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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Molecular Typing of Giardia lamblia in Humans and Dogs and Evidence for Sexual Recombination

Cooper, Margarethe January 2006 (has links)
Giardia lamblia is a eukaryotic parasite that causes diarrhea in humans worldwide. Diarrheal diseases cause stunting and mental retardation in children in developing nations, therefore it is important to understand the molecular epidemiology of G. lamblia. Compounding this, it is not clear if companion animals such as dogs contribute to infections in humans through zoonotic transmission. The genotypes of G. lamblia that have been found in humans are A1, A2 and B, while those in dogs have been on rare occasions all three human genotypes, but largely C and D, which have only been reported in dogs and appear to be species-specific. The molecular epidemiology of G. lamblia in humans and dogs was assessed in an endemic region of Lima, Peru. With one exception, dogs were found to harbor the C and D dog genotypes of G. lamblia. A single family dog was found to harbor a human genotype of G. lamblia. A2 and B genotypes of G. lamblia, but not A1, were found in humans in the endemic region. Previous literature reported that A2 and B typing within genotype tools were available, however the A2 samples from the endemic region could not be distinguished from one another through nucleotide polymorphism sequence analysis. A molecular typing technique was developed to type A2 samples. The extensive sequence analysis performed on two chromosomes of G. lamblia, yielded different phylogenetic tree groupings for the same samples. This lead to algorithmic analysis, which demonstrated a significantly high probability that meiotic recombination is occurring in the A2 samples of G. lamblia. As G. lamblia is largely believed to be asexual, the conclusion of doctoral research performed in this study yielded controversial, yet significant evidence that sex in G. lamblia A2 genotype samples is indeed occurring.
2

Transmission and Pathogenesis of Swine Torque-Teno Virus 1 (TTSuV1)

Ssemadaali, Marvin Apollo January 2019 (has links)
Torque-teno viruses (TTVs) are small ubiquitous non-enveloped single-stranded circular DNA viruses. Since their discovery in a post-transfusion hepatitis patient, they have been isolated in several vertebrate hosts with over 90% prevalence, including swine. They have been detected in the environment, water sources, human drugs, vaccine and blood product as contaminants. Intriguingly, the role of TTVs in human disease causation is still not fully understood. Several epidemiological studies have associated TTVs to human diseases, like cancers, hepatitis, and autoimmune diseases, but no clear link between infection and clinical disease has been demonstrated yet. In contrast, experimental studies done in pigs demonstrated that swine TTVs (TTSuVs) could an act as sole pathogens. Other studies also demonstrated that TTSuVs could exacerbate symptoms of other viral pathogens in coinfections. Here, we showed that TTSuV1 could be zoonotic, as we detected TTSuV1 DNA in human serum samples. We also showed that TTSuV1 could replicate in human immune cells, and consequently suppress their ability to respond to immune stimuli. Further in-vivo studies, to elucidate host immune regulation by TTSuVs, showed a delayed antibody response and minimal viremia. Also, we found that viral sensing could be limited to interferon-inducing sensors (DHX36), while upregulation of PD-1 could demonstrate how these viruses may establish chronic infections. In another study, we showed the use of our novel recombinant TTSuV1 culture system to study the synergistic interactions between TTSuV1 and porcine circovirus 1 (PCV1). When both viruses were cultured together in-vitro, their respective viral titers were increased, compared to the single virus infections. We also demonstrated that increased in-vitro replication of TTSuV1 could be relying on expression of PCV1 replicase. In addition, molecular mechanisms were used to explain this synergistic relationship; a strong promoter activity by the putative major promoter of TTSuV1 was shown to be blocked PCV1 and TTSuV1 replicase proteins, but protein-DNA interaction assays need further optimizations to demonstrate physical interaction between these viruses. In conclusion, our result showed new information about TTSuV1 transmission, pathogenesis, host innate immune regulation, and their role in coinfections.
3

