Zinco é um importante micronutriente, participa de várias enzimas e tem papel fundamental na atividade imunológica. Com o objetivo de avaliar a deficiência de zinco nos idosos foi dosado o zinco plasmático em 88 pacientes com mais de 65 anos admitidos na Emergência do Hospital Regional de Araguaina, TO. Foram analisados: raça, gênero, medidas antropométricas, dosagem da hemoglobina, albumina, contagem de linfócitos, dosagem da proteína C reativa e tempo de permanência. Os resultados sugerem que ocorre deficiência de zinco mais acentuada no sexo feminino e que pacientes com deficiência de zinco também apresentam menores valores de índice de massa corpórea (IMC), hemoglobina, albumina e contagem de linfócitos. Não se observou maior incidência de infecção no grupo com deficiência de zinco, porém o grupo apresentou maior tempo de permanência hospitalar. / Zinc is an important micronutrient that plays a role in many enzymatic and immune system activities in human body. Considering this, the goal of this work is to evaluate zinc deficiency in elderly patients. A total of 88 volunteers with more than 65 years old, admitted at ER from Regional Hospital, were monitored and zinc concentration was dosed in their plasma. The sampling volunteers were evaluated according to: race, gender, anthropometric measurements, hemoglobin, albumin, total lymphocyte count, C-reactive protein dosage and length of stay. The results suggest that zinc deficiency is more pronounced in females and patients with zinc deficiency also show lower values of body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin, albumin and lymphocyte count. There was no increased incidence of infection in the group with zinc deficiency, but the group had a longer hospital stay.

Three experiments were conducted to study the effect of zinc deficiency on hemoglobin, red cell counts, red cell fragility, storage of erythropoietic minerals in livers and circulating levels of zinc, iron and copper in the rat. In the experiment 1, twenty weanling rats were divided into four groups. Two groups were fed zinc-deficient diet ( < 0.5 ppm); and two groups, zinc-supplemented diet (50 ppm). The rats in the first and third groups were bled three times a week (bled), however the rats in remaining groups were bled once a week (non-bled). All rats received ad libitum food. Mean food intake per day was considerably less for zinc-deficient rats than that for zinc-supplemented rats. Approximately 2 to 3 times as much food was required for each gram of body weight gained by the zinc-deficient group as by the controls. In the experiment 2, fifty-two male weanling rats were divided into six groups; three groups were bled and three non-bled. The 2nd and 5th groups of (zinc-supplemented) rats were pair-fed with the same amount of food as the 1st and 4th zinc-deficient groups ate. The 3rd and 6th groups (control) were fed ad libitum. Hemoglobin levels were lower (P < 0. 05) in bled groups than in the non-bled groups irrespective of zinc treatment in experiment 1 and 2. Within the bled and non-bled groups the zinc-deficient rats consistently exhibited decreased hemoglobin values as compared to zinc-supplemented rats. All zinc-deficient rats had a significantly lower (P < 0. 05) liver zinc content than did the zinc-supplemented ones. There was no difference in iron as well as in copper content of the livers among the groups of experiment 1. However, in experiment 2, copper content per liver was significantly less (P < 0.05) in zinc-deficient rats than in t he zinc-supplemented rats. Serum zinc values were lower in zinc deficient than in control rats. No differences in the concentration of copper in the serum were observed. Red~blood-cell membrane fragility in experiment 2 indicated that there were no differences in percent hemolysis among bled groups. However, percent hemolysis was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in zinc-deficient non-bled groups which clearly indicated that treatment did affect hemolysis. Among other possibilities this might be attributed to more rapid turn-over of red-blood-cells in zinc-deficient rats. In the experiment 3, twenty-four male weanling rats were divided into three groups; one group of zinc-supplemented rats was pair-fed to the zinc-deficient group; and remaining control group, fed ad libitum. All the rats were bled once a week. After 28 days of feeding the rats were injected with 2-c14-glycine (5μc/100 g body weight). It was observed that incorporation of glycine into hemoglobin in the zinc deficient rats was significantly (P < 0.05) more than in the zinc-supplemented rats. With the limited data it is difficult to draw a definite conclusion. Perhaps, it may be true that the red-blood-cells of zinc-deficient rats might have a short life span resulting in the new red cell formation.

