This dissertation analyses academic military history and the writing of the World Wars in Canada. While there have been hundreds of books devoted to Canada???s role in the World Wars, few historians have examined the writing of that same history, or the archival records that were used to construct these narratives. It has been the official historians of the Department of National Defence who, for much of the twentieth century, have controlled the historical writing of the World Wars, and that military history has been narrowly defined as the history of military operations. Training, administrating and operational war-fighting remained the focus. Only recently have academic military historians pushed the discipline of military history to explore the impact of the World Wars on Canadian society. Nonetheless, it remains the publications of A.F. Duguid, C.P. Stacy, Gilbert Tucker, Fred Hitchins, Joseph Schull, and more recent official historians that provide the central narrative when examining the writing on Canada???s World Wars. An exploration of key historians and their works reveals historical themes underpinning how memory and narrative of the World Wars has been constructed within historical writing. The official historians were the guardians of memory and controllers of the past. Caught within the battles of reputations that followed the World Wars, they were forced to carefully navigate through these contested issues. Laying an interpretative frame-work, the official historians allowed subsequent generations to build upon and rework their findings, through writing their histories but also by acting as the archivists for their respective services. While the official histories have their flaws, they are also exceptionally important foundational studies that deserve greater attention and study in their own right.

This dissertation analyses academic military history and the writing of the World Wars in Canada. While there have been hundreds of books devoted to Canada???s role in the World Wars, few historians have examined the writing of that same history, or the archival records that were used to construct these narratives. It has been the official historians of the Department of National Defence who, for much of the twentieth century, have controlled the historical writing of the World Wars, and that military history has been narrowly defined as the history of military operations. Training, administrating and operational war-fighting remained the focus. Only recently have academic military historians pushed the discipline of military history to explore the impact of the World Wars on Canadian society. Nonetheless, it remains the publications of A.F. Duguid, C.P. Stacy, Gilbert Tucker, Fred Hitchins, Joseph Schull, and more recent official historians that provide the central narrative when examining the writing on Canada???s World Wars. An exploration of key historians and their works reveals historical themes underpinning how memory and narrative of the World Wars has been constructed within historical writing. The official historians were the guardians of memory and controllers of the past. Caught within the battles of reputations that followed the World Wars, they were forced to carefully navigate through these contested issues. Laying an interpretative frame-work, the official historians allowed subsequent generations to build upon and rework their findings, through writing their histories but also by acting as the archivists for their respective services. While the official histories have their flaws, they are also exceptionally important foundational studies that deserve greater attention and study in their own right.

Orientador: Paulo Roberto Teixeira de Godoy / Resumo: Os imigrantes e descendentes de alemães do município de Rio Claro – SP na primeira metade do Século XX, sofreram, assim como os alemães do Sul, problemas referentes à construção do inimigo durante as Guerras Mundiais, significando um período de perseguição e preconceito por eles sofridos, cuja intensidade fora escalada não somente pelo governo varguista, mas também pela população ao terem acesso a boatos e falsidades a respeito desse conjunto étnico no Brasil. Para sabermos as histórias que tais imigrantes e descendentes viveram nesse período, a pesquisa utiliza da metodologia da História Oral, a qual através da gravação de relatos daqueles que viveram o período ou a quem fora passadas as histórias, torna-se possível o acesso a uma fonte documental que, devido à consequências naturais da passagem do tempo e da memória, poderiam ser perdidas. Desse modo, em conjunção à metodologia da História Oral, é utilizado uma mescla de teorias e metodologias, as quais visam uma melhor leitura das entrevistas e da situação desta etnia, para tanto, o estudo do relato é abordado através dos conceitos bakhtinianos de “dialogismo”, “vozes do discurso” e “gêneros discursivos” em união à sociologia do corpo de David Le Breton; quanto à sua etnia e identidade os conceitos de “habitus” de Norbert Elias e “etnicidade” de Fredrik Barth são utilizados e, para quando a etnia foi estigmatizada é usado os estudos de Irving Goffman para a compreensão de quando sua identidade fora atacada; além do uso da ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The