This thesis deals with an evaluation of optical components for LED, which is based on laboratory measurements of available LED samples and optical elements. The evaluation is done according to established standards and is focused on efficiency and adjustment of luminous flux (beam angle, luminous curve). Furthermore was made a study engaged in an optical element influence on LED color properties (color temperature, spectral characteristics). In conclusion there is an optical elements usage overview and recommended procedure for selecting appropriate combination of LED and optical element.

This thesis is focused on the theoretical and practical introduction to the verification procedures used today for obtaining luminosity curves of lamps. The introduction acquaints readers with the photometric variables. Consequently, it is theoretically described procedure for constructing luminance curves by zonal flow and further familiarization with the near-field photometry. For the practical part was chosen several lights. These lamps were measured by luxmeter first from a very close photometric distance from lights, and then from large distance. The next step was to obtain pictures of luminaries in planes C 0 to 345 ° (with a step of 15 °) of the angle gamma from 0 to 180 ° (in steps of 5 °). The measured data were processed by zonal flow and through programs LumiDISP and Matlab. The partial result of this thesis is to verify whether it is possible to use the luminance analyzer for obtaining luminosity curves, it means, if the luminosity curve obtained through luminance analyzer will comply with the curves obtained through a luxmeter. Further work should ascertain the feasibility of acquired photographs lamps from a very close photometric distance could create luminosity curve for any location and distance from the observer to measured lamps.

La conception de chambres de combustion aéronautiques requiert un compromis entre les différents phénomènes physiques présents, comme les interactions entre la flamme et la turbulence, les pertes thermiques, la dynamique de flamme ou l'évaporation du carburant et son mélange. De nombreux outils numériques existent dans la littérature pour prédire ce genre d'écoulements réactifs turbulents. Les modèles de turbulence instationnaires, par exemple LES (Large Eddy Simulation), sont un excellent compromis pour la prédiction du mélange dans des configurations réalistes. L'approche de chimie tabulée représente un équilibre attrayant entre coût de calcul et précision pour la prédiction de structure de flamme. Dans cette thèse, des modèles de turbulence avancés et de chimie tabulée sont appliqués à des configurations complexes afin d'évaluer leur capacité à prédire la structure de flammes turbulentes. La prédiction de la FDF (Flame Describing Function) par le modèle F-TACLES (Filtered TAbulated Chemistry for Large Eddy Simulations) est comparé à des données expérimentales pour une flamme swirlée, prémélangée et non-adiabatique. La FDF est bien prédite pour une large plage de fréquences et deux niveaux de fluctuations de vitesse. L'origine des différences est analysée. La première application du modèle F-TACLES à un brûleur diphasique est proposée. Le brûleur choisi est la flamme jet diphasique KIAI, récemment étudié au CORIA. Une comparaison détaillée avec l'expérience est faite et montre que F-TACLES est capable de prédire la bonne forme de flamme. Le modèle ZDES (Zonal Detached Eddy Simulation) est étudié dans la configuration TLC, un injecteur aéronautique réaliste. En non-réactif, la ZDES est validée par rapport aux mesures de vitesse expérimentales et comparée à des résultats de LES. En conditions réactives, la prédiction des profils de température dans la chambre de combustion est grandement améliorée en ZDES. / The design of aeronautical combustion chambers requires a precise balance between the different physical phenomena involved, such as flame-turbulence interaction, heat losses, flame dynamics or fuel evaporation and mixing. Numerous numerical tools exist in the literature to predict these kinds of turbulent reacting flows. The unsteady turbulence models, for example LES (Large Eddy Simulation), represent an excellent compromise for the prediction of the mixing in realistic configurations. The tabulated chemistry approach is an attractive trade-off between computation cost and accuracy for predicting the structure of flames. In this thesis, advanced turbulence and tabulated chemistry models are applied to complex configurations in order to assess their ability to predict the structure of turbulent flames. The prediction of the FDF (Flame Describing Function) by the F-TACLES (Filtered TAbulated Chemistry for Large Eddy Simulations) model is compared to experimental data for a non-adiabatic premixed swirled flame. The FDF is well predicted for a wide range of frequencies and two velocity fluctuation levels. The origin of the discrepancies is analyzed. The first application of the F-TACLES model in a two-phase burner is proposed. The chosen burner is the KIAI spray jet flame, recently studied at CORIA. A detailed comparison with the experiments is performed and shows that F-TACLES is able to predict the correct flame shape. The ZDES (Zonal Detached Eddy Simulation) model is studied in a realistic aeronautical injector, the TLC configuration. In cold conditions, the ZDES is validated against velocity measurements and compared to LES results. In reacting conditions, the prediction of temperature profiles in the combustion chamber is greatly improved in the ZDES.

The diploma thesis deals with flow prediction using artificial intelligence to control the storage function of the reservoir. It focuses on the control of storage function using combination of dispatching graphs and flow prediction. The work is divided into a methodological part and an application part. The methodological part contain describes how the acquisition of historical data, a description of the work of dispatching graphs and forecasting models. The application part contains flow forecasts and outflow control. A prediction model is based on the fuzzy method, and it is used to predict inflows. The calibration and validation of the prediction model is also described. Results of prediction model were evaluated. In next step the results of control method were evaluated and compared with result of dispatching graphs. The results of controlled method were satisfactory.

