The aim of this study was to determine whether there are differences in the meaning of work, as defined by values and life role salience, amongst Black and White young adults in South Africa. Super’s career development theory combined with one of his key research projects, the Work Importance Study, provided an empirical point of departure for the present study. The Values Scale and the Life Role Inventory were completed by 802 first-year university students (332 Black; 470 White). The means and standard deviations of the 22 Values Scale subscales illustrated that similar values emerge as salient for both groups. The 22 subscales were subjected to a principal axis factor analysis. Five factors were extracted and a Direct Oblimin rotation was performed. The rotated solution revealed the presence of distinct clusters of factor loadings. The five factors were described as Self Orientation, Physical Orientation, Humanism, Social Orientation and Autonomous Orientation. Inspection of the means and standard deviations of these factors indicated the presence of differences in the relative importance of the value factors between the two groups. Overall, culture accounted for 15% of the variance in the Values Scale factors. A subsequent discriminant analysis revealed that the Humanism Values Scale factor contributed the most to the separation of the two groups. The results of this analysis support the presence of cultural differences in value salience between the two groups. The means and standard deviations of the Life Role Inventory indicated differences in life role salience between the two groups. A discriminant analysis revealed that culture accounted for 27% of the variance in the combination of the five life roles. ANOVAs showed that the biggest difference between the two groups was observed in the Leisure life role. The results of this analysis support the presence of cultural differences in life role salience between the two groups. In comparing the scores of the Values Scale factors and the Life Role Inventory Commitment subscales a Pearson’s product-moment correlation revealed the presence of many coefficients of 0.30 and above. Subsequently an interbattery factor analysis was performed. The Tucker-Lewis reliability coefficients indicated a three factor solution for the White group and a four factor solution for the Black group to be appropriate. Thereafter a Varimax rotation was performed. The structural equivalence coefficients indicated factor equivalence between the two groups. For the White group and the Black group three factors were namedOrientation towards Collectivism, Work Motivation and Social Autonomy. The fourth factor for the Black group was named Social Affiliation. On the basis of the commonality of factors and structural equivalence of three factors, it was concluded that the two groups share similar meaning of work as measured by the relation between the values and life role salience. / Dr. K. de Bruin

Orientador: Gilda Figueiredo Portugal Gouvêa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T10:38:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_MarinaStefanide_D.pdf: 2205000 bytes, checksum: 45534f46853e48b44246d508dd872e97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Há décadas se discute a ineficiência da privação da liberdade como política no combate à criminalidade juvenil. O fracasso da política de encarceramento levado a cabo até a década de 80, que culminou com sangrentas rebeliões nas FEBENs paulistas, impulsionaram a adoção das medidas socioeducativas em meio aberto. Entretanto, a trajetória de implementação e execução das medidas socioeducativas em meio aberto não é livre de impasses e conflitos. São inúmeros os trabalhos na área a apontar para a execução de uma política burocrática, sendo o ciclo da implementação comumente considerado o grande vilão da política. Nesse contexto, essa tese analisa a implementação das medidas socioeducativas em meio aberto no Estado de São de Paulo. Para tal, acompanhamos a execução da política em três municípios paulistas com portes diferenciados ¿ Ribeirão Preto, Franca, Patrocinio Paulista ¿ e que apresentam dilemas de gestão diversos. O objetivo da tese é demonstrar os impasses dessa política pública por meio da observação da sua implementação, vendo na atuação do burocrata de nível de rua um meio privilegiado de análise, local de encontro das normas burocráticas, das instituições, dos elementos contextuais, dos recursos públicos. Na análise dos documentos e leis que definem formalmente a política observamos lacunas e imprecisões, o que dá grande margem de atuação ao executor direto dessa política, o orientador de medida. Na observação dos contextos institucionais salta aos olhos a heterogeneidade de formatos nos municípios analisados, indicando grande peso dos fatores institucionais e organizacionais locais na definição da política. Portanto, os documentos do ciclo da elaboração da política socioeducativa em meio aberto fornecem somente diretrizes gerais, sendo que a política vai se acomodando aos contextos locais ao longo da cadeia de implementação. Entretanto, a observação das práticas dos burocratas executores da política nos leva novamente a fase de elaboração e constituição das políticas, uma vez que o maior constrangimento da ação dos burocratas no exercício da política é a fragilidade da política de juventude no Brasil. A política socioeducativa em meio aberto coloca sobre a atuação do orientador de medida grandes expectativas e abandona esse burocrata na difícil tarefa de resgatar jovens em situações de grande vulnerabilidade sem o apoio de uma efetiva política de juventude implantada, que abarque a