Les céramiques bioinertes (zircone, alumine), sont utilisées dans des dispositifs médicaux pour l’orthopédie et l’odontologie. Leurs surfaces peuvent avoir plusieurs fonctions : fixation du dispositif dans le milieu vivant (ex : implants dentaires), rôle tribologique (prothèses articulaires)… Dans tous les cas, ces surfaces sont traitées pour maximiser leur performance, mais ces modifications peuvent entrainer des conséquences négatives. Ainsi, le 2e chapitre montre qu’introduire de la rugosité par sablage joue sur l’intégrité mécanique et sur la stabilité à long terme de l’alumine, de la zircone et d’un composite alumine-zircone. Par ailleurs, dans les prothèses articulaires, la lubrification joue un rôle fondamental pour minimiser l’usure et donc augmenter la durée de vie moyenne des implants, permettant en outre de favoriser l’adsorption de protéines réduisant le contact direct entre les deux surfaces glissantes. La chimie des surfaces (y compris la présence de contamination) peut modifier ces aspects. Dans le 3e chapitre de ma thèse j’ai étudié l’effet de la contamination et des différentes techniques de nettoyage permettant de la réduire sur la mouillabilité des matériaux typiquement utilisés dans les prothèses de hanche, et sur l’adsorption de protéines à leurs surfaces. Finalement, les cellules utilisent les protéines en surface comme points de fixation et identification. Les implants avec une surface capable de recruter plus de protéines aidant à l’adhésion des cellules auront plus des chances d’être intégrés que des implants recrutant des protéines qui empêchent l’adhésion. Dans le 4e chapitre, j’ai exploré un nouveau concept de modification de surface de la zircone consistant en un greffage d’organosilanes directement sur sa surface, de manière à prouver le potentiel de cette technique à améliorer l’ostéointegration sans diminuer la performance mécanique. / Bioinert ceramics (zirconia, alumina) are used in medical devices in orthopedics and dentistry. Their surfaces may provide different functions: fixation of the device in the living tissue (e.g. dental implants), tribological role(joint substitutions),… In all cases the surfaces are treated to maximize their performance, but this modifications may entail negative consequences. The use of roughness to promote osseointegration of implants is a common practice, especially on dental implants. Roughening is often conducted by mechanical treatments, the most common being sandblasting. Therefore, chapter 2 focus on the implications of roughening by sandblasting on the mechanical behaviour of zirconia, alumina and a zirconia-alumina composite, and the differences between them. The work brought in chapter 3 was carried out entirely during a six-month secondment at CeramTec GmbH. In a bearing couple, lubrication mechanisms are complex and wettability and proteins play a yet-to understand role. The study compared the wettability of different materials, their ability to welcome protein adsorption and the effect of different cleaning procedures on wettability measurements and protein adsorption. Finally, the influence of the surface on cell activity is not driven exclusively by roughness: chemical modifications of the surface may enhance the perception of cells for the surface, and by careful tuning of the surface properties one may achieve a better integration without the downsides of roughness. In chapter 4, we explored a novel modification of zirconia, based on known techniques in chemistry, which introduces molecules with special functional groups capable of rendering the surface friendlier for cell adhesion, and opening the window for new exciting developments in the field of bioinert ceramics.

