of the work providing the workers´ health. The first category included aspects regarding the demands that the service meets and its organization as to the physical structure and the human resources for the performance of the attendances. The second category contemplated the consequences of work intensification in the nursing daily routine, the challenges for the implantation of the welcoming policy in the work, the labor conditions and division as well as the interactions of the professionals with the users. Yet, within this category, an approach has been made as to the collective defense strategies utilized by nursing in order to live along with the suffering generated by the many situations revealed in this research. The third category visualized that the health of the workers is preserved by the meaning that they assign to their performance, what has been explored based on the pride expressed by the participants and the recognition that constitutes the identity in the work. In view of the above, it was possible to understand that the health of the nursing professionals is constituted from aworking dynamics which is sometimes harmful because it results from an organizational context that carries marks of a state health system with many blanks but which allows, somehow, that the workers find original ways of taking over the work requirements and their own needs without getting sick. Yet, regarding the health-work relation, it was possible to find out that aspects like the unforeseeable character of the demand, the technology and the maneuvers to save life are factors that favor health in the work due to the recognition deriving from the action of saving lives since in these situations the professionals perform their specialized abilities, act intellectually before the work object and follow-up the result of the production (life or death of the patient). It has been identified as inappropriate for health the situations that upset the workers because they do not get finished, i.e, situations where the problem of the patient is not solved and the workers perceive their actions as deprived from sense. / Los servicios públicos de urgencia y emergencia se han caracterizado por la súper ocupación, por el ritmo acelerado y sobrecarga de trabajo para los profesionales de salud. El presente estudio se inscribe en ese ámbito, buscando comprender el trabajo en su relación con la salud de los profesionales de enfermería. De esa forma, la relación salud-trabajo es enfocada a partir de la descripción del contexto organizacional del servicio, de la comprensión de la dinámica de trabajo en urgencia y emergencia y de las vivencias del equipo de enfermería en esa realidad. El Servicio de Atención Externa (SAE) del Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre fue el local escogido para la investigación, que siguió un modelo cualitativo de estudio de caso. La presente investigación tuvo su propuesta previamente aprobada por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de la propia Institución. La recolección de los datos comprendió el análisis de documentos de la institución (escalas de trabajo, registro de quejas, entre otros), la observación de la dinámica del servicio, ocurrida en 14 períodos de dos horas de duración, y la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas con 12 profesionales de enfermería. Los datos fueron sometidos al análisis de contenido elaborándose un conjunto textual interpretativo a fin de responder en los objetivos del estudio. Tres categorías emergieron del tratamiento de los datos: El contexto organizacional del SAE; Aspectos envueltos en la dinámica del trabajo de enfermería en urgencia y emergencia y El sentido del trabajo que propicia la salud de las trabajadoras. La primera categoría incluyó aspectos referentes a las demandas que el servicio atiende y su organización en cuanto a la estructura física y a los recursos humanos disponibles para la atención. La segunda categoría contempló las consecuencias de la intensificación del trabajo para el cotidiano de la enfermería, los desafíos para la implantación de la política de acogida en el servicio, las condiciones y la división del trabajo, bien como las interacciones de las profesionales con los usuarios. Aún, en esa categoría fueran abordadas las estrategias colectivas de defensa utilizadas por la enfermería para convivir con el sufrimiento generado por muchas situaciones reveladas en esa investigación. La tercera categoría visualizó que la salud de las trabajadoras se preserva por el sentido que ellas atribuyen a su actuación, lo que fue explorado con base en el orgullo manifestado por las participantes y en el reconocimiento constituyente de la identidad en el trabajo. Delante de eso, fue posible comprender que la salud de las profesionales de enfermeríase constituye a partir de una dinámica de trabajo a veces dañosa, resultante de un contexto organizacional que lleva marcas de un sistema público de salud con muchos vacíos pero que permite, de algunas maneras, que las trabajadoras encuentren caminos originales para hacer cargo de las exigencias del trabajo e de sus propias necesidades sin quedarse enfermas. Aún, acerca de la relación salud-trabajo, se pudo constatar que aspectos como el carácter imprevisible de la demanda, la tecnología y las maniobras para salvar la vida son factores que favorecen la salud en el trabajo por el reconocimiento provenido de la acción de salvar vidas una vez que, en esas situaciones, las profesionales ejercen sus habilidades especializadas, actúan intelectualmente delante del objeto de trabajo y acompañan el término de la producción (vida o muerte del paciente). Se identificaron, como impropias, a la salud, las situaciones que dejan las trabajadoras contrariadas a causa de que no se completan, o sea, situaciones en las cuales el problema del paciente no es resuelto y las trabajadoras perciben sus acciones vacías de sentido.

