This research will concentrate on various aspects of the screen adaptation of “Unyana womntu” (Saule, 1989). This study comprises of six chapters. In Chapter 1 of this study, the research aims and objectives are formulated. The research methods that are to be followed will involve a thorough reading of the written text, as well as a comprehensive repetitive viewing of all the episodes of the screen version. In the final part of Chapter 1, background information is provided on the personal life of the author as well as on his contributions to the African literary tradition. Background information on the production of the screen version is also provided. In the Chapter 2, the theoretical aspects of the phenomenon of literary adaptation are discussed. This discussion provides a framework for the analysis of the adaptation of “Unyana womntu” (Saule, 1989) in the remaining chapters of this study. The aim of this chapter is to identify and discuss the most important principles which come into play when the written text is adapted into a screen production. Since the screen production belongs to the genre of the performing arts, this chapter is introduced with a discussion on the performing arts and on the drama, in particular. The section will be concluded with a discussion on the different sub-types of the drama which can be found, including the screen production. The main emphasis is on an analysis of the basic features and principles of the drama in screen format. Since the screen play Unyana Womntu (1998) is based upon a novel by the same title, the literary features of the novel are to be discussed here as well. The specific features of the Xhosa novel will also receive attention.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examines gender and culture in L.L. Ngewu's novel, Koda kube nini na? The aim is to examine the influence of culture on how women and men as characters are portrayed. The study is motivated by the fact that despite the new democratic dispensation in South Africa since 1994, there is still a lot of gender discrimination in the Xhosa society. This is the result of the old traditional practices that severely discriminated against women on the bases that they are women. Chapter 2 of the study presents theoretical aspects of gender and culture. Chapter 3 analyses character and space in Ngewu's novel, Koda kube nini na? It is found that the characters of the novel are well-rounded. They are complex and dynamic. Space in the novels is concrete, but it also assumes symbolic significance in the way it represents a bigger picture: South African that is still in the legacy of apartheid. Chapter 4 deals with gender, and the concentration is on male and female characters. It is observed from the analyses that men dominate women. Women are subordinates of men by virtue of being women. In Chapter 5 we examine culture and find that culture can be used as an instrument in the patriarchal Xhosa society to oppress women. Our conclusion is that Ngewu's novel, Koda kube nini na? does not present democratised images of men and women. The images still depict in traditional Xhosa culture. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek gender en kultuurvraagstukke in L.L. Ngewu se novelle Koda kube nini na? Die doelstelling is om die invloed te ondersoek van hoe mans en vroue as karakters voorgestel word. Die studie is veral gemotiveer deur die feit dat afgesien van die nuwe demokratiese bestel in Suid-Afrika sedert 1994, bestaan daar steeds aansienlike genderdiskriminasie in die Xhosa gemeenskap. Dit is die resultaat van ou tradisionele praktyke wat teen vroue diskrimineer op grond van hulle geslag. Hoofstuk 2 van die studie gee 'n oorsig van relevante teoretiese perspektiewe oor gender en kultuur. Hoofstuk 3 ontleed die aspekte van karakter en ruimte in Ngevu se novelle Koda kube nini na? Daar word bevind dat die karakters van die novelle afgerond is. Hulle is kompleks en dinamies. Die ruimte in die novelle is konkreet, maar dit neem ook simboliese betekenis aan daarin dat dit 'n groter beeld bied. Suid-Afrika bevind hom steeds in die nagevolge van apartheid. Hoofstuk vier ondersoek gender, en daar word aandag gegee aan manlike sowel as vroulike karakters. Daar word aangetoon uit die analises dat mans tot 'n groot mate vir vroue domineer. Vroue is ondergeskik aan mans op grond van hulle geslag. In hoofstuk 5 word aandag gegee aan kultuur. Daar word bevind dat kultuur as 'n instrument gebruik kan word in 'n patriargale Xhosa gemeenskap om vroue te onderdruk. Die bevinding is dat Ngevu se novelle Koda kube nini na? nie 'n gedemokratiseerde uitbeelding van mans en vroue gee nie. Die uitbeelding reflekteer steeds tradisionele Xhosa kultuur.