Estudo da dinâmica de transmissão de malária autóctone de Mata Atlântica: análise da variação na acrodendrofilia de Anopheles cruzii (Diptera: Culicidae) e desenvolvimento de modelo matemático para a transmissão zoonótica / Dynamic of autochthonous malaria transmission in the Atlantic Forest: analysis of variation in Anopheles cruzii (Diptera: Culicidae) acrodendrophilic behavior and development of a mathematical model for zoonotic transmission

Sousa, Antonio Ralph Medeiros de 20 September 2018 (has links)
A Malária autóctone de Mata Atlântica é caracterizada por baixa incidência de casos com pouca ou nenhuma manifestação clínica e baixa parasitemia, tendo como principal agente etiológico o Plasmodium vivax (ou plasmódios muito semelhantes a este). O principal mosquito envolvido na transmissão é o Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii, cujas formas imaturas se desenvolvem na água acumulada nas imbricações das folhas de bromélias, vegetal muito abundante neste bioma. As formas adultas de An. cruzii tendem a viver e se alimentar com maior frequência na copa das árvores, comportamento conhecido como acrodendrofilia, no entanto, em diversas situações esta espécie tem sido observada em elevada densidade no estrato inferior da floresta. Evidências sugerem que a malária possa ser transmitida de forma zoonótica nestas áreas, uma vez que primatas das famílias Atelidae e Cebidae são encontrados portando plasmódios muito próximos geneticamente aos que infectam humanos e An. cruzii pode se alimentar do sangue de ambos os hospedeiros. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a influência da composição e configuração da paisagem sobre as variações na abundância e no comportamento acrodendrófilo de An. cruzii e como estas variações atuam sobre a dinâmica de transmissão de malária na Mata Atlântica, considerando um cenário de transmissão zoonótica. Coletas entomológicas mensais foram conduzidas no período de março de 2015 a abril de 2017 em duas unidades de conservação situadas no município de São Paulo, ambas com histórico de malária autóctone. Em cada área foram selecionados pontos de coleta com diferentes graus de interferência antrópica e os mosquitos foram coletados utilizando armadilhas do tipo CDC e Shannon. Métricas de composição e configuração da paisagem foram mensuradas para cada ponto de estudo e modelos estatísticos foram utilizados para avaliar a relação entre estas métricas e variações na abundância e acrodendrofilia de An. cruzii. Foi proposto um modelo matemático de transmissão zoonótica que permitiu observar, por meio de simulações, como a dinâmica de transmissão da malária é influenciada por variações na abundância e acrodendrofilia do vetor. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a perda de vegetação natural e aumento das áreas de borda levam a uma redução na abundância de An. cruzii mas favorecem uma maior atividade desta espécie próximo ao solo. As análises baseadas no modelo teórico corroboram com observações anteriores, apontando que as variações na acrodendrofilia do vetor podem ter um papel importante na dinâmica de transmissão de plasmódios entre símios e humanos na Mata Atlântica. Em condições nas quais An. cruzii tende a se alimentar quase exclusivamente na copa das árvores ou quase exclusivamente próximo ao solo a transmissão zoonótica parece não se sustentar, ainda que a abundância do vetor seja elevada. De outra forma, condições nas quais An. cruzii