Os serviços públicos de urgência e emergência têm se caracterizado pela superlotação, ritmo acelerado e sobrecarga de trabalho para os profissionais da saúde. O presente estudo se inscreve nesse âmbito, buscando compreender o trabalho na sua relação com a saúde das profissionais de enfermagem. Dessa forma, a relação saúde-trabalho é enfocada a partir da descrição do contexto organizacional do serviço, da compreensão da dinâmica de trabalho em urgência e emergência e das vivências da equipe de enfermagem nessa realidade. O Serviço de Atendimento Externo (SAE) do Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre foi o local utilizado para a investigação, que seguiu um modelo qualitativo de estudo de caso. A presente pesquisa teve sua proposta previamente aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da própria Instituição. A coleta dos dados compreendeu a análise de documentos da Instituição (escalas de trabalho, registro das queixas, dentre outros), a observação da dinâmica do serviço, ocorrida em 14 períodos de duas horas de duração, e a realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 12 profissionais de enfermagem. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo, elaborando-se um conjunto textual interpretativo a fim de responder aos objetivos do estudo. Três categorias emergiram do tratamento dos dados: O contexto organizacional do SAE, Aspectos envolvidos na dinâmica do trabalho da enfermagem em urgência e emergência, e O sentido do trabalho propiciando a saúde das trabalhadoras. A primeira categoria incluiu aspectos referentes às demandas que o serviço atende e sua organização quanto à estrutura física e recursos humanos disponíveis para o atendimento. A segunda categoria contemplou as conseqüências da intensificação do trabalho para o cotidiano da enfermagem, os desafios para a implantação da política de acolhimento no serviço, as condições e a divisão do trabalho, bem como as interações das profissionais com os usuários. Ainda, nessa categoria, foram abordadas as estratégias coletivas de defesa utilizadas pela enfermagem para conviver com o sofrimento gerado por muitas situações reveladas nesta pesquisa. Na terceira categoria, visualizou-se que a saúde das trabalhadoras preserva-se pelo sentido que elas atribuem para a atuação, o que foi explorado com base no orgulho manifesto pelas participantes e no reconhecimento constituinte da identidade no trabalho. Diante disso, foi possível compreender que a saúde das profissionais de enfermagem é constituída a partir de uma dinâmica de trabalho, por vezes danosa, resultante de um contexto organizacional que carrega marcas de um sistema público de saúde com muitas lacunas, mas que permite, de algumasmaneiras, que as trabalhadoras encontrem caminhos originais para dar conta das exigências do trabalho e das suas próprias necessidades, sem adoecerem. Ainda sobre a relação saúde-trabalho, pôde-se constatar que aspectos como a imprevisibilidade da demanda, a tecnologia e as manobras para salvar a vida, são fatores que favorecem a saúde no trabalho pelo reconhecimento provindo da ação de salvar vidas, uma vez que nessas situações as profissionais exercem suas habilidades especializadas, atuam intelectualmente diante do objeto de trabalho e acompanham o desfecho da produção (a vida ou a morte do paciente). Identificaram-se, como impróprias à saúde, as situações que deixam as trabalhadoras contrariadas pela sua incompletude, ou seja, situações nas quais o problema do paciente não é resolvido, e as trabalhadoras percebem os seus fazeres desprovidos de sentido. / The urgency and emergency state services have been characterized by overcrowd, accelerated rhythm and work overload for the health professionals. The current study is inserted within this range and searches for understanding the job in its relation with the health of the nursing professionals. So, the health-work relation is focused from the description of the service organizational context, from the understanding of the work dynamics in urgency and emergency and from the life experiences of the nursing team within this reality. The External Attendance Service (EAS) of Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre was the site utilized for the research that followed a qualitative model of case study. The Ethics Committee on Research of the institution itself previously approved the proposal for the current research. The collection of data comprised the analysis of documents from the Institution (work time schedules, registration of claims, among others), the observation of the work dynamics occurred in 14 periods of two hours each; and the performance of semi-structured interviews with 12 nursing professionals. The data were submitted to content analysis and an interpretative textual set has been elaborated in order to meet the objectives of the study. Three categories emerged from the data treatment: The organizational context of AES, Aspects involved in the dynamics of the nursing work in urgency and emergency, and The meaning of the work providing the workers´ health. The first category included aspects regarding the demands that the service meets and its organization as to the physical structure and the human resources for the performance of the attendances. The second category contemplated the consequences of work intensification in the nursing daily routine, the challenges for the implantation of the welcoming policy in the work, the labor conditions and division