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examines the portrayal of characters in four Xhosa novels of the 1990s. The objective is to found out whether or not characterization in the Xhosa novels of the 1990s improves. This is done with the view that past studies of characterization done before 1990 by Jafta (1978; 1996), Satyo (1978), Sirayi (1989) and Dlali (1992) gave the picture that a high percentage of writers portray characters as archetypes because of thematic concerns. This often renders characterization poor in the sense that the reader is able to predict the outcome of events through the actions of the characters. However, Zulu (1999:3) argues that with the inceptor of democracy in South Africa in 1994, African Languages literature was liberated as well from several constraints, and reveals some signs of maturing. This study is thus conducted to confirm or refute Zulu's (1999) claim that there are signs of improvement in the way writers portray characters. The study concentrates of four selected Xhosa novels published in the 1990s. The novels are selected on the criteria that they have won literary prizes and are written by prolific writers. It is found that in all four novels, Iqlina lomtshato, Kazi Ndenzeni na?, Koda Kube Nni na? and Ukhozi Olumaphiko the novelists have succeededin creating realistic, live, dynamic, complex and multidimensional characters. The change and development of characters are influenced by environmental change as a result of social, political and economic factors. However, the study also shows that some events in Ukhozi Olumphiko are implausible. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die voorstelling van karakters in vier Xhosa novellas in die 1990s. Die hoofdoelstelling is om te bepaal of daar 'n verbetering in kwaliteit is in die Xhosa novellas in die negentiger jare. Hierdie ondersoek word gedoen in die lig van voorafgaande studies soos Jafte (1978, 1996); Satyo (1978); Sirayi (1989) and Dlali (1992) wat bevind dat 'n groot aantal skrywers, karakters in Xhosa novellas as stereoptipes voorstelop grond van die "telematiese" oorwegings at hulle het. Dit het dikwels die gevolg dat karakterisering swak is in die sin dat die leser die uiteinde van gebeurtenisse kan voorspel deur die handelinge van die karakters. Zulu (1999:3) argumenteer egter dat met die verkryging van demokrasie in Suid Afrika, is die letterkunde van die Afrikatale ook bevry, en dit vertoon tekens dat die literêre wasdom bereik. Hierdie studie word dus onderneem om Zulu (1999) se aanspraak te ondersteun of te weerlê dat daar tekens van verbetering is in die wyse waarop skrywers karakters voorstel. Die studie konsentreer op vier geselekteerde Xhosa novelles wat in die 1990s gepubliseer is. Die novelles is geselekteer volgens kriteria dat hulle literêre pryse gewen het en deur erkende skrywers geskryf is. Daar word bevind in die studie dat die skrywers in al vier die novelles, Iqlina lomtshato, Kazi Ndenzeni na?, Koda Kube Nni na? en Ukhozi Olumaphiko suksesvol was in die skep van realistiese, lewendige, ekonomiese komplekse en multi-dimensionele karakters. Die verandering en ontwikkeling van karakters word beïnvloed deur omgewingsverandering, sowel as deur sosiale, politieke en ekonomiese faktore. Dit word egter bevind dat sommige handelinge in die novelle Ukhozi Olumaphiko ongeloofwaardig is. / INTSHWANKATHELO ISIXHOSA: Lo msebenzi uphonononga ukuvezwa kwabalinganiswa kwiinoveli zesiXhosa ezine ezibhalwe ukususela kumnyaka ka-1990 ukuya ku-1999. Injongo yalo msebenzi kukuqwalasela ukuba ikho kusini na impucuko kwindlela abazotywa ngayo abalinganiswa kwezi noveli zesiXhosa zibhalwe ngomnyaka ka-1990 ukubheka phambili. Oku kwenziwa phantsi koluvo lokuba izifundo zamandulo ezimalunga nokuzotywa kwabalinganiswa ngokubhalwa nguJafta (1978;1996), uSatyo (1978) uSirayi (1989) noDlali (1992) zibonakalisa ukuba uninzi