Neste trabalho estudamos as propriedades físicas das impurezas de elementos de terra rara (TR) nos cristais de GaN, nas estruturas cristalinas zincblenda e wurtzita, e de ZnO. Para tal, consideramos as impurezas de Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er e Tm substitucionais no sítio do cátion (Ga ou Zn), pois esta posição é mais estável do que no sítio do ânion (N ou O). As investigações foram efetuadas através de simulações computacionais baseadas em métodos de primeiros princípios dentro do formalismo da teoria do funcional da densidade e utilizando o método FP-LAPW (Full Potential Linear Augmented Plane Waves), implementado no código computacional WIEN2k, dentro do esquema de supercélula, com relaxações atômicas tratadas de modo apropriado. No tratamento dos estados de valência 3d (Ga ou Zn) e 4f dos átomos de TR foi introduzida uma correção local de Hubbard, para levar em conta efeitos de alta correlação eletrônica. Inicialmente, estudamos as propriedades eletrônicas e estruturais dos elementos de TR em suas fases metálicas. Estes resultados serviram para validar a metodologia de obtenção dos valores dos parâmetros U de Hubbard de modo autoconsistente, pois para este grupo de materiais existem resultados experimentais. Comparando a localização e o desdobramento entre os estados ocupados e desocupados relacionados aos orbitais 4f, em relação ao nível de Fermi dos sistemas, obteve-se uma ótima concordância. Nossos resultados para os sistemas dopados, utilizando a correção do potencial U de Hubbard, mostram que a suas descrições estão adequadas. Somente com a introdução da correção é possível localizar corretamente, em relação ao topo da banda de valência, os estados ocupados e desocupados relacionados aos orbitais 4f. Estes resultados estão de acordo com esquemas propostos na literatura, mostrando que o estado de oxidação das impurezas de TR é trivalente e que, em geral, em ambos sistemas cristalinos, não há a introdução de níveis de energia na região do gap dos materiais. Nosso estudo da correção do potencial U de Hubbard, obtido autoconsistemente, na teoria do funcional da densidade, mostra que seus valores não são universais, dependendo do estado de carga e do ambiente em que o átomo está inserido. Mais ainda, mostra que o procedimento adotado é totalmente apropriado para descrever a correlação eletrônica dos elétrons 4f. / In this work we studied the physical properties of rare earth (RE) impurities in GaN, in the zincblend and the wurtzite crystal structures, and in ZnO. Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er and Tm substitutional impurities in the cation site (Ga or Zn) were considered, since this position is more stable than anion site (N or O). The investigations were carried out by computational simulations using ab initio methods, based on the density functional theory and the FP-LAPW (Full Potential Linear Augmented Plane Waves) method, as implemented in the WIEN2k code, considering the supercell approach and atomic relaxations. The 3d-Ga or 3d-Zn and the 4f-RE valence states were treated with the introduction of on-site Hubbard correction, in order to correctly describe the strongly correlated electrons. First, the electronic and structural properties of RE metallic systems were investigated and the results were compared with available experimental data, showing a good agreement. Those results helped to identify the appropriate procedure to compute the Hubbard U potential. This procedure should also provide a reliable description about the electronic properties of RE elements as impurities in semiconductors. Then, we have computed the properties of substitutional RE impurities in the cation site using the same methodology and procedures. The Hubbard U potential was necessary to correctly describe the position of the 4f occupied and unoccupied states, related to the valence band top. These results are in agreement with proposed electronic properties of RE doped GaN and ZnO found in the literature. The RE impurities oxidation states are in general trivalent in both crystal systems and introduce no energy levels in the gap region. Our Hubbard U potential correction, obtained in a self-consistent way, depends on the considered element and the neighborhood, and it is not an universal parameter. Moreover, our investigation shows that the adopted procedure is totally appropriate to describe the electronic correlation of the 4f electrons.