as well as the interactions of the professionals with the users. Yet, within this category, an approach has been made as to the collective defense strategies utilized by nursing in order to live along with the suffering generated by the many situations revealed in this research. The third category visualized that the health of the workers is preserved by the meaning that they assign to their performance, what has been explored based on the pride expressed by the participants and the recognition that constitutes the identity in the work. In view of the above, it was possible to understand that the health of the nursing professionals is constituted from aworking dynamics which is sometimes harmful because it results from an organizational context that carries marks of a state health system with many blanks but which allows, somehow, that the workers find original ways of taking over the work requirements and their own needs without getting sick. Yet, regarding the health-work relation, it was possible to find out that aspects like the unforeseeable character of the demand, the technology and the maneuvers to save life are factors that favor health in the work due to the recognition deriving from the action of saving lives since in these situations the professionals perform their specialized abilities, act intellectually before the work object and follow-up the result of the production (life or death of the patient). It has been identified as inappropriate for health the situations that upset the workers because they do not get finished, i.e, situations where the problem of the patient is not solved and the workers perceive their actions as deprived from sense. / Los servicios públicos de urgencia y emergencia se han caracterizado por la súper ocupación, por el ritmo acelerado y sobrecarga de trabajo para los profesionales de salud. El presente estudio se inscribe en ese ámbito, buscando comprender el trabajo en su relación con la salud de los profesionales de enfermería. De esa forma, la relación salud-trabajo es enfocada a partir de la descripción del contexto organizacional del servicio, de la comprensión de la dinámica de trabajo en urgencia y emergencia y de las vivencias del equipo de enfermería en esa realidad. El Servicio de Atención Externa (SAE) del Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre fue el local escogido para la investigación, que siguió un modelo cualitativo de estudio de caso. La presente investigación tuvo su propuesta previamente aprobada por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de la propia Institución. La recolección de los datos comprendió el análisis de documentos de la institución (escalas de trabajo, registro de quejas, entre otros), la observación de la dinámica del servicio, ocurrida en 14 períodos de dos horas de duración, y la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas con 12 profesionales de enfermería. Los datos fueron sometidos al análisis de contenido elaborándose un conjunto textual interpretativo a fin de responder en los objetivos del estudio. Tres categorías emergieron del tratamiento de los datos: El contexto organizacional del SAE; Aspectos envueltos en la dinámica del trabajo de enfermería en urgencia y emergencia y El sentido del trabajo que propicia la salud de las trabajadoras. La primera categoría incluyó aspectos referentes a las demandas que el servicio atiende y su organización en cuanto a la estructura física y a los recursos humanos disponibles para la atención. La segunda categoría contempló las consecuencias de la intensificación del trabajo para el cotidiano de la enfermería, los desafíos para la implantación de la política de acogida en el servicio, las condiciones y la división del trabajo, bien como las interacciones de las profesionales con los usuarios. Aún, en esa categoría fueran abordadas las estrategias colectivas de defensa utilizadas por la enfermería para convivir con el sufrimiento generado por muchas situaciones reveladas en esa investigación. La tercera categoría visualizó que la salud de las trabajadoras se preserva por el sentido que ellas atribuyen a su actuación, lo que fue explorado con base en el orgullo manifestado por las participantes y en el reconocimiento constituyente de la identidad en el trabajo. Delante de eso, fue posible comprender que la salud de las profesionales de enfermeríase constituye a partir de una dinámica de trabajo a veces dañosa, resultante de un contexto organizacional que lleva marcas de un sistema público de salud con muchos vacíos pero que permite, de algunas maneras, que las trabajadoras encuentren caminos originales para hacer cargo de las exigencias del trabajo e de sus propias necesidades sin quedarse enfermas. Aún, acerca de la relación salud-trabajo, se pudo constatar que aspectos como el carácter imprevisible de la demanda, la tecnología y las maniobras para salvar la vida son factores que favorecen la salud en el trabajo por el reconocimiento provenido de la acción de salvar vidas una vez que, en esas situaciones, las profesionales ejercen sus habilidades especializadas, actúan intelectualmente delante del objeto de trabajo y acompañan el término de la producción (vida o muerte del paciente). Se identificaron, como impropias, a la salud, las situaciones que dejan las trabajadoras contrariadas a causa de que no se completan, o sea, situaciones en las cuales el problema del paciente no es resuelto y las trabajadoras perciben sus acciones vacías de sentido.