educação, lazer, cultura, trabalho, profissionalização. Portanto, ainda que na análise da implementação da política socioeducativa em meio aberto tenha grande impacto os fatores institucionais e a atuação do burocrata de nível de rua, a pesquisa apontou como o grande vilão da política a ausência de uma política de juventude intersetorial implantada no país, a indicar aos jovens das classes populares que é possível uma trajetória de inserção virtuosa na excludente sociedade brasileira / Abstract: The inefficiency of imprisonment as the policy in combating youth crime has been discussed for decades. The failure of incarceration policy carried out until the 80s, culminating in bloody riots in São Paulo FEBENs, boosted the adoption of rehabilitation measures without freedom restraint. Nevertheless, the trajectory of implementation and enforcement of open social and educational measures is not free of deadlock and conflicts. There are numerous studies in the field aiming the execution of bureaucratic politics, being the implementation cycle commonly considered the great villain of the policy. In this context, this thesis analyzes the implementation of open socio-educational measures in São Paulo State. For this purpose, it was monitored the implementation of the policy in three different sized São Paulo counties, which feature several management dilemmas ¿ Ribeirão Preto, Franca, Patrocínio Paulista. The aim of this paper is to show the impasse of this public policy through observation of its implementation, seeing in the street-level bureaucrat action a privileged means of analysis, venue of bureaucratic rules, institutions, contextual elements, public resources. In the analysis of documents and laws that define the policy in a formal way, gaps and inaccuracies have been observed, which gives the executor responsible for this policy, called the implementer of policy, wide scope for action. While observing the institutional contexts it is glaringly obvious the heterogeneity of formats in the selected municipalities, indicating great importance of institutional and organizational factors in the local policy setting. Therefore, the documents concerning the preparation process of the rehabilitation policy in an open environment provide only general guidelines, and the policy will settle down to local contexts throughout the implementation chain. However, the observation of the public policy bureaucrats executors¿ practices leads again to the preparation and establishment of policies, since the main constraint of the action of bureaucrats in the exercise of policy is the weakness of youth policy in Brazil. The socio-educational policy without freedom restraint places high expectations on the performance of the implementer of policy and it is entrusted to this bureaucrat the difficult task of rescuing the young from very vulnerable situations without the support of an implemented effective youth policy, which encompasses education, leisure, culture, work and professionalization. Hence, although the institutional factors and the performance of the street-level bureaucrat have great impact on the analysis of the implementation of socio-educational policy in an open environment, the survey indicated as the major obstacle of this policy the absence of an implemented intersectoral youth policy in the country, in order to show young people of the lower classes the possibility of a positive integration in the exclusive Brazilian society / Doutorado / Ciencias Sociais / Doutora em Ciências Sociais

M.A. / Young adults who are entering the world of work are facing increasing challenges, resulting in elevated levels of employment uncertainty and anxiety. Many of these challenges are due to the continuously changing work environment, which is buffeted by the socio-political and economic climate - both in and outside South Africa. Other challenges could be related to factors such as lack of confidence, decision making difficulties, dissatisfaction with career choice and difficulties with social networking. As a result of such challenges young adults may perceive career barriers that would have an impact on their career development. These challenges could be influenced by an individual’s personality traits. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the career barriers most perceived by young adults. The study also aimed to assess whether any relationship exists between personality traits and perceived career barriers. The sample consisted of 193 participants from two universities in South Africa. Each participant completed a biographical data questionnaire, the Basic Traits Inventory- Short Form and the Career Barriers Inventory-Revised. The three highest standardised mean scores for the perceived career barrier scales were Racial Discrimination (M = 4.90), Dissatisfaction with Career (M = 4.56) and Sex Discrimination (M = 4.49). Examination of the individual personality traits in relation to perceived career barriers was done through the use of Pearson’s product-moment correlations. Extroversion yielded statistically significant negative correlations with the following perceived career barriers: Decision–Making Difficulties (r = -0.241; p < 0.01) and Inadequate Preparation (r = -0.149; p < 0.05). Conscientiousness showed a statistically significant positive relationship with Sex Discrimination (r = 0.274; p < 0.01). The results also indicated a statistically significant positive correlation between Agreeableness and Job Market Constraints (r = 0.166; p < 0.05). This study has implications for career guidance counsellors in their endeavours to provide a comprehensive service to young adults who have difficulties overcoming perceived career barriers.