M. S.

Manipulation of dietary zinc produced a different body zinc status in male Japanese quail during 3 weeks of treating period. After intramuscular injection with 8μmol/100g body weight of estradiol-17β, Japanese quail were sacrificed and vitellogenin (phosphoprotein) production was assessed in these birds by analyzing plasma for protein-bound phosphorus concentrations (PBP). Plasma PBP concentrations of estrogen-injected male quails increased from undetectable values for control birds to O.66mg/ml for high-zinc birds and O.42mg/ml for low-zinc birds. About 36% loss of vitellogenin synthesis was associated with the consumption of the zinc-deficient diet. Plasma zinc concentrations also increased on the estrogen injection because of the zinc-binding property of vitellogenin. The extra zinc ions in the plasma were considered to be come from the body zinc pools. Liver as well as other major tissues was believed to act as a reservoir of zinc for egg development but it was not observed that liver was the major source of the extra zinc in the plasma. / Master of Science

The effect of alcohol and/or zinc deficiency was evaluated in seven groups of pregnant rats and their pups. Females which had been acclimated to alcohol before breeding were fed liquid alcohol diets with either 14 or 0.1 ppm Zn. Comparisons were made with animals pair fed isocaloric liquid carbohydrate diets with the same Zn levels. Other comparisons were made by pair feeding a high zinc diet to a low zinc diet, and by feeding a high zinc diet ad lib. A reduced food intake and Zn deficiency affected maternal status by decreasing weight gain, liver Zn and plasma Zn concentration. Litter size, litter weight, and fetal liver and brain weight were decreased only in the alcohol zinc deficient group compared to adequately fed controls. The concentration and total quantity of fetal liver Zn were decreased due to a Zn deficiency. The combination of Zn deficiency and alcohol decreased only total Zn in fetal brain. The concentrations of protein, DNA, and RNA in fetal liver and brain were similar regardless of dietary treatment. The quantities of protein, DNA, and RNA were decreased in fetal liver due to Zn deficiency. ln fetal brain, only the combination of alcohol and Zn deficiency decreased total protein and RNA, while DNA was not affected. Although alcohol by itself had no effect on the above variables, its combination with a Zn deficiency did. In addition, there were 58 resorptions and 15 malformations seen in Zn deficient alcoholic dams compared with no more than 15 and 2, respectively, in any of the other groups. Teratogenesis caused by a Zn deficiency was increased with alcohol consumption. / Ph. D. / incomplete_metadata

Three experiments, each with 24 pregnant female rats as subjects, were conducted. Four experimental diets contained either 7.5 mg tryptophan or 500 mg tryptophan/100 g and either 7.5 ppm or 50 ppm zinc. Dams on the low zinc diets throughout gestation consumed less food and gained less weight than those on the high zinc diets. Reproductive success was less on the low zinc diet. The incidences of maternal mortality, fetal mortality, and reabsorptions were higher in the dams fed a low zinc diet. There were no significant differences in water intake, urine volume, fetal weight, or fetal nitrogen content which were dependent upon dietary treatment. Dams on the low zinc diets had acute renal nephrosis which was most severe when dietary tryptophan levels were high. Fetal zinc content was higher in fetuses from dams fed the high zinc diets. Although the dams on the low zinc diet did exhibit signs of zinc deficiency, the deficiency was not severe enough to affect fetal weight. Diets containing between 6 and 9 ppm were not sufficient for normal parturition. / M. S.