A pesquisa aborda as percepções do Fator Acidentário de Prevenção como instrumento normativo para o alcance da sustentabilidade no meio ambiente do trabalho. Buscar a sustentabilidade no plano das relações de trabalho conduz à garantia de um ambiente laboral digno às presentes e futuras gerações de trabalhadores. Diante disso, a pesquisa atinge seus objetivos ao expor uma análise histórico-sociológica da transição do trabalho como formação biológico-evolutiva do ser humano à necessidade biológico-social pelo trabalho, abordando o meio ambiente do trabalho e as significativas transformações dos processos produtivos. Outrossim, a pesquisa demonstra a relevância do princípio da precaução para a construção de um meio ambiente do trabalho seguro, saudável e, sobretudo, sustentável, bem como aponta o Fator Acidentário de Prevenção (FAP) como instrumento normativo para a sustentabilidade do ambiente laboral. A pesquisa tem natureza qualitativo-exploratória, tendo utilizado como técnicas de coleta de dados a observação direta e a entrevista semiestruturada para identificar a percepção de seis observadores das relações de trabalho em relação ao FAP. Além disso, a pesquisa desenvolveu-se com uma sequência metodológica dividida em três fases: fase preliminar estado da arte , onde foram analisados os referenciais teóricobibliográficos, que fundamentaram a pesquisa de campo, denominada fase de coleta de dados , e a fase analítico-conclusiva , onde ocorreu a análise e discussão dos dados coletados. A pesquisa é dotada de embasamento metodológico que permitiu retratar o contexto fático do meio ambiente do trabalho e do Fator Acidentário de Prevenção sob o olhar do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego, Ministério Público do Trabalho, INSS, Justiça do Trabalho, representante da classe dos empregados e representante da classe dos empregadores. / The research approaches the perceptions of Accident Prevention Factor as a normative instrument for achieving sustainability in the environment of work. Seeking sustainability in terms of labor relations leads to ensuring a decent working environment for present and future generations of workers. Given this, the research achieves its objectives by exposing a historical-sociological analysis of the transition from working as biological-evolutionary training of human beings to the need for biological and social work, approaching the environment of work and the significant transformations of production processes. Moreover, research demonstrates the relevance of the precautionary principle to build a working environment safe, healthy and above all, sustainable, and points to the Accident Prevention Factor (APF) as a regulatory tool for the sustainability of the work environment. The research has qualitative and exploratory nature, and used as data collection techniques the direct observation and semistructured interviews to identify the perception of six observers of labor relations about the APF. Moreover, the research was developed with a methodological sequence divided into three phases: preliminary phase - "state of the art", which analyzed the theoretical and bibliographic, which motivated the research field, called "phase of data collection" and "Analytical-conclusive phase" that was a discussion and analysis of data collected. The research is endowed with a methodological basis that allowed portray the factual context of the environment of work and Accident Prevention Factor under the gaze of the Ministry of Labor and Employment, Labour Prosecutor, Social Security, Labour Justice, representing the class of employees and representative of the class of employers.

Esta pesquisa, de enfoque qualitativo, buscou compreender o processo de trabalho dos profissionais que atuam em Vigilância em Saúde do Trabalhador (VST), lotados na Subgerência de Saúde do Trabalhador da Coordenação de Vigilância em Saúde (COVISA) e nos Centros de Referência em Saúde do Trabalhador (CRST) da Prefeitura Municipal de São Paulo. Procurou conhecer as estratégias, recursos e instrumentos utilizados por esses profissionais, além de identificar as ações reais e os significados atribuídos por eles a sua prática. Pretendeu, ainda, dar visibilidade a sua \"inteligência no trabalho\", acreditando que sua experiência e conhecimento podem colaborar para o aprimoramento e desenvolvimento das políticas públicas de saúde/trabalho e de suas próprias ações em (VST). Baseou-se nos referenciais teóricos da psicodinâmica do trabalho e da escola franco-belga da ergonomia. O método seguido foi o \"estudo de caso\". Foram consultados documentos governamentais, legislações e atas de conferências federais, estaduais e municipais, relativos à Saúde Pública no Sistema Único de Saúde e à área de Saúde do Trabalhador, em especial à VST. Foi feito um estudo da bibliografia pertinente à área, produzida entre 1980 e 2011. Esse material foi utilizado como fonte de dados simples e como informação para a compreensão dos referenciais teóricos, políticas e diretrizes que norteiam o trabalho dos profissionais em VST. A coleta de dados de campo partiu de um questionário, respondido pelos profissionais dos serviços em foco, a fim de caracterizar aquelas equipes multiprofissionais. Os dados permitiram fazer um diagnóstico do universo estudado e funcionaram como norteadores para a escolha, por critérios de representatividade, dos 13 profissionais que seriam convidados a participar de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os dados das entrevistas realizadas foram tratados pelo método de \"análise de conteúdo\", com foco no processo de trabalho, na dinâmica do planejamento, desenvolvimento e avaliação das ações de VST, a partir da percepção dos profissionais que as realizam. Entre os resultados encontrados, verificamos que a VST não é um processo linear, está sujeita a tensões e conflitos de várias naturezas que deveriam ser considerados no estabelecimento dos critérios adotados para sua avaliação, na busca de avanços no alcance dessas ações. Insuficientes processos de reconhecimento e de troca de experiência e a aproximação da aposentadoria da maioria dos profissionais que atuam em VST no município evidenciam a possibilidade de que o \'saber-fazer\" construído se perca. A carência de recursos matérias, humanos e de processos de capacitação podem trazer prejuízos ao trabalho. A forma desordenada como vem sendo acolhida a demanda de acidentes de trabalho no município e o número insuficiente de autoridades sanitárias para atender à essa demanda podem estar comprometendo a qualidade e a capacidade efetiva das ações de VST. Concluímos que a ausência de clareza sobre o papel dos CRST e da área de Saúde do Trabalhador de COVISA, em tempos de Rede Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde do Trabalhador (RENAST), e a defasagem