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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Apport de l'épidémiologie moléculaire et des approches inférentielles dans l'analyse de l'émergence et des routes d'invasion de Xanthomonas citri pv. citri en Afrique, bactérie responsable du chancre asiatique des agrumes / No English title available

Leduc, Alice 01 April 2015 (has links)
La compréhension de l'émergence des maladies infectieuses végétales causées par les bactéries passe par l'identification des populations sources, des routes d'invasion et des voies de dissémination, ainsi que par l'estimation des paramètres biotiques et abiotiques associés. Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc) est l'agent pathogène responsable du chancre Asiatique des agrumes. La bactérie est distribuée dans plusieurs pays agrumicoles du monde et listée comme organisme de quarantaine par ceux où elle est absente. Nous avons abordé l'épidémiologie moléculaire de Xcc à deux échelles spatio-temporelles grâce à un schéma de 14 microsatellites (MLVA-14) et un schéma de 31 marqueurs minisatellites (MLVA-31). Le typage MLVA-14 s'est montré adapté au génotypage d'une bactérie monomorphe comme Xcc. Le typage MLVA-31 a permis de diviser le pathovar Xcc en quatre groupes génétiques distincts correspondant aux différences de gammes d'hôtes mise en évidence chez cette bactérie. Le pathotype A (souches à large gamme d'hôtes parmi les rutacées) est séparé en deux groupes génétiques, tandis que les pathotypes A* et Aw (souches à gamme d'hôtes restreinte au limettier Mexicain et quelques espèces proches) constituent chacun un groupe génétique. Alors que l'expansion géographique de Xcc depuis son aire d'origine dans la première moitié du XXème siècle a quasi exclusivement concerné un seul groupe génétique, trois des quatre groupes décrits ont contribué à l'émergence de Xcc en Afrique au cours de la dernière décennie. La bactérie est pré-adaptée et a été introduite avec son hôte depuis sa population d'origine, faisant de la barrière migratoire la seule étape à franchir pour rencontrer un succès d'invasion. L'objectif de cette thèse a été de décrire les différentes populations émergentes grâce à des approches d'épidémiologie moléculaire et inférentielles, et identifier les différentes origines, routes et acteurs de la dissémination. Nous avons dans un premier temps montré la coexistence de deux groupes génétiques distincts au Mali : DAPC1 qui est dispersé dans quatre provinces du pays et DAPC2 qui est resté cantonné à l'espace péri-urbain de Bamako. L'analyse de l'émergence de Xcc au Sénégal a révélé le succès invasif de DAPC2 dans un autre environnement. La structure des populations DAPC1 du Mali et DAPC2 du Sénégal suggèrent que les plants de pépinières constituent une voie de dissémination majeure dans ces pays. À l'opposé, DAPC2 de Bamako n'est pas détecté en pépinières au Mali et n'a pas montré de caractère invasif. L'existence d'une population « tête de pont » invasive de souches DAPC1 au Mali donnant lieu à une épidémie au Burkina Faso a été mise en évidence par une approche ABC (calcul Bayésien approché). Les populations DAPC2 du Mali et du Sénégal ne présentent pas de lien épidémiologique direct mais partagent des liens de parenté avec des souches présentes dans le sous-continent Indien. Dans un deuxième temps, l'analyse d'une population de souches appartenant au pathotype A* en Ethiopie nous a permis de procéder à des estimations de paramètres démographiques, tels que les tailles efficaces. Nous avons montré que l'approche inférentielle nous permettait d'éclairer l'histoire démographique de Xcc dans un cas d'émergence, et de mettre en avant une dynamique saisonnière accentuant probablement le déséquilibre mutation-dérive lié à la situation d'émergence. L'émergence de Xcc en Afrique est principalement associée aux activités humaines. Sa dissémination locale et globale peut alors être considérablement limitée par des mesures de gestion plus stricte au niveau des pépinières et des flux de commerces. / Several plant emerging infectious diseases are caused by bacteria. To improve our understanding of their emergence, a description of the emerging populations, the reconstruction of invasion routes and pathways, as well as the identification of involved biotic and abiotic parameters are fundamental. The bacterium Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc) is responsible for Asiatic citrus canker. It is present in many citrus producing countries and listed as a quarantine organism in canker-free countries.Two MLVA schemes were used for molecular epidemiological analyses