se desloque com maior frequência entre os estratos copa e solo tendem a favorecer a transmissão zoonótica, sendo que quanto maior o deslocamento menor é a abundância relativa do vetor necessária para que um símio infectado gere mais do que um caso novo na população de humanos suscetível ou vice-versa. / The autochthonous Malaria of the Atlantic Forest is characterized by a low incidence of cases with little or no clinical manifestation and low charge of parasites in the blood stream, being Plasmodium vivax (or plasmodiums very similar to it) the main etiologic agent. The main mosquito involved in transmission is the Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii, whose immature forms develop in the water held in bromeliads, which are very abundant plants in this biome. The adult forms of An. cruzii prefer to live and feed on the treetops, a behavior known as acrodendrophily, however, in several situations this species has been observed in high density near the ground of the forest. Some evidences suggest that malaria can be transmitted zoonotically in these areas, since monkeys of Atelidae and Cebidae families are found carrying plasmodiums very close to those that infect humans and An. cruzii can feed on the blood of both hosts. This study aimed to investigate the influence of the landscape composition and configuration on the variations in the abundance and acrodendrophic behavior of An. cruzii and how these variations affect the dynamics of malaria transmission in the Atlantic Forest, considering a zoonotic transmission scenario. Monthly entomological collections were conducted from March 2015 to April 2017 in two conservation units located in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil, where human and simian malaria occurs. In each area, collection points with different degrees of anthropic intervention were selected and mosquitoes were collected using CDC and Shannon traps. Metrics of landscape composition and configuration were measured for each study point and generalized linear models were used to evaluate the relationship between these metrics and variations in abundance and acrodendrophily of An. cruzii. It was proposed a mathematical model of zoonotic transmission that allowed to observe, through simulations, how the dynamics of malaria transmission is influenced by variations in the abundance and acrodendrophily of the vector. The results suggest that loss of natural vegetation and increase in edge effect lead to a reduction in the abundance of An. cruzii but favor a higher activity of this species near the ground level. The analyzes based on the theoretical model corroborate previous observations, pointing out that the variations in the acrodendrophily of the vector may play an important role in the dynamics of plasmodium transmission between monkeys and humans in the Atlantic Forest. In situations in which An. cruzii seeks to feed almost exclusively on the treetops or in situations where it feeds almost exclusively near the ground, the zoonotic transmission does not seem to occur, even in situations of high abundance of the vector. Otherwise, conditions in which An. cruzii moves more frequently between canopy and ground level tend to favor zoonotic transmission, and the more vertical movement occurs, the lower is the needed relative abundance of the vector for an infected monkey to generate more than a new case in the susceptible human population or vice versa.
4