The transport in oxides is studied by the use of gas phase analysis (GPA). An experimental method to identify transported species of gases and their contribution to the overall transport of gases in oxides and an experimental method to evaluate the parameters diffusivity, concentration, permeability of gases in oxides and effective pore size in oxides are developed, respectively. Pt has two effects on the thermal oxidation of metals. One is to enhance the oxidation of metals which takes place at the oxide-metal interface by promoting a high concentration gradient of dissociated oxygen across the oxide layer. The other effect is to suppress the oxidation of metals by decreasing the contact area between metal and oxygen. The overall effect of Pt on the oxidation of metals depends on the mechanism of oxide growth in the absence of Pt. It is suggested that an appropriate amount of Pt coating induces a balanced oxide growth resulting from stoichimetrical inward oxygen flux to outward metal flux, which leads to a reduced oxidation rate. The diffusion of diatomic gases in oxides such as vitreous silica and yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) takes place in both molecular and dissociated (atomic or/and ionic) form. The fraction of transport of molecular species decreases with temperatures, and the fraction of transport of dissociated species increases with temperatures. Measured permeabilities of diatomic gases in vitreous silica are higher than the expected permeabilities of their molecules, which are explained by diffusion of molecules combined with a retardation of dissociated species in reversible traps. The diffusion of hydrogen in vitreous silica is concentration dependent and increases with local concentration. Transport paths are shared among transported species and gases at all temperatures in YSZ. Helium shares transport path with molecular oxygen and nitrogen at low temperatures; whereas helium shares transport path with dissociated oxygen and also dissociated nitrogen at high temperatures. / QC 20100705

Ionic transport in metal oxides is crucial for the functioning of a broad range of different components, such as heat resistant alloys designed for high temperature applications and oxide electrolytes in solid oxide fuel cells. This thesis presents results from in situ electrochemical studies of properties related to ionic transport in metal oxides that are important for their applications as protective oxides and ionic conductors. Heat resistant alloys of alumina-former type are known to form an adherent, slowly growing and protective aluminium oxide (Al2O3) scale that protects metals from chemical degradation at high temperature. In situ impedance spectroscopy was used to study highly pure and dense samples of a-alumina in the temperature range 400 – 1000 °C. It was shown that surface conduction on the sample could severely distort the measurement below 700 °C. The magnitude of the distortions appeared to be sensitive to the type of electrodes used. The use of a so-called guard electrode was shown to effectively block the surface conduction in the measurements. By varying the grain size of the sintered alpha-alumina samples, the influence of grain size on the overall conductivity of the a-alumina was studied. It was shown that the activation energy for conductivity increased as the grain size decreased. Molecular dynamics calculations were performed in order to elucidate whether Al- or O ions are dominant in the ionic conductivity of the alpha-alumina. Comparing the calculation and experimental results, the dominating charge carrier was suggested to be oxygen ions. Moreover, the ionic transport in thermally grown alumina-like oxide scales formed on a FeCrAl alloy was studied in situ by impedance spectroscopy between 600 and 1000 °C. It was shown that the properties of these scales differ largely from those of pure and dense alpha-alumina. Furthermore, the conductivity is mainly electronic, due to the multiphase/multilayer microstructure and substantial incorporation of species from the base metal. However, the diffusivity obtained from the ionic conductivity was in line with diffusion data in literature obtained by other methods such as thermogravimetry. Besides, the initial stage of oxidation of a number of Fe-, Ni- and Co-based alloys at temperatures between 500 and 800 °C was studied in situ by high temperature cyclic voltammetry, in which the oxygen activity was changed over a wide range. From the resulting voltammograms the redox reactions occurring on the alloy surface could be identified. It was concluded that the base metal oxidized readily on these alloys before a protective chromia- or alumina-like scale is formed. The base metal oxide is most likely incorporated into the more protective oxide. Further, the oxygen ionic conductivity of highly pure and fully dense yttria-stabilized zirconia produced by spark plasma sintering was studied by impedance spectroscopy. The aim was to evaluate intrinsic blocking effects on the ionic conduction associated with the space charge layer in the grain boundary region. It was observed that the ionic conductivity of the spark plasma sintered oxides is equal or slightly higher than what has been achieved by conventional sintering methods. In addition, it was shown that the specific grain boundary conductivity increases with decreasing grain size, which can be explained by a decreasing Schottky barrier height (i.e., decreasing blocking effect). The quantitative results from this work verify the space charge model describing the influence of grain size on the ionic conductivity of yttria-stabilized zirconia through dopant segregation and oxygen vacancy depletion along the grain boundaries. / QC 20100825

This work resulted in the development of multiple distinct and novel methods of cheaply producing large numbers of biologically derived, complex, 3-dimensional microstructures in a multitude of possible compositions. The biologically derived structures employed in this work were diatoms, a type of single celled algae, which grow complex silica shells in species-specific shapes. Due to the wide diversity of naturally occurring diatom shapes (on the order of 105), and the flexibility in tailoring chemical compositions using the methods developed here, real potential exists for cheaply mass-producing industrially relevant quantities of controlled shape and size 3-d particles for the first time. The central theme of this research is the use of diatoms as a transient scaffold onto which a coating is applied. After curing the coating, and in some cases firing the coating to form ceramic, the diatom can be selectively etched away leaving a free standing replica of the original structure with the salient features of the pre-form intact, but now composed of a completely different material. Using this concept, specific methods were developed to suit various precursors. Dip coating techniques were used to create epoxy diatoms, and silicon carbide diatoms. The Sol-Gel method was used to synthesize zirconia diatoms in both the tetragonal and monoclinic phases. A multi step method was developed in which previously synthesized epoxy diatoms were used as a template for deposition of a silicon carbide precursor and then heat treated to produce a silicon carbide/carbon multi-component ceramic. A hydrothermal reaction was also developed to convert Titania diatoms to barium titanate by reaction with barium hydroxide. Finally, the device potential of diatom-derived structures was conclusively demonstrated by constructing a gas sensor from a single Titania diatom. Under suitable conditions, the sensor was found to have the fastest response and recovery time of any sensor of this type reported in the literature. Furthermore, this work has laid the groundwork for the synthesis of many other tailored compositions of diatoms, and provided several compositions for device creation.