Room models, currently used for controller tests, assume the room air to be perfectly mixed. A new room model is developed, assuming non-homogeneous room conditions and distinguishing between different sensor positions. From measurement in real test rooms and detailed CFD simulations, a list of convective phenomena is obtained that has to be considered in the development of a model for a room equipped with different HVAC systems. The zonal modelling approach that divides the room air into several sub-volumes is chosen, since it is able to represent the important convective phenomena imposed on the HVAC system. The convective room model is divided into two parts: a zonal model, representing the air at the occupant zone and a second model, providing the conditions at typical sensor positions. Using this approach, the comfort conditions at the occupant zone can be evaluated as well as the impact of different sensor positions. The model is validated for a test room equipped with different HVAC systems. Sensitivity analysis is carried out on the main parameters of the model. Performance assessment and energy consumption are then compared for different sensor positions in a room equipped with different HVAC systems. The results are also compared with those obtained when a well-mixed model is used. A main conclusion of these tests is, that the differences obtained, when changing the position of the controller's sensor, is a function of the HVAC system and controller type. The differences are generally small in terms of thermal comfort but significant in terms of overall energy consumption. For different HVAC systems the cases are listed, in which the use of a simplified model is not recommended. This PhD has been submitted in accordance to the conditions for attaining both the French and the German degree of a PhD, on a co-national basis, in the frame of a statement of the French government from January 18th, 1994. The research has been carried out in the Automation and Energy Management Group (AGE), Department of Sustainable Development (DDD), at the "Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment" (CSTB) in Marne la Vallée, France, in collaboration with the "Centre Energétique" (CENERG) at the "Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris" (ENSMP), Paris, France and the Technical University of Dresden (TUD), Germany.

L'objectif de ce travail est de prendre en compte les instationnarités naturelles à grande échelle dans les écoulements décollés et à un coût plus faible que la LES, tout en s'intéressant à la modélisation des effets de paroi par des modèles statistiques au second ordre. S'inspirant des approches de Durbin, le modèle à pondération elliptique EB-RSM reproduit l'effet non-local de blocage, en résolvant une équation différentielle sur le terme de pression. La limite à deux composantes de la turbulence est bien prédite en canal. Ce modèle est appliqué à la marche descendante, dans une approche URANS. Nous avons montré que les erreurs numériques peuvent être suffisantes pour exciter le mode le plus instable de la couche cisaillée, et aboutir à une solution instationnaire. La solution est stationnaire quand on raffine le maillage, rendant l'URANS peu fiable. Récemment, Schiestel \& Dejoan ont proposé le modèle hybride non-zonal PITM. Le coefficient $C_{\e_2}$ de l'équation de la dissipation devient fonction de la coupure dans le spectre, et la valeur $C_{\e_1}=3/2$ est déduite par ces auteurs. Nous avons donné une formulation plus générale où la valeur de $C_{\e_1}$ est quelconque. Pour offrir un formalisme plus cohérent aux modèles hybrides non-zonaux dans les écoulements de paroi, une approche basée sur un filtrage temporel est proposée. Enfin, l'adaptation du modèle EB-RSM dans un cadre hybride a été réalisée. Les résultats en canal sont encourageants : la transition continue d'un modèle RANS en proche paroi à une LES au centre du canal est mise en évidence. Le transfert d'énergie des échelles modélisées vers celles résolues est bien reproduit quand on raffine le maillage.

No description available.