Estudo da dinâmica de transmissão de malária autóctone de Mata Atlântica: análise da variação na acrodendrofilia de Anopheles cruzii (Diptera: Culicidae) e desenvolvimento de modelo matemático para a transmissão zoonótica / Dynamic of autochthonous malaria transmission in the Atlantic Forest: analysis of variation in Anopheles cruzii (Diptera: Culicidae) acrodendrophilic behavior and development of a mathematical model for zoonotic transmission

Antonio Ralph Medeiros de Sousa 20 September 2018 (has links)
A Malária autóctone de Mata Atlântica é caracterizada por baixa incidência de casos com pouca ou nenhuma manifestação clínica e baixa parasitemia, tendo como principal agente etiológico o Plasmodium vivax (ou plasmódios muito semelhantes a este). O principal mosquito envolvido na transmissão é o Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii, cujas formas imaturas se desenvolvem na água acumulada nas imbricações das folhas de bromélias, vegetal muito abundante neste bioma. As formas adultas de An. cruzii tendem a viver e se alimentar com maior frequência na copa das árvores, comportamento conhecido como acrodendrofilia, no entanto, em diversas situações esta espécie tem sido observada em elevada densidade no estrato inferior da floresta. Evidências sugerem que a malária possa ser transmitida de forma zoonótica nestas áreas, uma vez que primatas das famílias Atelidae e Cebidae são encontrados portando plasmódios muito próximos geneticamente aos que infectam humanos e An. cruzii pode se alimentar do sangue de ambos os hospedeiros. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a influência da composição e configuração da paisagem sobre as variações na abundância e no comportamento acrodendrófilo de An. cruzii e como estas variações atuam sobre a dinâmica de transmissão de malária na Mata Atlântica, considerando um cenário de transmissão zoonótica. Coletas entomológicas mensais foram conduzidas no período de março de 2015 a abril de 2017 em duas unidades de conservação situadas no município de São Paulo, ambas com histórico de malária autóctone. Em cada área foram selecionados pontos de coleta com diferentes graus de interferência antrópica e os mosquitos foram coletados utilizando armadilhas do tipo CDC e Shannon. Métricas de composição e configuração da paisagem foram mensuradas para cada ponto de estudo e modelos estatísticos foram utilizados para avaliar a relação entre estas métricas e variações na abundância e acrodendrofilia de An. cruzii. Foi proposto um modelo matemático de transmissão zoonótica que permitiu observar, por meio de simulações, como a dinâmica de transmissão da malária é influenciada por variações na abundância e acrodendrofilia do vetor. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a perda de vegetação natural e aumento das áreas de borda levam a uma redução na abundância de An. cruzii mas favorecem uma maior atividade desta espécie próximo ao solo. As análises baseadas no modelo teórico corroboram com observações anteriores, apontando que as variações na acrodendrofilia do vetor podem ter um papel importante na dinâmica de transmissão de plasmódios entre símios e humanos na Mata Atlântica. Em condições nas quais An. cruzii tende a se alimentar quase exclusivamente na copa das árvores ou quase exclusivamente próximo ao solo a transmissão zoonótica parece não se sustentar, ainda que a abundância do vetor seja elevada. De outra forma, condições nas quais An. cruzii se desloque com maior frequência entre os estratos copa e solo tendem a favorecer a transmissão zoonótica, sendo que quanto maior o deslocamento menor é a abundância relativa do vetor necessária para que um símio infectado gere mais do que um caso novo na população de humanos suscetível ou vice-versa. / The autochthonous Malaria of the Atlantic Forest is characterized by a low incidence of cases with little or no clinical manifestation and low charge of parasites in the blood stream, being Plasmodium vivax (or plasmodiums very similar to it) the main etiologic agent. The main mosquito involved in transmission is the Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii, whose immature forms develop in the water held in bromeliads, which are very abundant plants in this biome. The adult forms of An. cruzii prefer to live and feed on the treetops, a behavior known as acrodendrophily, however, in several situations this species has been observed in high density near the ground of the forest. Some evidences suggest that malaria can be transmitted zoonotically in these areas, since monkeys of Atelidae and Cebidae families are found carrying plasmodiums very close to those that infect humans and An. cruzii can feed on the blood of both hosts. This study aimed to investigate the influence of the landscape composition and configuration on the variations in the abundance and acrodendrophic behavior of An. cruzii and how these variations affect the dynamics of malaria transmission in the Atlantic Forest, considering a zoonotic transmission scenario. Monthly entomological collections were conducted from March 2015 to April 2017 in two conservation units located in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil, where human and simian malaria occurs. In each area, collection points with different degrees of anthropic intervention were selected and mosquitoes were collected using CDC and Shannon traps. Metrics of landscape composition and configuration were measured for each study point and generalized linear models were used to evaluate the relationship between these metrics and variations in abundance and acrodendrophily of An. cruzii. It was proposed a mathematical model of zoonotic transmission that allowed to observe, through simulations, how the dynamics of malaria transmission is influenced by variations in the abundance and acrodendrophily of the vector. The results suggest that loss of natural vegetation and increase in edge effect lead to a reduction in the abundance of An. cruzii but favor a higher activity of this species near the ground level. The analyzes based on the theoretical model corroborate previous observations, pointing out that the variations in the acrodendrophily of the vector may play an important role in the dynamics of plasmodium transmission between monkeys and humans in the Atlantic Forest. In situations in which An. cruzii seeks to feed almost exclusively on the treetops or in situations where it feeds almost exclusively near the ground, the zoonotic transmission does not seem to occur, even in situations of high abundance of the vector. Otherwise, conditions in which An. cruzii moves more frequently between canopy and ground level tend to favor zoonotic transmission, and the more vertical movement occurs, the lower is the needed relative abundance of the vector for an infected monkey to generate more than a new case in the susceptible human population or vice versa.

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