Most of the theory that concerns auditing relates to agency theory where auditors' role is to mitigate the information asymmetry between principals and agents. During the last decade, we have witnessed technological advancements across the society, advancements which also have affected the auditing profession. Technology and accounting information systems has decreased information asymmetry in various ways. From an agency theory point of view, this would arguably reduce the demand for auditing. In the same time, the audit profession is expanding into new business areas where auditors perform assurance services. The purpose of this paper is to investigate auditors' role in a technological environment. Interviews have been used to explore auditors' perception of the role. The result indicates that auditors' role still is to mitigate principal-agent conflicts, though, information asymmetries are expanding to comprehend more and to a wider stakeholder group due to technology. The end goal is still the same, that to provide trust to the stakeholders, technology enable new ways of reaching there and broadens the scope towards systems and other related services. That is the perceived role of auditors in today´s technological environment.

In 2009, The United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued a mandate requiring public companies to provide financial information to the SEC and on their corporate Web sites in an interactive data format using the eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL). This dissertation consists of three separate, but interrelated studies exploring issues related to interactive data visualization in financial reporting contexts. The first study employs theories in information systems (task-technology fit and the technology-performance chain model) and cognitive psychology (cognitive load) to examine the link between characteristics of interactive data visualization and task requirements in a financial analysis context, and the impact of that link on task performance and user attitudes towards interactive data technology use. The second study extends the first by examining the effects of prior interactive data technology use on future choice to use an interactive technology. This study uses the IS continuance model to examine antecedents to continued interactive technology use based on previous assessments of task-technology fit and performance impacts from the first study. The third study employs an elaboration likelihood model (ELM) to understand the interactivity concept and its impact on information processing and belief/attitude formation. This study examines the impact of increasing interactivity on investor perceptions of forecast credibility and on a firm’s attractiveness as a potential investment choice. Overall, these three studies provide insights on factors that impact decision-making in interactive financial reporting contexts, and how characteristics of interactive data visualization impact information processing, user perceptions, and task performance

This dissertation comprises five essays on advanced digital financial reporting formats, their determinants, and their impact on capital markets. The first chapter leads through the outline of the dissertation, introduces the research context, and provides a framework for the topic of advanced digital reporting formats in research and practice. Chapters two and three analyze the usage and empirical determinants of the voluntary usage of online financial reports (OFR) based on HTML and its impact on the information environment in Europe. In the fourth chapter, the dissertation analyzes the quality of OFR and its corporate governance determinants. Chapter five deals with a literature review on the adoption of XBRL worldwide, its potential impact, and respective influencing factors. The closing chapter comprises a qualitative research study based on semi-structured interviews with experts from large, listed firms as well as auditing and advisory companies in Germany in the context of the mandatory adoption of digital reporting formats and tackles the topics of organizational and processual integration as well as financial reporting and communication considerations.

網際網路的出現與發展大幅改變了資訊傳遞的方式。近年來，隨著可延伸標記語言（XML）的出現與其相關技術的發展，使得在網路上傳遞資料變得更加的便利、有效率；在各個專業領域內，許多組織也開始利用XML作為交換資料的基礎，制定通用的標準並發展相關的應用。延伸性企業報導語言（XBRL）正是XML在企業或財務報導領域的一種應用。 本研究是以XBRL國際組織於2002年10月所公布的美國財務報導分類標準架構（US Financial Reporting Taxonomy Framework）為基礎，並從會計處理流程的角度將之延伸，使一份依XBRL編製的電子化財務報表能在XBRL規格書2.0規範下，呈現從交易文件、會計分錄、明細分類帳一直至報表層次科目的金額或資料，以作為連續性審計及未來在XBRL平台上進行財務報表分析或後續處理的基礎架構。 此外，本研究建立一雛形系統，可將企業資料庫中經對映而轉換後的財務資訊，依照上述延伸後的分類標準架構，編製一份符合XBRL規格書2.0的財務報表。並以一銷貨及收款循環的範例加以驗證此架構之可行性。 / The emergence of internet has dramatically changed the ways of information being transferred. The rapid development of XML and related technologies in recent years has facilitated the exchange of data and many applications or standards have been deployed in each specific area. XBRL is one of them in business or financial reporting area. This study is based on the US Financial Reporting Taxonomy Framework released in October, 2002. It tries to extend this framework, so information or data of subsidiary accounts, journal entries and original transaction documents can also be reported on the same XBRL instance and follow the XBRL specification 2.0. The extended framework incorporates and partially revises the GL Core 1.0 taxonomy and establishes taxonomies of subsidiary terms (ST) and transaction documents (TR), containing elements which is in need of reporting subsidiary accounts and original transaction documents. Additionally, this study builds a system that can create a XBRL instance document containing the data mapped and transferred from the database of an enterprise according to the extended taxonomy framework mentioned above. Finally, it validates the feasibility of the extended framework with an example of revenue and cash receipts cycle.