entre trabalho prescrito e trabalho real, podem estar dificultando a construção de programas efetivos em VST. Com a precariedade de planejamento, avaliações e sistematização, as ações de VST podem estar se distanciando de seu objetivo de prevenção e promoção da saúde. / This qualitative research is an attempt to understand working process of public healthcare providers who work in Surveillance of Workers\' Health of the Health Surveillance Coordination and of the Reference Center for Workers\' Health within the city of São Paulo. It has sought to understood the strategies, resources, and tools used by these professionals, in addition to identifying the real actions and the meanings assigned by them for their practice. It Intended to also give visibility to their \"intelligence at work\", believing that their experience and knowledge can contribute to the improvement and development of public health policies/work and their own actions in Surveillance of Workers\' Health. It was developed based on theoretical references of work psychodynamics and those of the French-Belgian school of ergonomics. The methodology used was the \"case study\". Government documents, laws and acts of federal, State and local conferences, relating to Public Health at the Brazilian Unified Healthcare System, and those in the area of Workers\' Health, in particular at the VST, were consulted. A study was made of the relevant bibliography to the area, produced between 1980 and 2011. This material was used as a simple data source, and how to information for the understanding of theoretical references, policies and guidelines that governs the work of professionals in Surveillance of Workers\' Health. The fieldwork started with a questionnaire answered by professionals of services in focus, in order to characterize those multi professional teams. The data allowed making a diagnosis of the universe studied and worked to orient to the choice, by representativeness criteria, of 13 professionals who would be invited to participate in semi-structured interviews. Data from the interviews were treated by the method of \"content analysis\", with focus on work process, in dynamics of planning, development and evaluation of the actions of Surveillance of Workers\' Health, from the perception of professionals that perform. Among the results, we see that the Surveillance of Workers\' Health is not a linear process, is subject to tensions and conflicts of various natures that should be considered in the establishment of the criteria adopted for its evaluation, in the pursuit of advances in reach of these actions. Considering the insufficient recognition processes and lack of exchange of experience, and adding to that, the approaching retirement of most professionals working in Surveillance of Workers\' Health in the municipality, highlighted the possibility that the \' know-how \' built up could be lost. The lack of human and material resources and of training processes can bring harm to work. The disorderly manner as has being accepted the demand of work-related accidents in the municipality and the insufficient number of health authorities to meet this demand may be compromising the quality and the effective capacity of Surveillance of Workers\' Health. We found that the lack of clarity about the actions of workers health developing by the Reference Center for Workers\' Health and by Health Surveillance Coordination, in times of National Network of Integral Attention to the Health of the Worker, and the lag between prescribed and real work, may be making it difficult to build up effective a Surveillance of Workers\' Health. With the precariousness of planning, evaluation and systematization, the \"Surveillance of Workers\' Health\" actions may be moving away from its goal of prevention and health promotion.

Santé et sécurité au travail, prévention des risques professionnels (risque routier, risques psychosociaux), intensification du travail… Autant de questions essentielles auxquelles l’entreprise est confrontée. Y répondre suppose souvent le croisement des regards et des compétences. Les services de santé au travail, qui ont pour mission exclusive d’éviter toute altération de la santé des travailleurs du fait de leur travail, y concourent. Acteurs de terrain, ils devraient constituer la pièce maîtresse du système de santé au travail ; ils sont pourtant victimes d’un désamour collectif. La délicate coexistence des concepts d’aptitude et de prévention y contribue. L’institution a, depuis 1942, connu de profondes métamorphoses nées, pour nombre d’entre elles, de la conjugaison, parfois source de tensions, du droit du travail et du droit de la santé publique. Le rattachement de l’institution, lors de la Libération, au ministère du Travail a longtemps scellé la domination du droit du travail. La montée en puissance du droit de la santé publique la remet progressivement en cause. La réforme du 20 juillet 2011 en a offert illustration. L’analyse des rapports entre droit du travail et droit de la santé publique invite à proposer de nouvelles logiques au service de la santé des travailleurs fondées sur l’idée - qui est aussi un constat - selon laquelle le service de santé au travail n’est pas un prestataire parmi d’autres : il participe de l’intérêt général. / Health and security at work, occupational risk prevention (road risk, psychosocial risks), intensification of labor conditions… A number of questions that the enterprise has to take into account. Answering them assumes a variety of points of view and skills. Occupational health services, that have the exclusive mission to prevent any worker health alteration occurring from their work, contribute to this debate. Due to their unique position, as a field actor, they should be the master piece of the occupational health system ; these services are, however, victim of a collective disaffection. The delicate combination of the “medical fitness for work” concept and the occupational risk prevention concept contributes to this disaffection. Since 1942, the institution has seen deep metamorphoses, a number of them appearing from the combination (sometimes being a cause for tension) of the labor law and the public health law. After the Liberation, the incorporation of the institution to the Ministry of Labor, sealed a long domination of the Labor law. The growing power of the Public Health has been jeopardizing progressively this domination. The reform dated 20th July 2011 illustrates this change of balance. The analysis of the links between the Labor Law and the Public Health Law suggests to propose a new paradigm for the sake of the workers’ health, based upon the idea – which is also a fact – that the occupational health service cannot be compared to other providers : this service contributes to the general interest.