of Xcc. The first one, MLVA-14, targeted 14 microsatellite markers, and is useful to describe the genetic diversity of this monomorphic bacterium. The second, MLVA-31, targeted 31 minisatellite markers, is suited to global epidemiology analyses. Based on MLVA-31 data, Xcc is divided in four genetic groups (referred to as DAPC clusters) corresponding to Xcc pathotype classification based on host range. Three pathotypes were described: pathotype A strains are able to infect most citrus species, while pathotypes A* and AW strains are naturally restricted to fewer host species.DAPC 1 is responsible for almost all cases of geographical expansion of Xcc over the first half of the 20th century, we show that three Xcc genetic clusters have emerged in Africa over the last decade. Xcc is pre-adapted to its host species. Invasive success of Xcc is then mostly conditioned by migration events. Our objectives were to describe these invasive populations using a molecular epidemiology approach and to assess the origin, routes and actors of this dissemination in Africa. Two genetic clusters were found in Mali: DAPC1 is present in four provinces while DAPC2 is restricted to the Bamako urban environment. In contrast, DAPC2 emerging populations in Senegal showed an invasive succes in an other environment. Populations structures of DAPC1 in Mali and DAPC2 in Senegal highlighted the role of nurseries in Xcc dissemination. On the contrary, DAPC2 strains in Bamako were not detected in Malian nurseries and showed a limited invasive success. Approximate Bayesian Computation highlighted an invasive bridgehead scenario between DAPC1 in Mali and Burkina Faso. DAPC2 populations in Mali and Senegal were not found epidemiologically related but were genetically related to strains previously reported from the Indian subcontinent.Demographic parameters inference, such as effective population sizes, were inferred from Ethiopian pathotype A* populations. The inference approach was useful to decipher the demographic history of this emerging population, and suggested seasonal fluctuations in population sizes over time.Emergence of Xcc in Africa was found strongly related to human activities. Therefore, the local and global dispersion could be limited by a better management of nurseries and trade.
2

Microévolution et adaptation à une pression de sélection anthropique chez Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, une bactérie pathogène des agrumes : dynamique du compartiment plasmidique / Microevolution and adaptation to anthropogenic selection pressure in Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, a citrus pathogen bacterium : plasmid compartment dynamics

Richard, Damien 05 March 2019 (has links)
Le cuivre, souvent utilisé pour gérer les bactérioses en agriculture, est largement utilisé dans la lutte contre Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc), agent responsable du chancre asiatique des agrumes. La récente détection d’un phénotype résistant au cuivre (CuR) chez Xcc dans deux territoires ultramarins français a motivé une étude génomique qui a révélé, dans les génomes de souches CuR, la présence d’un plasmide conjugatif portant un transposon adaptatif de type Tn3. Sa conservation chez plusieurs espèces de Xanthomonas phytopathogènes suggère le rôle des transferts horizontaux (HGT) dans l’adaptation de Xcc. Nous avons donc analysé, dans l’océan Indien, les relations phylogénétiques de souches sensibles et CuR en prenant en compte à la fois les SNP et les variations de contenu en gènes. La datation de la phylogénie a permis de formuler des scenarii d’introduction de la bactérie dans la région. La phylogénie a montré une structure géographique forte à l’échelle de l’océan Indien, qui s’estompe à l’échelle de la Réunion et disparaît à l’échelle du verger. Au sein des vergers, l’admixture est un élément favorable aux HGT entre souches génétiquement différentes. Ils sont pourtant peu caractérisés chez les bactéries du genre Xanthomonas. Nous avons ainsi analysé la dispersion de l’ensemble des gènes plasmidiques connus de la famille des Xanthomonadaceae dans l’ensemble des génomes bactériens de NCBI, mettant en évidence à la fois la forte prévalence des gènes plasmidiques au sein des Xanthomonadaceae mais aussi la limite taxonomique forte à leur échange par conjugaison. L’importance du mosaïsme plasmidique, en partie lié aux éléments mobiles a aussi été illustrée. L’ensemble de nos résultats souligne l’importance des HGT dans l’évolution des bactéries du genre Xanthomonas, et la nécessité de caractériser finement le contenu et le fonctionnement du génome environnemental des