Combustion chemical vapor deposition (combustion CVD) is a thin film deposition process that uses a flame created by the ignition of an aerosol containing precursors dissolved in a flammable solvent. Combustion CVD is a relatively new technique for creating thin film oxide coatings. Combustion CVD has been successfully used to deposit high quality thin oxide films for potential applications such as thermal barrier coatings, dielectric thin films, composite interlayer coatings, etc. The present work involved developing the optimum parameters for deposition of thin films of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), alumina (Al₂O₃), and YSZ-alumina composites followed by a determination of the mechanical properties of the films (measured using nanoindentation) as a function of composition. The optimized parameters for deposition of YSZ, alumina, and YSZ-alumina composites onto single crystal a-plane alumina involved using an organic liquid as the flammable solvent and Y 2-ethylhexanoate, Zr 2-ethylhexanoate and Al acetylacetonate as the metal precursors at a 0.002 M concentration delivered at 4 ml/min at flame temperatures of 155 ℃ and substrate temperatures of 105 ℃. The resulting films were grown with deposition rates of ~ 1.5 μm/hr. Measurement of the mechanical properties (hardness, elastic modulus and fracture toughness) of the films was performed using a mechanical properties microprobe called the Nanoindenter®. In order to obtain valid results from nanoindentation, the combustion CVD films were optimized for minimum surface roughness and grown to a thickness of approximately 0.8 μm. With the penetration depth of the indenter at approximately 150 nm, the 800 nm thickness of the film made influences of the substrate on the measurements negligible. The hardnesses and elastic moduli of the YSZ-alumina films did not vary with the composition of the film. The fracture toughness, however, did show a dependence on the composition. It was found that second phase particles of alumina grown into a YSZ matrix increased the fracture toughness of the films (on average, 1.76 MPa• m⁰.⁵ for 100% YSZ to 2.49 MPa• m⁰.⁵ for 70 mol% YSZ/30 mol% alumina). Similarly, second phase particles of YSZ grown into an alumina matrix also increased the fracture toughness (on average, 2.20 MPa• m⁰.⁵ for 100% alumina to 2.45 MPa• m⁰.⁵ for 37.2 mol% YSZ/62.8 mol% alumina). Modeling of the fracture toughness of the YSZ-alumina films was successfully achieved by using the following toughening mechanisms: crack deflection from the second phase particles, grain bridging around the particles, and residual stress from the CTE mismatch between the film and the substrate and between the second phase particles and the matrix of the film.