The present thesis addresses the issue of assessment of employees in an organization in the public administration. Assessment of employees is a key motivation factor in human resources management, and it is one of the tools to achieve the employees' productivity. At the same time the assessment helps increase the prestige of the authority and satisfaction of the citizens. The aim of the present thesis is to analyze the current state of the system of assessment in an organization in the public administration, to look for deficiencies in the system as they influence the motivation of employees, and to propose changes for improvement. The first part of the thesis presents the theoretical framework of performance management, the theory of work motivation, assessment, and the remuneration of employees. In the practical part of the thesis the municipal office in question is introduced, and the current situation of the employees assessment system is analyzed. This part also includes the results of the realized questionnaire. The final part brings recommendations which can help the organization to increase the efficiency of the employees assessment.

M. Tech. (Department of Information and Communication Technology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / The work-integrated learning (WIL) concept was introduced to enhance the employability of students completing their IT qualification at universities of Technology (UoTs) in South Africa. Employability is defined as a combination of characteristics that make a person a useful and thereby desirable employee. WIL is defined as a component of a curriculum to improve the value of student learning by integrating academic training and practical workplace exposure. However, a large cohort of students registered for the IT qualification at UoTs do not find company placement for WIL, resulting in these students having to complete this final qualifying module of their qualification by undertaking a group project on campus. The group project entails developing a software system for a client. The overall sentiment expressed by employers, lecturers and students in this study is that students who remain on campus for the group project are not as well-prepared as those who find placement at a company for their in-service training. This study aimed to develop and propose an approach to a creative pedagogy in the form of a simulated working environment on campus within a tertiary educational setting to contribute towards enhancing the learner-content relation of WIL students, in order to improve the employability of students by providing the on-campus project students with an equal opportunity to those going into industry for their in-service training. The philosophy adopted for this research is interpretivism, with the Vaal University of Technology as the case of the research. The investigation adopted a mixed-method approach where respondents were requested to complete questionnaires focusing on their perceptions of on-campus group work vs. in-service training at companies for the WIL component of the IT qualification. Five respondent groups were identified for participation in the study, namely: i) In-service training students, i.e. WIL students who found placement in a company; ii) Project students, i.e. WIL students who remained on campus to do a group project; iii) Graduates, i.e. students who already completed WIL and graduated; iv) Employers of WIL students who found placement at a company; and v) Lecturers involved in WIL training on campus. The responses of the various respondent groups were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. Comparisons of the perceptions of the respective groups were made to explore the possibility of a viable solution to the on-campus group work challenges that were identified. Based on reviewing recent literature, analysing the data collected from the completed to questionnaires by different role players, and adapting and the institutional strategy framework for WIL developed by Jacobs in 2015, an approach to a creative pedagogy in the form of a virtual company on campus for WIL students is presented to provide students who cannot find placement in industry for their in-service training with an equal experience to the in-service training company students. The proposed pedagogical approach incorporates the five standards defined by Tharp in 2018 as requirements for an effective and successful curriculum in the development of the actual virtual company. These include: contextualisation, challenging activities, joint productive activity, intellectual conversation and language development. The proposed approach adopts a three-layered approach to a creative pedagogy, with the aim of improving the employability of on-campus WIL students. The first layer lays the basis for implementing a virtual company on campus and includes aspects such as the objective for a simulated working environment on campus, employer preferences, and the skills set students should possess for employers to offer them a placement in their company for in-service training. The second layer focuses on the details that should be in place for a virtual company to be successfully implemented. This practical layer in the implementation of the virtual company focuses on infrastructure, Finance, HR, legislative approval, and appropriate assessments. The third layer only follows when the second layer has been put into place. This layer deals with how academic content can be included in the proposed pedagogical approach. The study also revealed that in addition to adopting the concept of a virtual company on campus for WIL students, a substantial focus should be on soft skills training. The exit level outcomes (ELOs) related to a simulated working environment for the WIL module of the IT are specified in the HEQF (Higher Education Qualifications Framework) document as set out by the South African Qualifications Authority.