XBRL是以延伸性標記語言（eXtensible Markup Language, XML）為基礎，針對商業報告所發展之新標記語言。XBRL主要應用於財務資訊、報表與資料分析等領域，促進企業財務報導在資訊傳遞和分析比較上的及時性與易取得性，以提升其資訊透明度，並減少企業之資訊提供成本，以及資訊需求者之使用成本，並藉由國際標準之訂定，建構全球企業資訊供應鏈。 本研究探討我國上市(櫃)公司提早採用XBRL格式申報財務報告之決策是否會受到股權結構與公司特性等因素所影響。實證分析結果顯示，就股權結構變數而言，機構投資人持股比率與提早採用XBRL格式間呈現顯著正相關，顯示機構投資人持股比率高，會提高企業提早採用XBRL格式申報財務報告之可能性；但股權分散度對於企業是否提早採用之決策並不存在關聯性。 就公司特性變數而言，公司規模、市場別及是否發生虧損與提早採用XBRL格式間皆呈現顯著負向關係，表示公司資產規模小、上櫃公司，以及未發生虧損的企業，較可能提早採用XBRL格式申報財務報告。換言之，資產規模大、上市公司或發生虧損之公司均不傾向於提早採用XBRL格式申報財務報告。至於是否屬於高代理成本公司及是否須編製合併報表則與提早採用XBRL格式申報財務報告之決策，無顯著影響。 / XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) is a business reporting language based on the eXtensible Markup Language. One of the key attributes of XBRL is an explicit semantic and machine-readable format for varieties of information found in business reporting in general and in financial statements in particular. It is suggested that the use of XBRL helps reduce the costs associated with obtaining and analyzing information from businesses by addressing and eliminating incompatible reporting formats. The benefits also include the enhancement of information transparency and a more effective and efficient information value chain. Using a sample of companies listed in Taiwan Securities Exchange (TWSE) and Gretai Securities Market (GSM), this study investigates the determinants of an early adoption of XBRL in filing annual financial reports from aspects of ownership structure and firm characteristics. With respect to the ownership structure variables, the empirical results show that the higher percentage of shareholding by the institutional investor, the greater the probability for firms to adopt XBRL earlier. However, the study cannot find the evidence that the degree of diversification of ownership is significantly related to the early adoption of XBRL in filing annual reports. With respect to variables of firm characteristics, the research findings indicate that small companies, companies listed in GSM, and profitable companies tend to adopt XBRL for financial reporting earlier. The study cannot find significant association between variables proxied for agency costs and firm complexity and the early adoption of XBRL.