Thesis (MTech (Agriculture))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / Zinc deficiency on various soil types have been reported in arable soils of sub Saharan Africa (SSA) including South Africa. A pot trial was conducted at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Wellington campus to investigate the interaction of different application rates of Zn at various soil pH on the grain yield and quality of spring wheat in a completely randomized factorial design replicated three times. The four soil pH tested were: pHA: 5.1, pHB: 5.6, pHC: 6.1, pHD: 6.6 which correspond to lime application at 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 t/ha. Five Zn rates (Zn1: 3.5; Zn2: 4.5; Zn3: 5.5 Zn4: 6.5, and Zn5: 7.5 mg /kg soil which correspond to Zn1: 7; Zn2: 9; Zn3: 11; Zn4: 13 and Zn5: 15 kg /ha) were applied at two (planting and flowering) growth stages. Yield and yield component data collected were analyzed using SAS version 9.2 and means were separated by Duncun’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that grain yield and yield components were significantly affected by lime application pHC (6.1): 1t/ha at planting. Zn application at planting had no significant effect on the grain yield and yield components. However, at flowering, the simultaneous increase of Zn along with increase in lime positively affected grain yield and yield components. Plant analysis showed that at both stages (planting and flowering), Zn application, especially at pH 6.6, significantly increased P, K, Ca, Na, Mg Fe, Cu and B concentrations in wheat grain, but the concentrations of N, Mn, Zn and protein remained unaffected. Zn application had no effect on most nutrients due to the presence of lime. While the absence of lime, Zn4: 6.5mg/kg (corresponding to 13kg/ha) significantly increased the nutrients. In addition, Zn3: 5.5mg/kg (corresponding to 11kg/ha) promoted Zn absorption by grain in all treatments.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ZnT8 gene in pancreatic β-cells can affect zinc homeostasis, increasing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Combined with zinc, the minerals calcium, potassium and magnesium play an important role in insulin metabolism and glycemic control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of SNP rs11558471 (A/G) in the ZnT8 gene in the nutritional status of zinc and glycemic control, as well as to associate the concomitant mineral intake with glycemic markers in individuals with T2DM. For this, 110 adult subjects with T2DM were evaluated for the presence of the studied SNP, food intake and zinc status, glycemic and lipid markers. The ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied to evaluate the variables according to the genotype (AA, AG and GG). The usual intake was estimated by the Multiple Source Method and adjusted by the residual method. The individuals were grouped into two groups (clusters) based on the similarities of zinc, potassium, calcium and magnesium intake by the hierarchical grouping analysis, the difference being evaluated by Student's t-test for independent samples or Mann-Whitney. The Pearson correlation test was applied and multiple linear regression and logistic regression models were constructed. P-values <0.05 and between 0.05 and 0.10 were considered significant and marginally significant, respectively. Individuals with AA genotype had better pancreatic β-cell function when compared to those with G allele, and this difference was marginally significant. No differences were observed among the genotypes and the other variables. HOMA2-%B was associated with variations of SNP rs11558471 in the ZnT8 gene (β = -0.185, p = 0.048) and C-peptide (β = 0.243, p = 0.012), being sex dependent. The risk of altering %HbA1c (> 7%) was associated with the presence of the AA risk genotype (OR = 3.263, 95% CI = 1.154, 9.229, p = 0.026), depending on the diagnosis time. Regarding zinc nutritional status, it was observed that 68.3% and 72.4% of the individuals evaluated showed deficiency of zinc in plasma and erythrocytes, respectively, in addition to a high prevalence of zinc intake. The intake of the other minerals also showed a high probability of inadequacy. The group with the lowest concomitant intake of the four minerals (cluster 1) had higher %HbA1c (p = 0.006) and serum triglyceride concentration (p = 0.010). In addition, the risk of altering %HbA1c was associated with lower intake of these minerals (Cluster 1) (OR = 3.041, 95% CI = 1.131, 8.175, p = 0.028). Potassium (β = -0.001, p = 0.017) and magnesium intake (β = -0.007, p = 0.015) were inversely associated with %HbA1c, being sex and diagnostic time dependent. Thus, the SNP rs11558471 was not related to the nutritional status relative to zinc and to the glycemic control variables in subjects with T2DM. However, variations in the genotype of this SNP were associated with reduced pancreatic β-cell function, and the AA genotype was a predictor of changes in %HbA1c. In addition, the reduced concomitant intake of zinc, potassium, calcium and magnesium was associated with the risk of glycemic control deficient, with the magnesium and potassium minerals predicting the increase in %HbA1c. / A presença de polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) no gene do ZnT8 nas células β pancreáticas pode afetar a homeostase de zinco, aumentando o risco de desenvolvimento de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Em conjunto com o zinco, os minerais cálcio, potássio e magnésio possuem papel importante no metabolismo da insulina e no controle glicêmico. Diante disso, o estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a relação do SNP rs11558471 (A/G) no gene do ZnT8 no estado nutricional relativo ao zinco e no controle glicêmico, bem como associar a ingestão concomitante de minerais com os marcadores glicêmicos em indivíduos com DM2. Para isso, 110 indivíduos adultos com DM2 foram avaliados quanto à presença do SNP estudado, ingestão alimentar e marcadores do status de zinco, glicêmicos e lipídicos. Aplicaram-se os testes de ANOVA ou de Kruskal-Wallis para avaliar as variáveis de acordo com o genótipo (AA, AG e GG). A ingestão habitual foi estimada pelo Multiple Source Method e ajustada pelo método dos resíduos. Os indivíduos foram agrupados em dois grupos (clusters) com base nas semelhanças da ingestão alimentar de zinco, potássio, cálcio e magnésio pela análise hierárquica de agrupamento, sendo a diferença avaliada pelo teste t de Student para amostras independentes ou Mann-Whitney. O teste de correlação de Pearson foi aplicado e modelos de regressão linear múltipla e regressão logística binária foram construídos. P-valores < 0,05 e entre 0,05 e 0,10 foram considerados significativos e marginalmente significativos, respectivamente. Os indivíduos com genótipo AA apresentaram melhor função das células β pancreáticas quando comparados àqueles com alelo G, sendo essa diferença marginalmente significativa. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os genótipos quanto as demais variáveis. O HOMA2-%B foi associado às variações do SNP rs11558471 no gene do ZnT8 (β = -0,185, p = 0,048) e ao peptídeo C (β = 0,243, p = 0,012), sendo dependente do sexo. O risco de alterar o %HbA1c (>7%) foi associado à presença do genótipo de risco AA (OR = 3,263; IC 95% = 1,154; 9,229; p = 0,026), dependente do tempo de diagnóstico. Quanto ao estado nutricional relativo ao zinco, observou-se que 68,3% e 72,4% dos indivíduos avaliados apresentaram deficiência desse mineral no plasma e eritrócitos, respectivamente, além de elevada prevalência de inadequação na ingestão de zinco. A ingestão dos demais minerais também se mostrou com elevada probabilidade de inadequação. O grupo com menor ingestão concomitante dos quatro minerais (cluster 1) apresentou maiores %HbA1c (p = 0,006) e concentração sérica de triglicerídeos (p = 0,010). Além disso, o risco de alterar o %HbA1c foi associado a menor ingestão desses minerais (Cluster 1) (OR = 3,041, IC 95% = 1,131;8,175, p = 0,028). A ingestão de potássio (β = -0,001, p = 0,017) e magnésio (β = -0,007, p = 0,015) foi inversamente associada ao %HbA1c, sendo dependente do sexo e tempo de diagnóstico. Assim, o SNP rs11558471 não se relacionou com o estado nutricional relativo ao zinco e com as variáveis de controle glicêmico em indivíduos com DM2. No entanto, as variações no genótipo desse SNP foram associadas à redução da função das células β pancreáticas, e o genótipo AA mostrou-se preditor de alterações no %HbA1c. Além disso, a reduzida ingestão concomitante de zinco, potássio, cálcio e magnésio foi associada ao risco de controle glicêmico deficiente, sendo os minerais magnésio e potássio preditores do aumento no %HbA1c. / Aracaju