German Immigrants and their descendants from the municipality of Rio Claro - SP in the first half of the twentieth century suffered, as did the southern brazillian Germans, problems regarding the construction of the enemy during the World Wars, meaning a period of persecution and prejudice suffered by them, whose intensity was scaled not only by the Vargas government, but also by the population when they had access to rumors and falsities about this ethnic group in Brazil. To know the stories that such immigrants and descendants lived in this period, the research utilizes the methodology of Oral History, which through the recording of reports of those who lived the period or who were told the stories, it is possible to access a source that, due to the natural consequences of the passage of time and memory, could be lost. Thus, in conjunction with the methodology of Oral History, a mixture of theories and methodologies is used, which aim a better reading of the interviews and the situation of this ethnic group. Therefore, the study of the oral report is approached through Bakhtinian concepts of “dialogism”, “Voices of discourse” and “discursive genres” in union with the sociology of the body of David Le Breton; As for their ethnicity and identity Norbert Elias's concepts of “habitus” and Fredrik Barth's “ethnicity” are used, and for when ethnicity was stigmatized Irving Goffman's studies were used to understand when their identity was attacked; and the use of Halbwachs' Co... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Många studier i ämnet historia handlar om migration till och från Amerika. Denna studie ska ge en liten inblick om migration mellan Värmland och Tyskland. Under åren 1910–1915 och 1935–1940 flyttade 14 412 människor från Sverige till Tyskland och vice versa. 165 män, kvinnor och barn migrerade från och till Värmland.  Syftet med studien är att belysa en liten del av vilka personer migrerade, vilka yrken, kön och åldersklasser de tillhörde, deras familjära situation, från och till vilka orter de flyttade i Värmland. En stor del av tidigare studier jag har funnit av den tyska migrationen handlar om befolkningen i landsbygdsområden med mycket jordbruk. Skillnaden här är att Värmland inte enbart är en lantbruksregion utan också industriregion. Inom kön och yrken finns det stora skillnader mot de tidigare forskningar. Eftersom de officiella svenska registren är den huvudkälla som används, är metoden i största omfattning kvantitativ. Huvudsakligt används material ur register från Statistiska centralbyrån och Kyrkböcker. Den kvalitativa metoden blir använd vid personer och familjer som kan följas mer i de registren. Resultaten visade vilka yrkesgrupper som flyttade, könsfördelning, civilstånd, familjära situation och åldersfördelning bland migranterna. Genom fallstudier kunde man tolka vilka push och pull faktorer som eventuellt påverkade migrationen. En jämförelse med bakgrundsinformation, tidigare forskning och resultatet ledde till några slutsatser om vad som drev personerna till att flytta. Slutsatser som blir tagna äratt det finns speciella yrken som sticker ut och som förklaras med dem geografiska och ekonomiska skillnaden och utvecklingen som fanns i Värmland under den tiden. Politiska omständigheter har säkert en betydelse, när man ser på resultaten, med det är bara spekulationer och kräver mer forskning inom området. / Many studies on the subject of history are about migration to and from America. This study will provide a little insight into migration between Värmland and Germany. During the years 1910–1915 and 1935–1940, 14 412 people moved from Sweden to Germany and vice versa. 165 men, women and children migrated from and to Värmland. The purpose of the study is to shed light on a small part of which people migrated, which occupations, gender and age classes they belonged to, their family situation, from and to which places they moved in Värmland. A large part of previous studies I have found of German migration are about the population in rural areas with a lot of agriculture. The difference here is that Värmland is not only an agricultural region but also an industrial region. Within gender and professions, there are major differences from previous research.  Since the official Swedish registers are the main source used, the method is largely quantitative. Materials from the registers are from Statistics Sweden and church registers are mainly used. The qualitative method is used for individuals and families who can be followed more in those registers. The results showed which occupational groups moved, gender distribution, marital status and age distribution among the migrants. Through case studies, it was possible to interpret which push and pull factors may have affected migration. A comparison with background information, previous research and the results led to some conclusions about what drove the people to move. Conclusions that are drawn are that there are special professions that stand out and that are explained with the geographical and economic differences and the development that existed in Värmland during that time. Political circumstances certainly have significance, when you look at the results, but they are just speculations and require more research in the field.