Although current trends in global warming are of great concern, energy demand is still increasing, resulting in increasing pollutant emissions. To address this issue, we need reliable renewable energy sources, lowered pollutant emissions, and efficient and profitable processes for energy conversion. We also need to improve the use of the energy, produced by existing infrastructure. Consequently, the work presented in this thesis aims at investigating current scientific and technological challenges in energy conversion through biomass gasification and the alternative use of fossil fuels, such as diesel, in the generation of cleaner electricity through auxiliary power units in the transport sector. Production of chemicals, syngas, and renewable fuels is highly dependent on the development and innovation of catalytic processes within these applications. This thesis focuses on the development and optimization of catalytic technologies in these areas. One of the limitations in the commercialization of the biomass gasification technology is the effective catalytic conversion of tars, formed during gasification. Biomass contains high amounts of alkali impurities, which pass on to the producer gas. Therefore, a new material with alkali tolerance is needed. In the scope of this thesis, a new catalyst support, KxWO3 – ZrO2 with high alkali resistance was developed. The dynamic capability of KxWO3 – ZrO2 to store alkali metals in the crystal structure, enhances the capture of alkali metals "in situ". Alkali metals are also important electronic promoters for the active phase, which usually increases the catalysts activity and selectivity for certain products. Experimental results show that conversion of 1-methylnaphathalene over Ni/KxWO3 – ZrO2 increases in the presence of 2 ppm of gas-phase K (Paper I). This support is considered to contribute to the electronic equilibrium within the metal/support interface, when certain amounts of alkali metals are present. The potential use of this support can be extended to applications in which alkali "storage-release" properties are required, i.e. processes with high alkali content in the process flow, to enhance catalyst lifetime and regeneration. In addition, fundamental studies to understand the adsorption geometry of naphthalene with increasing temperature were performed in a single crystal of Ni(111) by STM analyses. Chapter 9 presents preliminary studies on the adsorption geometry of the molecule, as well as DFT calculations of the adsorption energy. In relation to the use of clean energy for transport applications, hydrogen generation through ATR for FC-APUs is presented in Papers II to V. Two promoted RhPt bimetallic catalysts were selected in a previous bench scale study, supported on La2O3:CeO2/d – Al2O3 and MgO : Y2O3/CeO2 – ZrO2. Catalyst evaluation was performed in a fullscale reformer under real operating conditions. Results showed increased catalyst activity after the second monolithic catalyst due to the effect of steam reforming, WGS reaction, and higher catalyst reducibility of the RhxOy species in the CeO2 – ZrO2 mixed oxide, as a result of the improved redox properties. The influence of sulfur and coke formation on diesel reforming was assessed after 40 h on stream. Sulfur poisoning was evaluated for the intrinsic activity related to the total Rh and Pt area observed after exposure to sulfur. Sulfur concentration in the aged catalyst washcoat was observed to decrease in the axial direction of the reformer. Estimations of the amount of sulfur adsorbed were found to be below the theoretical equilibrated coverage on Rh and Pt, thus showing a partial deactivation due to sulfur poisoning. / <p>QC 20150213</p>

Στα πλαίσια της αναζήτησης νέων µεθόδων παραγωγής ενέργειας υψηλής απόδοσης και φιλικής προς το περιβάλλον, ένα µεγάλο µέρος των ερευνητικών δραστηριοτήτων σε διεθνή κλίµακα έχει στραφεί στην ανάπτυξη της τεχνολογίας των κελίων καυσίµου στερεού ηλεκτρολύτη, SOFC’s (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell’s). Λόγω της φιλικότητάς τους προς το περιβάλλον τα SOFC’s µπορεί να εισαχθούν για χρήση και σε αστικές περιοχές, όπου παράλληλα µε την παραγόµενη ηλεκτρική ενέργεια, είναι δυνατόν να αξιοποιηθεί και η εκλυόµενη θερµική ενέργεια για θέρµανση χώρων, αυξάνοντας συνολικά την αποτελεσµατικότητά τους. Ένα από τα µειονεκτήµατα που εµφανίζονται κατά την µακρόχρονη λειτουργία ενός «State of the art» κελίου καυσίµου αποτελούµενο από Ni/YSZ-κεραµοµεταλλικό (άνοδος) – YSZ (ηλεκτρολύτη) – LaMnO3 περοβσκίτης (κάθοδος) – LaCrO3 περοβσκίτης (συνδέτης) είναι η