Kemiska arbetsmiljörisker förekommer inom ett flertal branscher och behöver förebyggas för att skydda arbetstagare mot ohälsa, sjukdom och olycksfall. Det förebyggande arbetet görs genom att identifierade risker bedöms och kontrolleras med ändamålsenliga åtgärder, med målet att riskerna minskar eller helt försvinner. Att genomföra kemiska riskbedömningar är dock ofta både svårt och komplext med många olika aspekter att beakta och kräver både tid och kunskap. Som ett sätt att förenkla och effektivisera processen kring kemisk riskbedömning önskar Skanska, ett företag inom bygg- och anläggningsbranschen, se över om det är möjligt att återanvända kemiska riskbedömningar. Syftet med detta examensarbete blev därmed att utreda möjligheten i återanvändning av redan genomförda kemiska riskbedömningar där de kemiska produkterna ska användas igen. Utredningen har fokuserat på fördelar, hinder eller svårigheter och förutsättningar för återanvändning. Europeiskt och svenskt regelverk och vetenskaplig litteratur har genomlysts och data har samlats in från intervjuer med olika nyckelpersoner på tre arbetsplatser inom Skanska samt utifrån riskbedömningar av några utsedda produkter. Resultatet har därefter jämförts med svenskt regelverk, för att därigenom dra slutsatser om möjligheten i återanvändning av kemiska riskbedömningar. Examensarbetet har resulterat i slutsatsen att återanvändning av kemiska riskbedömningar bör vara möjlig, under förutsättning att de mallar eller checklistor som används som stöd uppfyller de krav som finns för kemisk riskbedömning. Det behöver säkerställas genom ändamålsenliga rutiner av personal med rätt kompetens om kemiska arbetsmiljörisker. Det behöver också stämmas av att exempelvis arbetssätt, omgivning och tillgången av åtgärder är likvärdiga på den arbetsplats som först genomfört riskbedömningen, och den arbetsplats som därefter återanvänder riskbedömningen, eller att dessa faktorer kan bli likvärdiga genom vidtagna åtgärder. Några risker eller hinder för återanvändning har identifierats. En av de mest framträdande riskerna är att kemiska arbetsmiljörisker förbises i samband med återanvändningen och därigenom också de åtgärder som behöver vidtas. Orsaker till detta kan vara bristande kunskap och engagemang eller möjligen fusk och slarv. I situationer där arbete ska ske med farligare kemiska produkter kan det vara svårare med återanvändning av riskbedömningar. Några fördelar med återanvändning bedöms vara förkortad tidsåtgång för kemiska riskbedömningar, en effektivare hantering, samt ett ökat stöd och lärande om kemiska arbetsmiljörisker genom att man lär av varandra och tidigare riskbedömningar. Möjligen kan återanvändning också bidra till att fler riskbedömningar genomförs, för att därigenom trygga yrkesarbetarnas säkerhet och hälsa. / Chemical risks in the work environment occur in several industries, and need to be prevented to protect workers from ill-health, illness and accidents. By performing risk assessments and taking appropriate measures, it is possible to reach the goal to reduce or even eliminate chemical risks. However, performing chemical risk assessments is often a quite difficult and complex issue with several different aspects to consider, requiring both time and knowledge. As a way to simplify and streamline the process of chemical risk assessment, Skanska, a company within the construction industry, wants to investigate whether it is possible to reuse chemical risk assessments. The purpose of this thesis was thus to investigate the possibility of reusing already performed chemical risk assessments in situations where the chemical products will be used again. The investigation has focused on the advantages, obstacles or difficulties and prerequisites for reuse. European and Swedish regulations and scientific literature have been reviewed and data have been collected from interviews with managers, safety representatives and employees at three workplaces at Skanska and from performed risk assessments of some selected products. Thereafter, the results have been compared with Swedish regulations, in order to draw conclusions about the possibility of reusing chemical risk assessments. The conclusion is that it should be possible to reuse chemical risk assessments, provided that the templates or checklists used as a support meet the requirements for chemical risk assessments. This needs to be ensured through appropriate routines by personnel with the right expertise about chemical risks in the work environment. It must also be ensured that some factors, as way of working, the work environment and measures taken, need to be similar for the workplace first performing the risk assessment, and the workplace that will reuse the same risk assessment, or at least that these factors can become similar after measures taken. Some risks or obstacles of reusing chemical risk assessments have been identified. One of the most prominent risks is that chemical hazards will be missed and thereby also the measures that need to be taken. This may be due to lack of knowledge and commitment or possibly cheating or carelessness. In situations where more hazardous chemical products are being used, it may be more difficult to reuse risk assessments. Some benefits of reusing risk assessments may be less time required for chemical risk assessments, more efficient management and increased support and learning about chemical hazards by learning from each other and previous risk assessments. Possibly, reuse can also contribute to more risk assessments being carried out, thereby ensuring the safety and health of professional workers.