L'objet de cette thèse est d'étudier d'une part la place que tient la guerre dans l'œuvre de l'historien et philosophe italien Benedetto Croce (1866-1952), à la fois lorsqu'il étudie l'Histoire, notamment celle du XIXe siècle, et lorsqu'il réagit aux événements dont il est le contemporain : guerres d'Ethiopie de 1896 et 1935, de Libye de 1911-1912 et « pacification » dans les années vingt et trente, Première Guerre mondiale, Guerre d'Espagne, Seconde Guerre mondiale. La guerre est-elle parfois légitime ? Est-elle nécessaire à la construction et à l'affermissement de l'état italien ? Ou au contraire est-elle à éviter à tout prix ? Ces questions sont complexes car la guerre n'est pas l'apanage du fascisme, mais a déjà été l'un des caractères importants du régime libéral qui a précédé le fascisme en Italie. Ce travail de recherche porte également sur la pensée et l'action de Benedetto Croce en ce qui concerne le maintien puis la réinstauration de la paix, notamment après les deux guerres mondiales, et son engagement pro-européen. L'étude s'est appuyée sur le croisement entre les œuvres de Benedetto Croce et les documents contenus dans les Archives d'Etat à Rome, comme les dossiers de la Police Politique fasciste qui a surveillé Croce pendant des décennies à cause de son engagement antifasciste. / The purpose of this thesis is first to study the part that war plays in the works of the Italian historian and philosopher, Benedetto Croce (1866-1952), when he studies History -in particular that of the 19th century- as well as when he reacts to the events of which he is a contemporary: wars in Ethiopia in 1896 and 1935, in Libya in 1911- 1912 and “pacification” in the nineteen twenties and thirties, First World War, Spanish War, Second World War. Is war sometimes legitimate? Is it necessary to the construction and strengthening of the Italian State? Or on the contrary is it to be avoided at all costs? These are complex questions, for war is not the prerogative of fascism but has already been one of the important characteristics of the liberal regime that preceded fascism in Italy. This research is also focused on the thought and action of Benedetto Croce concerning peace maintaining and then restoring, in particular after both world wars, and his commitment to Europe. The study is based upon the interplay of Benedetto Croce’s works and the documents found in the State Archives in Rome, like the files of the fascist political police who watched Croce during decades because of his anti-fascist commitment.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana Francisca Souza Pena.pdf: 915057 bytes, checksum: 307687ff81bf78819a09c40ee9083859 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-01 / The present work has the aims to bring to light evidences that the relationship between the dominant nation-states, dominated nation-states and human rights is today presented in a distorted way: the sovereign entity that was created to protect the interests of nations, in practice, when acts, does so as an agent of coercion. The situation is that we live in a state of emergency, a state of war in which the military and economic power dominates the world of fear. Using the writings of Walter Benjamin and his notion of Erfahrung (crossing) as well as the critique of mythologem of sovereignty and social contract theory we intend to show the need for behavioral change through education for peace with the aim of forming a culture of peace and not an institutional program that will regulate the war, as occurred with the production of peace treaties and institutions created from them, especially in the period of World War II / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo trazer à luz a evidência de que a relação entre estados-nações dominantes, estados-nações dominados e os direitos humanos está, hoje, apresentada de forma distorcida: o ente soberano que surgiu para tutelar os interesses das nações, na prática, quando atua, o faz como agente de coação. A constatação é a de que vivemos num estado de exceção, num estado de guerra, no qual o poder bélico e econômico domina o mundo do medo. Utilizando o pensamento de Walter Benjamin e a sua noção de Erfahrung (travessia), bem como a crítica ao mitologema da soberania e à teoria do contrato social pretendemos mostrar a necessidade de uma mudança comportamental por meio da educação para a paz, com o objetivo de formar uma cultura para paz e não um programa institucional que normatize a guerra, como ocorreu com a produção dos tratados de paz e as instituições a partir deles criadas, em especial, no período da segunda guerra mundial