υποβάθµιση της απόδοσής του, η οποία µεταξύ άλλων οφείλεται και στην αστάθεια της µικροδοµής του κεραµοµεταλλικού ηλεκτροδίου της ανόδου, λόγω συσσωµάτωσης της µεταλλικής φάσης. Στόχος της εργασίας ήταν η βελτίωση της ευστάθειας της µικροδοµής, καθώς και η διερεύνηση της δυνατότητας ελάττωσης του ποσοστού συµµετοχής της µεταλλικής φάσης στο κεραµοµεταλλικό υλικό του ηλεκτροδίου της ανόδου, χωρίς σηµαντική απώλεια σε ηλεκτρική αγωγιµότητα. Για τον σκοπό αυτό παρασκευάσθηκαν, χαρακτηρίσθηκαν και ελέγχθηκαν οι ιδιότητες µικτών κεραµικών οξειδίων επιλεγµένων συνθέσεων του τριµερούς συστήµατος ZrO2-Y2O3-TiO2 (η Cr2O3) καθώς και τα αντίστοιχα κεραµοµεταλλικά Ni/ZrO2-Y2O3-TiO2 µε προσθήκη 30,40 και 45 vol% Ni. Aπό τα αποτελέσµατα προέκυψε ότι σε θερµοκρασία πύρωσης 1400ºC σχηµατίζονται µικτά οξείδια µε την κυβική δοµή του πλέγµατος φθορίτη και συντελεστή θερµικής διαστολής αντίστοιχο του ηλεκτρολύτη (YSZ). Η ηλεκτρική τους αγωγιµότητα σε ατµόσφαιρα Ar+4%H2 είναι µικτού τύπου (ιοντική + ηλεκτρονιακή), όµως λόγω της χαµηλής απόλυτης τιµής στην θερµοκρασιακή περιοχή λειτουργίας του κελίου καυσίµου (900-1000ºC) δεν προσφέρονται για χρήση αυτούσια, ως κεραµικές άνοδοι. ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ-ABSTRACT 6 Από πειράµατα διαβροχής στο σύστηµα Ni σε επαφή µε τα µικτά οξείδια προέκυψε ότι η παρουσία TiO2 βελτιώνει την συνάφεια και ως εκ τούτου την ισχύ του δεσµού στην διεπιφάνεια µετάλλου/κεραµικού. Η βελτίωση των διεπιφανειακών ιδιοτήτων έχει σαν αποτέλεσµα των ελάττωση του συντελεστού διαστολής των κεραµεταλλικών και την καλλίτερη µηχανική προσαρµογή τους στον ηλεκτρολύτη (YSZ).Επίσης, λόγω της µείωσης του ρυθµού συσσωµάτωσης των σωµατιδίων της µεταλλικής φάσης, οι τιµές της ηλεκτρικής αγωγιµότητας των κεραµοµεταλλικών παραµένουν σε υψηλά επίπεδα και µετά από µακροχρόνια παραµονή σε συνθήκες λειτουργίας (1000ºC, 1000h). Πρώτες ηλεκτροχηµικές µετρήσεις σε κελία καυσίµου µε κεραµοµεταλλική άνοδο, αποτελούµενη από επιλεγµένη σύνθεση µικτού οξείδίου του τριµερούς συστήµατος ως κεραµικής συνιστώσας, έδωσαν ενθαρρυντικά αποτελέσµατα αφήνοντας σηµαντικά περιθώρια για επίτευξη ικανοποιητικών επιδόσεων, µε βελτίωση του τρόπου κατασκευής. / Within the research framework for the development of alternative, friendly to the environment methods for the production of energy, significant effort is focusing on the SOFC’s (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell’s) technology. Due to their low pollutant emissions fuel cells can be applied inside civil areas were the electrical power can be used together with the thermal energy generated by the cell, increasing the total performance of the device. The “state of the art” fuel cell structure is the anode electrode (Ni/YSZ cermet), the electrolyte (YSZ), the cathode electrode (LaMnO3 perowskite) and the interconnector (LaCrO3 perowskite). One of the disadvantages of fuel cells is the performance degradation due to the instability of the YSZ/Ni anode electrode microstructure caused by metal phase sintering. This work aims to the improvement of microstructure stability as well as the possibility of reducing the amount of the metallic phase to the anode cermet without affecting its electrical properties. New ceramic materials of the ternary system ZrO2-Y2O3-TiO2 (or Cr2O3) were produced and characterized as well as their corresponding cermets Ni/ZrO2-Y2O3-TiO2 by the addition of 30,40 and 45 vol% Ni. After calcination at 1400ºC mixed oxides are formed having cubic fluorite crystal structure and similar thermal expansion properties to the YSZ ceramic oxide. The electrical conductivity in reducing atmosphere Ar+4%H2 is of electronic and ionic type but due to the low values in the working temperature range of a fuel cell (900-1000ºC) they cannot be used independently as anode materials. Wetting experiments of the system Ni in contact to those mixed oxides showed that TiO2 presence enhances the adherence and the bond strength at the metal ceramic interface. Improvement of the interfacial properties results to the decrease of cermets thermal expansion improving in this way the mechanical adjustment of the anode to the electrolyte. Also due to the decrease of the sintering tendency of the metallic phase particles, the electrical conductivity values remain at high values after long term annealing at high temperature (1000ºC, 1000h). Early electrochemical tests performed to fuel cells having a selected anode material showed encouraging results leaving space for improvement especially to the construction methods used in order to achieve satisfactory performance.