Submitted by Aline Martins (1146629@mackenzie.br) on 2016-09-05T22:06:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) ROBERTA AULER BITTENCOURT BERNARDO.pdf: 5228519 bytes, checksum: c032f6bde171db2eb787aa49a23272ce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paola Damato (repositorio@mackenzie.br) on 2016-09-08T16:24:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) ROBERTA AULER BITTENCOURT BERNARDO.pdf: 5228519 bytes, checksum: c032f6bde171db2eb787aa49a23272ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-08T16:24:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) ROBERTA AULER BITTENCOURT BERNARDO.pdf: 5228519 bytes, checksum: c032f6bde171db2eb787aa49a23272ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-03 / This study proposes a taxonomy for the notes to the financial statements, prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL). The proposed model complements the taxonomy of the financial statements approved by the XBRL International on April 3rd, 2015. The main objective of the notes is to provide useful information to investors, lenders, regulatory and supervisory bodies in the Brazilian market. The accompanying notes are disclosed by listed companies with the Brazilian Securities Commission (CVM) in Portable Document Format (PDF), through Empresas.Líquido system. The difficulty of selection and extraction of data for use in analysis is costly and limits the use of information, and need to export or re-enter the data in a more friendly format. In order to work around this limitation, the XBRL language was created. In Brazil, the implementation of XBRL is being conducted by the Federal Accounting Council (CFC) and entities within it. XBRL is an interactive disclosure format and disclosure reduces the asymmetry of information between internal and external users. In this sense, this paper chose two theories: Prospectus which is based on the arguments of Kahneman and Tversky (1979) and Disclosure discussed by Verrecchia (2001) and Dye (2001). The Prospect Theory defines the format of accounting information affects the user's decision-making. The way the items of the notes will be presented in the disclosures, can influence the decision-making process of an investor, analyst or regulatory agency that evaluates companies are disclosing. On the other hand, the Theory of Disclosure discusses the disclosure of settings that are unconditionally preferred, ie, in the case of this study what types of disclosure of the notes are more efficient. The analysis of items for all of the notes was developed from the items of the IFRS taxonomy compared with items found in the accounting pronouncements (CPCs). They were located from the following processes: disclosure, common practice and example. Items common practice found in the tables and text of the explanatory notes published by Brazilian companies on the Brazilian Securities Commission (CVM) and the sample items were found examples of the Accounting Pronouncements Committee Standards (CPC). The result was the model definition of Brazilian taxonomy of explanatory notes in XBRL for financial reporting of public companies. / Este estudo propõe a taxonomia para as notas explicativas às demonstrações financeiras, preparadas de acordo com as International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) em eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL). O modelo proposto complementa a taxonomia das demonstrações contábeis aprovada pelo XBRL International em 03 de abril de 2015. O objetivo principal das notas explicativas é complementar informações úteis a investidores, credores, órgãos reguladores e fiscalizadores no mercado brasileiro. As notas explicativas são divulgadas pelas companhias abertas na Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM) no formato Portable Document Format (PDF), por meio do sistema Empresas.Líquido. A dificuldade de seleção e extração dos dados para utilização em análises é onerosa e limita o uso da informação, sendo necessário exportar ou redigitar os dados em um formato mais amigável. A fim de solucionar esta limitação, foi criada a linguagem XBRL. No Brasil, a implantação do XBRL está sendo conduzida pelo Conselho Federal de Contabilidade (CFC) e entidades que o integram. O XBRL é um formato de divulgação interativo e a divulgação reduz a assimetria de informação existente entre os usuários internos e externos. Neste sentido, este trabalho optou por duas teorias: Prospectos que baseia-se nos argumentos de Kahneman e Tversky (1979) e Divulgação discutida por Verrecchia (2001) e Dye (2001). A Teoria dos Prospectos define que o formato da informação contábil influencia a tomada de decisão do usuário. A forma como os itens das notas explicativas serão apresentados nas divulgações, podem influenciar no processo decisório de um investidor, analista ou órgão regulador que avalia as companhias que estão divulgando. Por outro lado, a Teoria da Divulgação discute as configurações de divulgação que são incondicionalmente preferidos, ou seja, no caso deste trabalho quais tipos de divulgação das notas explicativas são mais eficientes. A análise dos itens para o conjunto das notas foi desenvolvida a partir dos itens da taxonomia IFRS comparados com itens encontrados nos pronunciamentos contábeis (CPC’s). Eles foram localizados a partir dos seguintes processos: divulgação, prática comum e exemplo. Os itens da prática comum foram encontrados nas tabelas e textos das notas explicativas divulgadas por companhias brasileiras na Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM) e os itens de exemplo foram encontrados dos exemplos das normas do Comitê de Pronunciamento Contábeis (CPC’s). O resultado foi a definição do modelo da taxonomia brasileira das notas explicativas em XBRL para os relatórios financeiros das companhias abertas.

This thesis explores current and future possible uses of ICT in financial reporting, describes the properties, usage and implementation of EDI and XBRL, describes the concept of online reporting and continuous auditing, introduces the area of artificial intelligence and expert systems and their application in accounting and auditing, describes development and application of FRAANK for extraction of financial data from EDGAR repository, describes the implementation of continuous auditing in Siemens and finally states the possible reasons, why the technologies are not used to their full potential.