L'apparition de CUDA en 2007 a rendu les GPU hautement programmables permettant ainsi aux applications scientifiques et techniques de profiter de leur capacité de calcul élevée. Des solutions ultra-rapides pour la résolution des transferts de chaleur par rayonnement et par conduction sur GPU sont présentées dans ce travail. Tout d'abord, la méthode MACZM pour le calcul des facteurs de transferts radiatifs directs en 3D et en milieu semi-transparent est représentée et validée. Ensuite, une implémentation efficace de la méthode à la base d'algorithmes de géométrie discrète et d'une parallélisation optimisée sur GPU dans CUDA atteignant 300 à 600 fois d'accélération, est présentée. Ceci est suivi par la formulation du NRPA, une version non-récursive de l'algorithme des revêtements pour le calcul des facteurs d'échange radiatifs totaux. La complexité du NRPA est inférieure à celle du PA et sont exécution sur GPU est jusqu'à 750 fois plus rapide que l'exécution du PA sur CPU. D'autre part, une implémentation efficace de la LOD sur GPU est présentée, consistant d'une alternance optimisée des solveurs et schémas de parallélisation et achevant une accélération GPU de 75 à 250 fois. Finalement, toutes les méthodes sont appliquées ensemble pour la résolution des transferts de chaleur en 3D dans un four de réchauffage sidérurgique de brames d'acier. Dans ce but, MACZM est appliquée avec un maillage multi-grille et le NRPA est appliqué au four en le découpant en zones, permettant d'avoir un temps de calcul très rapide une précision élevée. Ceci rend les méthodes utilisées de très grande importance pour la conception de stratégies de contrôle efficaces et précises. / The release of CUDA by NVIDIA in 2007 has tremendously increased GPU programmability, thus allowing scientific and engineering applications to take advantage of the high GPU compute capability. In this work, we present ultra-fast solutions for radiation and diffusion heat transfer on the GPU. First, the Multiple Absorption Coefficient Zonal Method (MACZM) for computing direct radiative exchange factors in 3D semi-transparent media is reviewed and validated. Then, an efficient implementation for MACZM is presented, based on discrete geometry algorithms, and an optimized GPU CUDA parallelization. The CUDA implementation achieves 300 to 600 times speed-up. The Non-recursive Plating Algorithm (NRPA), a non-recursive version of the plating algorithm for computing total exchange factors is then formulated. Due to low-complexity matrix multiplication algorithms, the NRPA has lower complexity than the PA does and it runs up to 750 times faster on the GPU by comparison to the CPU PA. On the other hand, an efficient GPU implementation for the Locally One Dimensional (LOD) finite difference split method for solving heat diffusion is presented, based on an optimiwed alternation between parallelization schemes and equation solvers, achieving accelerations from 75 to 250 times. Finally, all the methods are applied together for solving 3D heat transfer in a steel reheating furnace. A multi-grid approach is applied for MACZM and a zone-by zone computation for the NRPA. As a result, high precision and very fast computation time are achieved, making the methods of high interest for building precise and efficient control units.

Room models, currently used for controller tests, assume the room air to be perfectly mixed. A new room model is developed, assuming non-homogeneous room conditions and distinguishing between different sensor positions. From measurement in real test rooms and detailed CFD simulations, a list of convective phenomena is obtained that has to be considered in the development of a model for a room equipped with different HVAC systems. The zonal modelling approach that divides the room air into several sub-volumes is chosen, since it is able to represent the important convective phenomena imposed on the HVAC system. The convective room model is divided into two parts: a zonal model, representing the air at the occupant zone and a second model, providing the conditions at typical sensor positions. Using this approach, the comfort conditions at the occupant zone can be evaluated as well as the impact of different sensor positions. The model is validated for a test room equipped with different HVAC systems. Sensitivity analysis is carried out on the main parameters of the model. Performance assessment and energy consumption are then compared for different sensor positions in a room equipped with different HVAC systems. The results are also compared with those obtained when a well-mixed model is used. A main conclusion of these tests is, that the differences obtained, when changing the position of the controller's sensor, is a function of the HVAC system and controller type. The differences are generally small in terms of thermal comfort but significant in terms of overall energy consumption. For different HVAC systems the cases are listed, in which the use of a simplified model is not recommended. This PhD has been submitted in accordance to the conditions for attaining both the French and the German degree of a PhD, on a co-national basis, in the frame of a statement of the French government from January 18th, 1994. The research has been carried out in the Automation and Energy Management Group (AGE), Department of Sustainable Development (DDD), at the "Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment" (CSTB) in Marne la Vallée, France, in collaboration with the "Centre Energétique" (CENERG) at the "Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris" (ENSMP), Paris, France and the Technical University of Dresden (TUD), Germany.

Traffic safety has been considered one of the most important issues in the transportation field. With consistent efforts of transportation engineers, Federal, State and local government officials, both fatalities and fatality rates from road traffic crashes in the United States have steadily declined from 2006 to 2011.Nevertheless, fatalities from traffic crashes slightly increased in 2012 (NHTSA, 2013). We lost 33,561 lives from road traffic crashes in the year 2012, and the road traffic crashes are still one of the leading causes of deaths, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In recent years, efforts to incorporate traffic safety into transportation planning has been made, which is termed as transportation safety planning (TSP). The Safe, Affordable, Flexible Efficient, Transportation Equity Act - A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU), which is compliant with the United States Code, compels the United States Department of Transportation to consider traffic safety in the long-term transportation planning process. Although considerable macro-level studies have been conducted to facilitate the implementation of TSP, still there are critical limitations in macroscopic safety studies are required to be investigated and remedied. First, TAZ (Traffic Analysis Zone), which is most widely used in travel demand forecasting, has crucial shortcomings for macro-level safety modeling. Moreover, macro-level safety models have accuracy problem. The low prediction power of the model may be caused by crashes that occur near the boundaries of zones, high-level aggregation, and neglecting spatial autocorrelation. In this dissertation, several methodologies are proposed to alleviate these limitations in the macro-level safety research. TSAZ (Traffic Safety Analysis Zone) is developed as a new zonal system for the macroscopic safety analysis and nested structured modeling method is suggested to improve the model performance. Also, a multivariate statistical modeling method for multiple crash types is proposed in this dissertation. Besides, a novel screening methodology for integrating two levels is suggested. The integrated screening method is suggested to overcome shortcomings of zonal-level screening, since the zonal-level screening cannot take specific sites with high risks into consideration. It is expected that the integrated screening approach can provide a comprehensive perspective by balancing two aspects: macroscopic and microscopic approaches.