Με αφορμή τις πολλές εφαρμογές που έχουν οι διεπιφάνειες μετάλλου με κεραμικό υπόστρωμα όπως τη μικροηλεκτρονική και την ετερογενή κατάλυση, τα συστήματα αυτά έχουν μελετηθεί με πρότυπα πειράματα σε συνθήκες υπερυψηλού κενού (UHV). Στην εργασία αυτή μελετήθηκε η αλληλεπίδραση κατά τη θέρμανση σε UHV υπέρλεπτων υμενίων NIκαι NiO με επιφάνειες οξειδίων. Συγκεκριμένα, η μελέτη έγινε σε μοκνοκρυσταλλικές επιφάνειες ζιρκονίας σταθεροποιημένης με ύττρια (YSZ), α-αλούμινας και σε πολυκρυσταλλική επιφάνεια γ-αλούμινας ανεπτυγμένης σε φύλλο αλουμινίου. Έμφαση δόθηκε στην επίδραση που έχει η κατεργασία της επιφάνειας του οξεοιδίου στη συμπεριφορά του Ni και του NiO κατά τη θέρμανση. Τα πειράματα έγιναν σε σύστημα UHV με επιφανειακά ευαίσθητες τεχνικές φασματοσκοπίας φωτοηλεκτρονίων και ηλεκτρονίων Auger από ακτίνες-Χ(XPS/XAES). Βρέθηκε ότι το Ni σε YSZ οξειδώνεται κατά τη θέρμανση από ευκίνητα ιόντα οξυγόνου της YSZ και ο ρυθμός οξείδωσης εξαρτάται σημαντικά από την κατάσταση της επιφάνειας. Η κατάσταση της επιφάνειας επηρεάζει την θερμική σταθερότητα του NiO αφού η ελάττωση του οξυγόνου στο εσωτερικό της YSZ οδηγεί σε σημαντική μείωση της θερμοκρασίας διάσπασης του NiO. Σε επιφάνεια α-Al2O3 η κατεργασία έχει σαν αποτέλεσμα το Ni είτε να συσσωματώνεται είτε να οξειδώνεται ενώ η θερμική σταθερότητα του NiO επίσης εξαρτάται από την παρουσία επιφανειακών ατελειών που δημιουργούνται με την κατεργασία. Επίσης, βρέθηκε ότι το πάχος του υμενίου γ-Al2O3 είναι καθοριστικό για την οξείδωση του αποτιθέμενου Ni από τα επιφανειακά υδροξύλια της γ-Al2O3 και το σχηματισμό επιφανειακής ένωσης NiAlx μέσω διάχυσης του Ni προς το φύλλο Al από μικροοπές του υμενίου. / Metal-ceramic systems have many technological applications in composite materials, microelectronics and heterogeneous catalysis. The interaction of Ni and NiO ultrathin films with different oxide surfaces yttria stabilized zirconia (9% mol Y2O3, YSZ)and α-alumina monocrystalline and polycrystalline γ-alumina films developed on Al foil upon heating in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) was examined. Upon heating the Ni/YSZ system at 480-850K, nickel was oxidized via the substrate oxygen ions excess and the rate of oxidation depended strongly on the state of the surface. Reduction of oxygen excess leads to a decrease of the NiO decomposition temperature, which is higher than 900 K in UHV. The oxidation capability of the YSZ is restored after heating in oxygen atmosphere. The Ni/α-Al2O3 interaction depended on the chemical state of the surface, on the presence of C, -OH and non-lattice oxygen (surface defects).Interaction between deposited nickel and surface defects leads to Ni coalescence, partial oxidation and NiAlxOy chemical compound formation. The surface defects affects the thermal stability of NiO, which decomposes to Ni at lower temperature than 900K. On clean α-Al2O3 surfaces the NiO is stable up to 900K. Upon heating to 600K Ni deposits on γ-Al2O3/Al surfaces, the reduction of the alumina film thickness leads on the one hand to a decrease of the tendency of surface -OH groups to oxidize nickel and on the other hand to an increased formation of a NiAlx due to Ni diffusion on the Al substrate through the microholes in the alumina film. Upon heating up to 790K, the initially formed NiO decomposes to metallic Ni, whereas the Ni of the NiAlx compound diffuses inside the metallic Al.

No description available.

No description available.