本研究以中國大陸2001至2007年於上海證券交易所之上市企業共98家，包括於2003年率先參與XBRL申報計畫之企業共49家，以及其他未採用XBRL申報財報之49家企業作為對照組進行實證分析，以探討中國大陸率先以XBRL格式申報財務資訊的企業群組，相較於非以XBRL格式申報之企業群組，是否企業對於採用XBRL之決策中會受到自身公司治理因素構成與表現影響，使率先採用之企業與非率先採用企業之公司治理因素有顯著之差異，並進一步探究各公司治理構面與採用XBRL之關連性。本研究於整理相關文獻後，根據國內外文獻之公司治理因素之評等架構，並將公司治理因素之變數分為董監事組成、股權結構、管理型態、與大股東介入股市等四個構面。 本研究之實證結果顯示，董監事組成、股權結構、管理型態與大股東介入股市構面皆對公司治理有整體或部份顯著的影響。以個別因素觀之，則發現監事規模、最大股東持股比、次大股東持股比、董事長與總經理是否兼任與大股東股權質押比具有顯著相關，代表監事規模越高，最大股東及次大股東持股比例越低，董事長與總經理兼任情形較高，或者股權質押比越低時，會增加企業率先採用XBRL申報財務資訊之可能性。 / This paper examines whether early and filers of financial information in XBRL format demonstrate superior corporate governance relative to their non-adopting peers. The corporate governance was composed of the composition of director and supervisor, ownership structure, administration style and pledge. Data of 98 listing companies from Shanghai Stock Exchange in China and nine corporate factors are used in our logistic regression model. The empirical analysis implies that board member structure, ownership structure, administration style and pledge -related factors have significant association with the adoption of XBRL in China.

Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de publicação de dados de execução do orçamento público em acordo com a legislação brasileira. A partir das leis e da revisão da literatura foram levantados requisitos que devem ser considerados numa publicação de dados que seja processável por máquina. São apresentadas dimensões de dados como qualidade de dados, metadados e taxonomia, além das abordagens Dados Governamentais Abertos e Linked Data. A proposta de publicação resultante além de alinhada com os requisitos estudados prevê processamento por máquina em três níveis: tratamento de dados, validação de dados e colecionamento de conjuntos de dados. Com as tecnologias selecionadas, como XBRL e XSLT, alcançou-se um modelo que atendeu cartorze requisitos levantados, abrindo caminho para estudos como a de uma rede de conjuntos de dados baseada nesta proposta. / This paper presents a proposal for publishing public budget data in accordance with Brazilian law. From the laws have raised requirements that must be considered in the publication data format that is machine-processable. From the literature review were also raised requirements that are part of the proposed publication of this work, such as controlled vocabularies, metadata and taxonomy. Two approaches of open data were also considered in the preparation of the publication format: Open Government Data and Linked Data. The proposed publication resulting from this work, that use technologies like XBRL and XSLT, is aligned with the raised requirements provides three levels of machine-processing: data processing, data validation and collecting datasets.

Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de publicação de dados de execução do orçamento público em acordo com a legislação brasileira. A partir das leis e da revisão da literatura foram levantados requisitos que devem ser considerados numa publicação de dados que seja processável por máquina. São apresentadas dimensões de dados como qualidade de dados, metadados e taxonomia, além das abordagens Dados Governamentais Abertos e Linked Data. A proposta de publicação resultante além de alinhada com os requisitos estudados prevê processamento por máquina em três níveis: tratamento de dados, validação de dados e colecionamento de conjuntos de dados. Com as tecnologias selecionadas, como XBRL e XSLT, alcançou-se um modelo que atendeu cartorze requisitos levantados, abrindo caminho para estudos como a de uma rede de conjuntos de dados baseada nesta proposta. / This paper presents a proposal for publishing public budget data in accordance with Brazilian law. From the laws have raised requirements that must be considered in the publication data format that is machine-processable. From the literature review were also raised requirements that are part of the proposed publication of this work, such as controlled vocabularies, metadata and taxonomy. Two approaches of open data were also considered in the preparation of the publication format: Open Government Data and Linked Data. The proposed publication resulting from this work, that use technologies like XBRL and XSLT, is aligned with the raised requirements provides three levels of machine-processing: data processing, data validation and collecting datasets.