The construction sector is considered one of the most hazardous industries in the world. The reason for this is due to several factors. Earlier literature shows that a construction site can be dynamic as different types of objects or people are in constant motion. Difficulties arise when trying to predict safety hazards on-site. Collisions between objects or falling from a height are examples of hazardous situations that can occur onconstruction sites. In a construction environment, there are also static risks related to, for instance, dust, unsafe substances, and chemicals from paints, fuels, and solvents. Simultaneously, society is in an era of digitalization and innovation with, among other things, artificial intelligence (AI), drones, building information modeling (BIM), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), digital twins, internet of things (IoT), automation, robotics and sensor-technologies on the topic. These tools have the potential to improvecurrent safety management methods. At the same time, the attitudes towards the construction industry are associated with traditional working methods where digitalization and new technology are perceived to be moving at a slow pace.Technologies and digital methods for securing construction sites have mainly been investigated in controlled research settings and test projects. The research gap lies in the fact that there is not enough knowledge regarding the implementation of technologies and digital methods in more authentic construction site environments. The study aims to identify different technologies and digital tools within construction safetymanagement in the Swedish context. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a general understanding of the topic and to broaden the perspective on existing attitudes and behaviors toward digital tools and technologieswithin construction safety management. In this thesis, the focus is on construction sites during the production phase with their respective personnel. Other parts of the construction project process, such as the planning and design stages, are taken into account by exploring how these stages can contribute to safer constructionsites. To obtain empirical material, methods based on qualitative research have been suitable where semi-structured interviews and fieldwork have been conducted. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) has been used as a theoretical framework for the results and a thematic analysis has been used as a data analysis approach.The thesis has examined how construction sites can become safer with the help of digitalization and new technology. Attitudes and behaviors towards the implementation of digital tools and technology have also been investigated. The results indicate that there are different attitudes towards the implementation of digital tools and technologies concerning safety management in both the design and planning phase and the production phase. To summarize the results, many of the interview participants were positive towards using digital tools and technologies for safety purposes. However, they were also skeptical about the success of implementation due to factors such as cost, risks, traditional methods, and attitudes and behaviors. The attitudes and behaviors, in turn, affect the actual usage of construction safety management implementations.In this thesis, we hope to broaden the perspective on how digital tools and technology could contribute to safer construction sites and the attitudes and behaviors towards the matter. / Byggsektorn anses vara en av de mest riskfyllda branscherna i världen. Anledningen till detta beror på flera faktorer. Tidigare studier visar att en bygg- och anläggningsplats kan vara dynamisk då olika typer av föremål eller människor är i ständig rörelse. Svårigheter kan därmed uppstå i arbetet med att förutse säkerhetsrisker på plats. Kollisioner mellan föremål och fall från höjder är exempel på olyckor på byggarbetsplatser. I en bygg – och anläggningsmiljö finns det också statiska risker relaterade till exempelvisdamm, farliga ämnen och kemikalier från färger, bränslen och lösningsmedel. Samtidigt befinner sig samhället i en era av digitalisering och innovation med bland annat artificiell intelligens (AI), drönare, building information modeling (BIM), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), digitala tvillingar, internet of things (IoT), automation, robotik och sensorteknik, vilka uppmärksammas på bred front. Dessahjälpmedel har potential att driva utvecklingen av arbetsmiljö - och säkerhetsarbetet inom byggbranschen. Samtidigt förknippas attityderna till byggbranschen med traditionella arbetssätt där digitalisering och ny teknik upplevs gå långsamt.Idag finns det många tekniker och digitala metoder för att säkra bygg- och anläggningsplatser. Detta har dock främst undersökts i kontrollerade forskningsmiljöer och testprojekt. Forskningsgapet ligger i det faktum att det inte finns tillräckligt med kunskap om implementering av teknik och digitala metoder i mer autentiskabygg- och anläggningsplatser. Studien syftar till att identifiera olika tekniker och digitala verktyg inom byggarbetsmiljö och säkerhet i den svenska kontexten. Syftet med denna uppsats är att ge en allmän förståelse för ämnet och att bredda perspektivet på befintliga attityder och beteenden gentemot digitala verktyg och tekniker inom byggarbetsmiljö och säkerhet. I detta examensarbete ligger fokus på byggarbetsplatser under produktionsfasen. Andra delar av byggprojektprocessen, såsom planerings- ochprojekteringsfaserna, beaktas genom att undersöka hur dessa skeden kan bidra till säkrare byggarbetsplatser. För att få fram empiriskt material har metoder baserade på kvalitativa undersökningar varit lämpliga där semistrukturerade intervjuer och fältarbete har genomförts. Technology acceptance model (TAM) har använts som ett teoretiskt ramverk för resultaten och tematisk analys har använts för att redogöra för empirin.I denna studie har det undersökts hur bygg – och anläggningsplatser kan bli säkrare med hjälp av digitalisering och ny teknik. Attityder och beteenden till implementering av digitala verktyg och teknik har också undersökts. Resultaten tyder på att det finns olika attityder till implementering av digitala verktyg och tekniker gällande byggarbetsmiljö och säkerhet i såväl planering- och projekteringsfasen som produktionsfasen. Sammanfattningsvis kan sägas att många av intervjudeltagarna var positiva till att använda digitala verktyg och tekniker i arbetsmiljö – och säkerhetssyfte. Men de var också skeptiska till framgången med implementeringen på grund av faktorer som kostnader, risker, traditionella metoder, attityder och beteenden. Attityderna och beteendena påverkar i sin tur den faktiska användningen av nya implementeringarför arbetsmiljö och säkerhetshantering. I den här uppsatsen hoppas vi kunna bredda perspektivet på hur digitala verktyg och teknik kan bidra till säkrare byggarbetsplatser och attityder och beteenden i frågan.