Este trabalho é dividido em duas partes. Na primeira parte são estudadas moléculas isoladas, na segunda, moléculas em meio solvente. Em sua primeira parte, métodos de mecânica quântica de alto nível de correlação são utilizados para caracterizar o estado fundamental da molécula de CaC. Propriedades elétricas e óticas desta molécula, como também da molécula de MgH, são obtidas usando-se o método de campo finito. O estudo dessas moléculas é de interesse para a Astrofísica. A segunda parte deste trabalho foca o estudo teórico do solvatocromismo da molécula de 4-[(4-dimethylamino)phenyl)imino]-2, 5-cyclohexadien-1-one, ou DIA (Dimethylaminoindoaniline). Esta molécula apresenta também uma grande variação da sua primeira hiperpolarizabilidade medida em solução. Sabe-se que ela existe em solução como uma combinação de duas formas extremas: a forma com separação de cargas eno e a forma neutra ceto. Após otimizarmos teoricamente as estruturas dessas duas formas, realizamos uma simulação Monte Carlo em um número de moléculas de solventes polares e apoiares. A análise da estrutura do solvente, em torno de cada soluto, é realizada usando-se funções de distribuição radial de pares. É feita, também, a análise das pontes de hidrogênio para cada estrutura eno ou ceto. Estruturas supermoleculares, envolvendo o soluto com as moléculas mais próximas e, em separado. com as moléculas ligadas por pontes de hidrogênio, são usadas como entrada para cálculos semi-empíricos de mecânica quântica da primeira transição eletrônica de absorção e da primeira hiperpolarizabilidade. Apenas superestruturas estatisticamente descorrelacionadas foram usadas no cálculo. Os resultados são analisados e comparados com resultados experimentais em solução e com resultados teóricos em fase gasosa. Todas as interpretações sugerem que a estrutura eno é responsável pelos espectros experimentais de absorção UV-visível, tanto em solvente polares quanto em apoiares. A estrutura eno tem também uma primeira hiperpolarizabilidade calculada que concorda adequadamente com aquelas observadas em alguns solventes. Para clorofórmio a primeira hiperpolarizabilidade do DIA é dez vezes maior que em outros solventes. / This work is divided in two parts. In the first part isolated molecules are studied, in the second part the interest is in molecules in solvent media. In the first part of this work, high level quantum mechanical correlation methods are employed to characterise the ground state of the CaC molecule. Electrical and optical properlies of this molecule and also of the MgH molecule are obtained using the finite field method. The study of these molecules is of interest to Astrophysics. The second part of this work focuses on the theoretical study of the solvatochromism of the 4-[(4-dimelhylamino)phenyl)imino]-2, 5-cyclohexadien-1-one molecule, or DIA (Dimethylaminoindoaniline). This molecule also presents a large variation of its measured first hyperpolarizability in solution. It is known that in solution this molecule exists in a combination of two extreme forms, the chargeseparated eno form and the neutral kelo form. After these two structures are theoretically optimised, a Monte Carlo simulation is performed in a number of polar and non-polar solvent molecules. Analysis of1 the solvent structure around each solute is performed using radial distribution function. Hydrogen bonding analysis for each eno or keto structure is also carried out. Supermolecular structures involving the solute and the nearest solvent molecules and, separately, the hydrogen bonded molecules, are used as input to quantum mechanical semi-empirical calculations of the first electronic absorption transition and the first hyperpolarizability. Only statistically non-correlated superstructures were used in the calculation. The results are analysed and compared to experimental results in solution and theoretical results in gas-phase. All interpretations suggest that the eno structure is responsible for the experimental UV-Visible absorption spectrum, both in polar and non-polar solvents. The eno structure has also a calculated first hyperpolarizability that agrees well with that observed for some solvents. For chloroform the first hyperpolarizability of DIA is ten times greater than in other solvents.

Nesta tese foi analisada a evolução das propriedades eletrônicas e estruturais de oligômeros do fluoreno e de dois derivados, relacionada com a inserção gradativa de unidades monoméricas, utilizando-se os métodos de química quântica semi-empríricos, ab initio Hartree-Fock e Teoria do Funcional da Densidade (DFT). Para tal finalidade, foram realizadas análises metodológicas assaz detalhadas com os monômeros e dímeros (fluoreno, FF e TFFF), cujos resultados mostraram que os métodos semi-empíricos AM1 e PM3 são inadequados para descrever as distribuições das cargas derivadas do potencial eletrostático e, por conseguinte, as propriedades que dependem das mesmas. Além disso, as análises conformacionais realizadas para as três espécies de dímeros mostraram que ambas as estruturas estáveis do TFFF apresentaram o mesmo momento de dipolo total, provavelmente devido à influência dos átomos de flúor sobre o sistema. Ademais, com as investigações concernentes ao crescimento gradual das cadeias oligoméricas foi constatado que os espectros de UV e as energias dos orbitais fronteira calculados para os oligômeros seguiram a mesma tendência exibida por seus polímeros correspondentes, segundo os resultados de voltametria cíclica e de UV divulgados na literatura. Enquanto que os ângulos diedros adotados pelos oligômeros indicaram que suas conformações não são planares. Quanto à energia total, verificou-se que o decaimento linear relativo aos oligômeros do TFFF sucedeu aproximadamente três vezes mais rápido que o observado para os do fluoreno. Portanto, as aplicações dos fundamentos da Química Quântica e a correlação entre esses resultados teóricos e medidas experimentais reportadas na literatura, evidenciaram que com estas informações é factível estimar algumas propriedades de polímeros orgânicos ?