Iwababhali luveza abalinganiswa njengemizekelo esisiseko ukuzama ukubanxulumanisa nomxholo wenoveli leyo. Oku ke kubeka ukuzotywa kwabalinganiswa kwizinga eliphantsi nanjengoko umfundi aye akwazi lula ukuthelekelela iziphumo zezehlo ngokujonga iintshukumo ezi zabalinganiswa. Ukanti ke, uZulu (1999:3) uveza ukuba ukususela mhla kwamiselwa ulawulo lukawonkewonke okanye inkululeko eMzantsi Afrika ngomnyaka ka-1994, uncwadi IweeLwimi zaseAfrika Iwaye Iwakhululeka nalo, Iwaze Iwabonakalisa iimpawu zokuvuthwa. Lo msebenzi ke ujolise ekuqinisekiseni okanye ekuphikiseni ingcamango kaZulu (1999) yokuba kukho iimpawu ezibonakalisa ukuphuhla kwindlela ababhali abaveza ngayo abalinganiswa. Lo msebenzi ke uza kuqwalasela kwiinoveli zesiXhosa ezine ezikhethiweyo nezishicilelwe kwisithuba sika-1990 ukubheka phambili. Ezi noveli zikhethwe phantsi komgomo wokuba ziphumelele amabhaso oncwadi yaye zibhalwe ngoomakhwekhwetha bababhali abavunyiweyo. Kuye kwafunyaniswa into yokuba kwezi noveli zone, Iqhina lomtshato, Kazi Ndenzeni na?, Koda Kube Nini na?, kunye noKhozi Olumaphiko ababhali beenoveli baphumelele ekwakheni abalinganiswa ababonisa izinto ngobunjalo bazo, abaphilayo, abanentshukumo, abantsonkothileyo nabambaxa. Utshintsho nokuphuhla kwabalinganiswa lubangelwa kukutshintsha kweendawo abahlala kuzo ngokudalwa ziimeko zokuhlala, ezopolitiko, nezoqoqosho. Ukanti ke, ezinye zezehlo kuKhozi Olumaphiko aziqondakali ngokugqibeleleyo.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The issues of culture and gender are not a well researched subject in Xhosa literature. So far there is one doctoral research study by Mtuze (1990) conducted on prose works of 1909 - 1980. This study aims to investigate culture and gender in Mayasi's novel, Iqhina lomtshato (1995). The main reason for this research is that Xhosa culture has been viewed in literature to be patriarchal, which means that it is organised in such a way that it depicts male domination. Women on the other hand are being regarded as inferior or subordinate. Findings in this research are that the character Sindiswa is presented here as a victim of male domination and oppression when she is forced into a relationship without her consent. The fact that Max, who is a much older man and unsuitable as her lover, leaves her with no choice but to accept what we may call "his induced proposal" of love. Sindiswa's oppression is also intensified by the urban culture that is new to her. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vraagstukke rakende kultuur en gender is tot nog nie goed ondersoek vir die Xhosa letterkunde nie. Tot dusver is daar een studie, deur Mtuze (1990), wat gedoen is oor prosawerke in Xhosa vanaf 1909-1980. Hierdie studie het as doelstelling die ondersoek van die verband en aard tussen kultuur en gender in Mayosi se novelle Iqhina lomtshato (1995). Die doelstelling van die navorsing is dat Xhosa kultuur dikwels in die letterkunde as patriargaal uitgebeeld is, met ander woorde, dit is op 'n wyse uitgebeeld wat manlike dominering weergee terwyl vroue as ondergeskik of minderwaardig weergegee word. Bevindinge van die studie is dat die karakter Sindiswa hier uitgebeeld word as 'n slagoffer van manlike dominering en verdrukking wanneer sy ingedwing word in 'n verhouding sonder haar toestemming. die feit dat Max 'n veelouer man as sy is wat ongeskik is om haar geliefde te wees, laat haar met geen keuse as om sy 'gedwonge huweliksvoorstel' te aanvaar nie. Sindiswa se onderdrukking word ook vergroot deur die stedelike kultuur wat nuut is vir haar.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study examines issues of culture in Mcani's drama Uhambo Lwenkululeko (Journey of Freedom). Following Bauerlein (1997:63), it is argued that the study of women in literature forces a critical examination of the way women in literature have been portrayed in the past because of male domination. The study aims to establish what the progress is in the portrayal of women characters after the introduction of the new dispensation in South Africa. This study shows in the discussion of the theoretical aspects of culture in Chapter 2 that culture is an elusive concept because it has different definitions. Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs and all other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. This implies that culture entails everything that contributes to the survival of man, comprising both physical and social factors. In Chapter 3, it is established that the author has excellently handled both characterisation and the plot in Uhambo Lwenkululeko (Journey of Freedom). The plot structure of Uhambo Lwenkululeko (Journey of Freedom) in particular, has been handled successfully by the author. For example, by opening his drama with conflict, in the exposition, the author has managed to show is that conflict is the source of action in drama. It is the aspect that triggers characters to respond either positively or negatively to a particular opposing force. We have established in Chapter 4 that societies have certain basic needs or requirements that must be met if they are to survive. For example, a means of producing food may be seen as a functional pre-requisite since without it, members of society could not survive. This might have been one of the reasons why the boys are busy fishing in the drama. According to the findings in this study, men and women are portrayed equal with regard to reason. We established that the belief that women lack the capacity to fully exercise the powers of human reason is a deeply rooted prejudice. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek vraagstukke oor kultuur in Mcani se drama Uhambo Iwenkululeko. In navolging van Bauerlein (1997:63), word daar aangevoer dat die studie van vroue in die letterkunde 'n kritiese ondersoek noodsaak van die wyse waarop vroue in die verlede voorgestel is in die letterkunde op grond van dominering deur mans. Die studie poog om vas te stel wat die vordering is in die voorstelling van vroue in die letterkunde na die invoer van In nuwe demokratiese bestel in Suid-Afrika. Die studie toon aan in die bespreking van die teoretiese aspekte van kultuur in hoofstuk 2 dat die kultuur In ontwykende konsep is wat verskillende definisies het. Kultuur is 'n komplekse geheel wat insluit aspekte soos kennis, geloof, kuns, regsisteem, morele sieninge, gewoontes en ander vermoens wat deur mense verwerf word as lede van In gemeenskap. Oit impliseer dat kultuur alles behels wat bydra tot die oorlewing van rnense, insluitende fisiese sowel as sosiale faktore. In hoofstuk 3 word dit bevind dat die skrywer die karakterisering sowel as die intrige in Uhambo Iwenkubuleko meesterlik hanteer. Veral die intrige is op 'n uitstaande wyse hanteer deur die skrywer. Oeur in die begin van die drama konflik in te voer, het die skrywer daarin geslaag om aan te toon dat konflik die bron van aksie in die drama is. Oit is die aspek wat karakters aanspoor om of positief of negatief te reageer op In spesifieke opponerende krag. Oaar is bevind in hoofstuk 4 dat gemeenskappe sekere basiese behoeftes en vereistes het waaraan voldoen moet word indien hulle wil oorleef. In Wyse vir die produksie van voedsel is In vereiste, aangesien In gemeenskap nie daarsonder kan oorleef nie. Oit kon In moontlike rede wees waarom die skrywer verwys na die seuns wat visvang in die drama. Volgens die bevindings van die drama, word mans en vroue gelykwaardig voorgestel wat betref redeneringsvermoe. Oaar word bevind dat die siening dat vroue 'n onverrnoe het om die magte van redenering te beoefen 'n diepgewortelde vooroordeel is.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examines gender relations in four Xhosa drama books. It aims at establishing the influence of culture on gender representations of female and male characters. Culture is observed in the context of patriarchy, which influences the way men and women are portrayed in the dramas. Men and women in the dramas are portrayed as cultural stereotypes. They behave in similar and predictable ways. These characters illustrate a moralistic theme thus conveying a patriarchal message. In this study, culture is viewed as too comprehensive, a concept to be forced into definition that will be acceptable to everyone. Culture can be used to refer to a general process of intellectual, spiritual and aesthetic development. It might be to suggest a particular way of life, whether of people, a period or a group. Storey (1993 : 20) "Culture" embraces everything, which contributes to the survival of man. According to Payne (1997 : 190) "gender" refers to the ensemble