Xanthomonadaceae pour appréhender au mieux l’adaptation de ces bactéries phytopathogènes. / Copper, frequently used in agriculture to control bacterial diseases, is commonly used against Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc), the bacterial agent of Asiatic citrus canker. The recent detection of a copper-resistant phenotype in two French overseas regions motivated a genomic study which revealed, in copper-resistant (CuR) strains, a conjugative plasmid encoding an adaptive transposon of the Tn3 family. Its conservation in several Xanthomonas species suggested the role of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in Xcc adaptation. We therefore analyzed the evolutionary history of susceptible and CuR Xcc strains in the Indian Ocean using both SNP and gene content variations. The dating of the obtained phylogeny allowed us to hypothesize the history of Xcc introduction into the region. The phylogeny showed a strong geographic structure among islands of the Indian Ocean region, which faded at the Réunion scale and disappeared at the grove scale. Among the groves, admixture is a factor favoring HGT between genetically distinct strains. This form of evolution is however largely uncharacterized in the Xanthomonas genus. To fill this gap, we searched genetic homology between the whole known plasmid gene content of the Xanthomonadaceae family and the complete set of genomes hosted in NCBI databases. We highlighted both the ubiquity of plasmid genes in the Xanthomonadaceae family and the taxonomical barrier of their sharing by conjugation. The small fraction of genes that were exchanged through the complete sharing of plasmids also revealed the importance of plasmid mosaicism, partly due to mobile genetic elements. Taken together, our results highlight the importance of bacterial communities in the evolution of phytopathogenic bacteria of the Xanthomonas genus, and the need for a precise characterization of the content and the functioning of the Xanthomonadaceae environmental genome in order to fully apprehend the adaptation of these phytopathogenic bacteria.
3

Análise estrutural e funcional das proteínas CsCyp (Ciclofilina) e CsTdx (Tioredoxina) e caracterização da interação entre a proteína PthA de Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri e uma cisteína protease de Citrus sinensis = Structural and functional analyzes od CsCyp (Cyclophilin) and CsTdx (Thioredoxin) from sweet orange and interaction studies between PthA from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri and a cysteine protease from Citrus sinensis / Structural and functional analyzes od CsCyp (Cyclophilin) and CsTdx (Thioredoxin) from sweet orange and interaction studies between PthA from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri and a cysteine protease from Citrus sinensis

Campos, Bruna Medéia, 1986- 23 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Celso Eduardo Benedetti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T05:38:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Campos_BrunaMedeia_D.pdf: 41386343 bytes, checksum: 8048b677c8a43e7438a1c349c584b9ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O cancro cítrico, causado pelo fitopatógeno Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) constitui uma doença que afeta todos os cultivares comerciais de citros e é uma ameaça para a citricultura brasileira. A doença é caracterizada pela formação de pústulas, devido à hiperplasia e hipertrofia induzida pela bactéria. A patogenicidade de Xac é dependente do sistema secretório tipo III, que transloca proteínas efetoras pertencentes à família AvrBs3/PthA para dentro da célula hospedeira. Estudos recentes mostram que PthAs funcionam como fatores de transcrição no hospedeiro, transativando genes específicos da planta que irão beneficiar a bactéria ou desencadear uma resposta de defesa. Com o objetivo de entender melhor o mecanismo de ação de PthAs como ativadores da transcrição, nosso laboratório identificou, através da técnica de duplo-híbrido, várias proteínas de laranja (Citrus sinensis) que interagiram com diferentes PthAs. Entre elas, destacamos uma ciclofilina (CsCyp), que realiza isomerização de resíduos de prolina, uma proteína com domínio tioredoxina (CsTdx), relacionada com interação proteína-proteína e redução de pontes dissulfeto e uma cisteína protease (CsCP), envolvida na resposta de defesa da planta. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização estrutural e funcional de CsCyp. A resolução da estrutura de CsCyp mostrou que CsCyp pertence ao grupo de ciclofilinas divergentes que possuem um loop adicional (KSGKPLH), duas cisteínas invariáveis (C40 e C168) e um glutamato (E83) conservado. Este último interage com resíduos do loop, estabilizando-o. A função destes elementos era desconhecida até o momento e o trabalho visou elucidar sua atuação na regulação da atividade PPIase da proteína. Neste trabalho, verificamos que C40 e C168 formam uma ponte dissulfeto. Dados de modelagem e simulação suportaram a hipótese de que a formação da ponte dissulfeto induz mudanças conformacionais que quebram a interação do E83 com o loop divergente, levando ao fechamento do sítio ativo de CsCyp. O estudo descreveu, portanto um mecanismo de regulação redox, que controla a atividade PPIase da proteína. Adicionalmente, mostrou-se que CsTdx interage com CsCyp através dos resíduos conservados C40 e C168, sendo críticos para tal interação. Foi mostrado também que CsCyp interage com o domínio C-terminal (CTD) da RNA Polimerase II (RNA Pol II), especificamente com a repetição YSPSAP. Surpreendentemente, através da transformação de plantas com construções para silenciamento e superexpressão de CsCyp, verificamos que plantas de citros com níveis reduzidos de CsCyp apresentaram um aumento dos sintomas do cancro cítrico quando infiltradas com Xac, enquanto que plantas com níveis aumentados de CsCyp apresentaram sintomas reduzidos quando infiltradas com Xac, indicando que CsCyp tem papel importante no desenvolvimento dos sintomas do cancro cítrico. Este trabalho também mostra a expressão e purificação das proteínas CsTdx e CsCP e a comprovação de que CsCP interage com PthAs 2 e 3 através de ensaios de duplo-híbrido / Abstract: Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) is a disease that affects most species of the genus Citrus and represents a threat to the Brazilian citrus industry. The disease is characterized by the formation of pustules due to hyperplasia and hypertrophy induced by the bacteria. Xac pathogenicity is dependent on a type III secretory system that translocates effector proteins which belongs to AvrBs3/PthA family inside the host cell. Recent studies showed that these proteins work as transcriptional factors that transactivate specific plant genes which will either benefit the bacteria or trigger defense response. To gain insights into PthA mechanism of action as transcription activators, our laboratory identified that PthA targeted the citrus protein complex comprising the thioredoxin CsTdx, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes CsUev/Ubc13 and cyclophilin CsCyp. Also, we showed previously that the CsCyp binds the citrus thioredoxin CsTdx and the C-terminal domain of RNA Polymerase II (CTD), and that CsCyp complements the function of Cpr1 and Ess1, two yeast prolyl-isomerases that regulate transcription by the isomerization of proline residues of the regulatory C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II. In this work we solved the 3D structure of CsCyp in complex with its inhibitor cyclosporine A (CsA), showing that CsCyp is a divergent cyclophilin that carries the additional loop KSGKPLH, invariable cysteines C40 and C168, and conserved glutamate E83. Despite the suggested roles in ATP and metal binding, the function of these unique structural elements remains unknown. Here we show that the conserved cysteines form a disulfide bond that inactivates the enzyme, whereas E83, which belongs to the catalytic loop and is also critical for enzyme activity, is anchored to the divergent loop to maintain the active site open. In addition, we demonstrate that C40 and C168 are required for the interaction with CsTdx and that CsCyp binds the citrus CTD YSPSAP repeat. Our data support the model where formation of the C40- C168 disulfide bond induces a conformational change that disrupts the interaction of the divergent and catalytic loops, via E83, causing the active site to close. This suggests a new type of allosteric regulation in divergent cyclophilins, involving disulfide bond formation and a loop displacement mechanism. Moreover, we present evidence that PthA2 inhibits the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity of CsCyp in a similar fashion as CsA, and that silencing of CsCyp, as well as treatments with CsA, enhance canker lesions in Xac-infected leaves. Given that CsCyp appears to function as a negative regulator of cell growth and that Ess1 negatively regulates transcription elongation in yeast, we propose that PthAs activate host transcription by inhibiting the PPIase activity of CsCyp on the CTD / Doutorado / Genetica de Microorganismos / Doutora em Genética e Biologia Molecular

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