This thesis seeks to examine the Kurdish novel, The Flower of Shoran (1998) by Iranian Kurdish author, ‘Atā Nahāyi in the context of Kurdish identity search and nationalism and struggle to build a nation state. Considering that the setting of the novel is between the two World Wars which is arguably the most critical phase of Kurdish nationalism, the present study tries to give a brief overview of the historical events that shaped and oriented Kurdish nationalism. Subsequently, Nahāyi’s perspective on the question of Kurdish identity and nationalism in Iran which are the underlying themes of the novel is discussed. Also a detailed summary has been provided along with the translation of the first two chapters of the novel to illustrate how a fairly successful Kurdish novel such as The Flower of Shoran has dealt with the Kurdish question of identity and nationalism in the context of Kurds' struggle for autonomy and recognition as a distinct nation. / text

Au carrefour de l’histoire et de la littérature, cette étude biographique consiste d’abord en un questionnement de la place de l’individu dans l’Histoire. À l’aide d’un corpus interdisciplinaire et d’une approche expérimentale de la génétique des textes, elle doit déterminer l’empreinte de la guerre sur la genèse et l’originalité de la position intellectuelle et philosophique de Georges Duhamel à l’égard de la « crise de civilisation », mise au jour par une réflexion sur les conséquences de la guerre. La démonstration vise à établir la corrélation entre sa philosophie morale, son engagement intellectuel et son expérience dans l’ « envers » de la guerre en tant que médecin. Après un état des lieux de la pensée de l’humaniste à la veille de la guerre, la reconstitution des multiples « colloques singuliers » développés par Georges Duhamel avec les soldats blessés livre la matrice des fondements de la « civilisation morale », progressivement élaborée au fil des récits de guerre. Reflet d’une âme individuelle et parcelle de la conscience collective, c’est selon cette double perspective que l’itinéraire de la « civilisation morale » est ensuite reconstitué de 1919 à 1939, du temps des mirages à l’épreuve des périls. Par des jeux d’échelle, l’évolution culturelle de la société et des consciences françaises de la Première à la Seconde Guerre mondiale se dévoile, ainsi que la permanence des enjeux éthiques et métaphysiques soulevés par la violence et la mort de masse du début de siècle. Enfin, le développement s’achève sur les significations et les implications de la Seconde Guerre mondiale sur la « civilisation morale » envisagée dans sa double dimension, métaphysique et culturelle. / In the crossroads of history and literature, this biographical study consists at first of a questioning of the place of the individual in History. By means of an interdisciplinary collection and of an experimental approach of the genetics of texts, we have to determine the mark of the war on the genesis of Georges Duhamel's intellectual and philosophic position towards the “crisis of civilization”, brought to light by a reflection on the consequences of war. The demonstration aims to establish the correlation between his moral philosophy, his intellectual commitment and his wartime experience. After a state of the thought of the humanist on the eve of the war, the reconstruction of multiple “singular colloquium” which Georges Duhamel develops with the wounded soldiers of the Great War delivers the matrix of the foundations of the "moral civilization", gradually achieved over war stories. Window to an individual soul and part of the collective consciousness, this double perspective reconstitutes the path of the “moral civilization” from 1919 to 1939, from time for illusions to test of dangers. By games of scale, the cultural evolution of society and French consciousnesses from the First to the Second World War comes to light, as well as the durability of the ethical and metaphysical issues raised by the violence and the mass die-off at the turn of the century. Finally, the development ends on the meanings and the implications of the Second Conflict on the “moral civilization” envisaged in its double dimension, metaphysics and cultural.