of cultural forms, meanings, and values conventionally associated with women and men. The thesis is arranged as follows: Chapter 1 introduces the aim, the scope, the theories and the methods of the study. Chapter 2 deals with the development of plot within episodes in the four dramas. A critical evaluation of the dramas is undertaken. Chapter 3 deals with a man and a woman as character in Xhosa drama under a study. A detailed analysis of the main male and female character in each drama is undertaken. Furthermore, a critical summary of how the male and female character has been portrayed in the dramas is presented. Chapter 4 presents depiction of Xhosa culture in the Xhosa dramas. From each drama, certain selected aspects of culture are explored and an investigation of the portrayal of these aspects is undertaken. Chapter 5 summarizes the findings of the study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie ondersoek die verhoudings tussen geslagte in vier Xhosa drama boeke. Die doel is om die invloed wat kultuur op die manlik en vroulike karakters teenwoordig, vas te stel. Kultuur word waargeneem in die konteks van patriargisme, wat die manier waarop mans en vrouens in die drama uitgebeeld word, beïnvloed. Mans en vrouens word in die dramas as kulturele stereotipes uitgebeeld. Hulle tree op dieselfde en voorspelbare maniere op. Die karakters illustreer In moralistiese tema en dra sodoende In patriargale boodskap oor. In die studie, word kultuur as te omvattend beskou, In konsep wat aanvaar word deur almal. Kultuur kan gebruik word om na In algemene ontwikkelingsproses wat intellektueel, spiritueel en asteties is te verwys. Dit mag wees om In sekere soort leefwyse uit te beeld, hetsy van mense, In periode of In groep. Storey (1993:20) beskryf "kultuur" as alles wat tot die oorlewing van die mens bydra. Volgens Payne (1997: 190) verwys "geslag" na die samestelling van kulturele vorms, menings en waardes wat konvensioneel met mans en vrouens geassosieer word. Die tesis is as volg uiteengesit: Hoofstuk 1 stel die doel, die omvang, die teorie en metodes van die studie voor. Hoofstuk 2 handeloor die ontwikkeling van die komplot binne episodes van die vier dramas. In Kritieke evaluasie van die dramas word gedoen. Hoofstuk 3 handeloor die karakters van In man en In vrou in die Xhosa dramas. In gedetailleerde ontleding van die dominante manlike en vroulike karakters van elke drama word gedoen. In Kritiese opsomming van hoe die manlike en vroulike karakters uitgebeeld word, word ook gedoen. Hoofstuk 4 stel die tipiese uitbeelding van die Xhosa kultuur in die Xhosa dramas voor. Vanuit elke drama word sekere selektiewe aspekte van kultuur ondersoek en In inspeksie van die uitbeelding van die aspekte word gedoen. Hoofstuk 5 bevat die bevindinge van die studie.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

No description available.

Olu phando lugxile kakhulu kwincwadi ka-A.M. Mmango ethi, Law’ilahle. Apha sizama ukuveza ukubaluleka kobuchule bokubhala phakathi kwencoko yabantu ababini kubhalo lwemidlalo ngoovulindlela bedrama esiXhoseni. Oku kwenziwa ngokuthi kuphononongwe nzulu isimbo sokubhala. Ezinye izinto esiza kuziveza ziindlela zokuthetha ezithi zizesetyenziswe ngabalinganiswa. Oku kwenziwa ngokuthi kugxeleshwe kakhulu kumagama namaganyana adelelekileyo asetyeniswayo ngabalinganiswa ze kuthi kubuywe kukhangelwe nefuthe laloo magama kulwimi olusulungekileyo lwesiXhosa. Oku kukhokelela ekuphononongeni indlela ekuthi umbhali asebenzise ngayo isigama esivumelekileyo nesigama esithi sisetyenziswe esibangela ukuba umfundi lowo asebenzise ingqondo yakhe ukucinga ukuba kutheni umbhali etshintsha isigama kuloo ncoko ithile ayakhayo. U-A. M. Mmango usizobela asivezele kakuhle zonke izigaba ekufuneka zilandelwe xa sibhala uncwadi lwedrama. Uyaphumelele ke ukuziveza zonke ezi zinto ngenxa yeengxoxo azakhayo phakathi kwabalinganiswa. Ukuba sithelekisa uluncwadi lwedrama yale mihla luye lube nawo umahluko kuncwadi olwalubhalwe kuqala. Kananjalo, lo ka-Mmango usebenzisa uyilo lwengxoxo nocwangciso lwimi olululo ukwenzela ukuba umfundi lowo ofunda incwadi yakhe akwazi ukuwubona umahluko phakathi kwababhali bale mihla nabakudala. Esi simbo sikaMmango sokubhala asiwenzi umdintsi. Oku kuphawuleka ngamandla kwimixholwana esekeleze ululeko olungqongqo.