MSCPNT / Department of Nutrition

Anemia and micronutrient deficiencies in infancy are common in low-income settings. These are partly due to maternal malnutrition and may impair child health and development. We studied the impact of maternal food and micronutrient supplementation, duration of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), growth and infection on infant anemia and micronutrient status. In the MINIMat trial in Matlab, Bangladesh, pregnant women were randomized to Early or Usual promotion of enrolment in a food supplementation program and to one of three daily micronutrient supplements. Capsules containing 400µg folic acid and (a) 30 mg iron (Fe30Fol), (b) 60 mg iron (Fe60Fol), (c) 30 mg iron and other micronutrients (MMS) were provided from week 14 of gestation. Capsule intake was assessed with the eDEM device recording supplement container openings. Blood samples (n=2377) from women at week 14 and 30 were analyzed for hemoglobin (Hb). Duration of EBF and infant morbidity was based on monthly maternal recalls. Infants were weighed and measured monthly. Blood samples (n=1066) from 6-months-old infants were analyzed for Hb and plasma ferritin, zinc, retinol, vitamin B12 and folate. In women, Hb increase per capsule reached a plateau at 60 Fe60Fol capsules, indicating that nine weeks of daily supplementation produced maximum Hb response. Anemia was common (36%) at capsule intakes &gt;60 indicating other causes of anemia than iron deficiency. In infants, vitamin B12 deficiency prevalence was lower in the MMS (26.1%) than in the Fe30Fol group (36.5%), (p=0.003) and zinc deficiency prevalence was lower in the Usual than in the Early group. There were no other differential effects of food or micronutrient supplementation on infant anemia or micronutrient status. Infants exclusively breast-fed for 4-6 months had a higher mean plasma zinc concentration (9.9±2.3 µmol/L) than infants exclusively breast-fed for &lt;4 months (9.5±2.0 µmol/L), (p&lt; 0.01). No other differences in anemia, iron or zinc status were observed between EBF categories. Infection, low birth weight and iron deficiency were independent risk factors for infant anemia. Regardless of studied interventions, prevalence of anemia (43%), deficiency of zinc (56%), vitamin B12, vitamin A (19%) and iron (22%) in infancy was high and further preventive strategies are needed. / MINIMat