The dissertation takes as a point of departure that 1945 is usually mentioned as a start for a new type of Swedish children’s literature. In the majority of handbooks in and reviews of the history of Swedish children’s literature this is repeated as a fact. A reason for this is that three famous authors of children’s literature in Swedish all had their breakthrough this year: Lennart Hellsing, Tove Jansson and Astrid Lindgren. They are regarded as the most important examples of the new type of children’s literature. Especially Astrid Lindgren’s Pippi Långstrump [Pippi Longstocking] has been seen as a symbol for the free child and for the revolt against the adult world and the stiff rules of etiquette. At the same time as 1945 has been assigned as the birth date for a new children’s literature the general view of the preceding period, between the two world wars, has been that it was stagnant and uninteresting. In this study, the hypothesis was that the new did not emerge from an empty space. After extensive reading of children’s literature from the time between the wars it was discovered that there were new tendencies in this literature similar to those ascribed to the literature from the period after 1945. A more detailed analysis was performed comparing Astrid Lindgren’s Pippi Långstrump with works by the Swedish author Ester Blenda Nordström and the Danish author Karin Michaëlis’. The results show that the children’s literature produced between the wars was much more complex than previously stated and has several characteristics similar to the literature produced after 1945. As a consequence it seems necessary to modify the notion of 1945 as the definite starting point for the modern Swedish children’s book. A comparative analysis of the three authors is used as verification in the thesis. The analysis use among others the theories of Bachtin about the “popular laugh culture” and shows that the main characters in the books by Nordström and Michaëlis to the same extent as Pippi Långstrump illustrates the norm-breaking and independent child. The similarities between the work of Astrid Lindgren and Nordström and Michaëlis are obvious in terms of content as well as in expressions and type of language. The main focus in this dissertation is a textual analysis against a background of social context analysis. The conclusions state that there clearly were predecessors to the work of Astrid Lindgren. To simply state that 1945 was the year when the modern children’s book was born thus no longer seems relevant. / <p>Akademisk avhandling för avläggande av filosofie doktorsexamen i litteraturvetenskap vid Göteborgs universitet, som med tillstånd av</p><p>humanistiska fakultetsnämnden kommer att offentligen försvaras fredagen den 27 maj 2011, kl. 10 i Lilla Hörsalen, Humanisten, Renströmsgatan 6, Göteborg</p>

This is a study of autobiographical letters written in the early 1950s by seven Swedish sailors. The letters were contributions to a project at the Nordiska Museet in Stockholm aiming to collect and publicize workers' autobiographical narratives. The aim of this thesis is to analyze how the sailors composed their narratives in dialogue not only with heroic epics and other oral and written literary traditions but also with folklore studies and with contemporary public conversations about Sweden. According to Bachtin, any given text must be understood as a dialogue with the entire history of literature and the analysis in this study shows that the sailors' narratives are composed according to the pattern of the returning Homeric hero: the hero by destiny, the hero by action, and the hero by tradition. In terms of contents the letters are centered on two major themes: the two world wars and the transformation of Sweden from a poor rural society into a modern well-fare state. These themes are dramatized in plots, test-conflicts, motifs, and motif-complexes (functions, motiphemes), well-known from oral traditions and classical drama. An experiment in which two of the letters are subjected to “ethnopoetic transcription” shows the nature and extent of the oral idiom used by the writers. Two other writers display their literary ambitions through an abundance of paraphrases and hidden quotations. For the museum staff, the sailors' contributions were problematic. The verbal artistry of the writers challenged assumptions that workers' life narratives should be “simple and ingenious descriptions” and transparent sources of ethnological data. Furthermore, the sailors' frankness about Sweden's and their own part in the world wars challenged the myth of the neutrality and peacefulness of the Swedish folkhem.