-conjugados a partir de seus oligômeros, utilizando-se métodos de química quântica apropriados. / In this thesis, the evolution of electronic and structural properties of fluorene oligomers and two derivatives were accomplished relating to the gradual insertion of monomeric units using the quantum chemical methods semiempirical, ab initio Hartree-Fock and Density Functional Theory (DFT). For this purpose, detailed methodological analyses were performed with their monomers and dimers (fluorene, FF and TFFF). These results showed that the semiempirical methods AM1 and PM3 are inadequate to describe the atomic charges derived from electrostatic potential distributions and, hence, for the properties depending of them. In addition, the conformational analysis achieved for these three dimers showed that both stable structures found for the TFFF dimer possess the same total dipole moment, this is probably due to the influence of the fluorine atoms on the system. Moreover, with investigations regarding to the gradual increase in the oligomeric chain, it was verified that the UV spectra and the frontier orbital energies calculated for the oligomers provided the same tendency bespoken by their relative polymers from cyclic voltametry and UV measurements shown in the literature. Besides, the dihedral angles found in the oligomers indicated that their conformations are not planar. Furthermore, the total energy linear decay of the TFFF oligomers behaves approximately three times faster than that exhibited by the fluorene oligomers. In this way, the applications of the Quantum Chemistry principles and the correlation between these theoretical results and experimental data reported in the literature evidenced that using these information is feasible to estimate some properties of polymers from their oligomers by means of appropriate methods of quantum chemistry.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-02T12:29:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 mateusjosefernandesmartins.pdf: 4703203 bytes, checksum: 8dd717329ae701bf544278cc49bc48ff (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-13T13:08:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mateusjosefernandesmartins.pdf: 4703203 bytes, checksum: 8dd717329ae701bf544278cc49bc48ff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-13T13:08:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mateusjosefernandesmartins.pdf: 4703203 bytes, checksum: 8dd717329ae701bf544278cc49bc48ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-24 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Existem diversos tipos de sais, inclusive alguns que são líquidos à temperatura ambiente, os Líquidos Iônicos. Esses compostos vêm sendo utilizados em diversas aplicações, dentre elas, uma nova técnica de catálise heterogênea denominada de método SILP (do inglês, supported ionic liquid phase). Essa inovadora técnica consiste em suportar um líquido iônico na superfície de um sólido poroso para que a fase líquida, o líquido iônico, atue como solvente, membrana ou catalisador. Nesse trabalho foi realizado um estudo teórico-experimental para compreender como se dá a interação entre o filme ultrafino de líquido iônico e um suporte sólido e propor um mecanismo para a degradação do sal suportado, predizendo as temperaturas em que esse processo ocorre. A parte experimental do estudo consistiu em experimentos de análises termogravimétricas e de obtenção de espectros vibracionais na região do infravermelho. Os experimentos de termogravimetria ajudaram a definir o grau de hidratação da superfície, utilizado nas simulações de adsorção e, aliados aos espectros vibracionais obtidos experimentalmente, serviram como base na concepção das propostas para os mecanismos de degradação do [C4C1Im]+[BF4]- suportado. A combinação das duas análises experimentais levou a mecanismos de degradação onde a superfície é fluoretada pelo ânion, perdendo uma hidroxila. Esse resultado levou a uma investigação teórica da fluoretação da superfície de gama-alumina, com simulação de espectros de RMN de 19F, obtenção de espectros vibracionais e estudo termodinâmico. A simulação de espectros de ressonância magnética nuclear foi realizada para que fossem feitas atribuições com o intuito de auxiliar na discrepância existente entre trabalhos previamente publicados. A simulação da adsorção do líquido iônico no suporte foi realizada através de cálculos de teoria do funcional da densidade. Nessa parte do trabalho foram obtidos resultados geométricos e energéticos de várias conformações do líquido iônico sobre as superfícies mais importantes do óxido para depois serem realizados cálculos de pós-processamento, tais como, análise de Bader, análise da densidade de cargas, análise da contribuição das forças de dispersão e obtenção das frequências vibracionais para estudo termodinâmico da simulação da degradação do líquido iônico suportado. / There are various types of salts, including some that are liquid at room temperature. The Ionic Liquids. These compounds have been used in several applications, among them , a new technique for heterogeneous catalysis called SILP method (supported ionic liquid phase). This innovative technique is to adsorp an ionic liquid in a porous surface so that the ionic liquid acts as a liquid phase solvent, membrane or solid catalyst. In this work, a theoretical and experimental study was conducted to understand how the interaction between the ultrathin film of ionic liquid and the solid support is and to propose a mechanism for the degradation of the supported salt, predicting the temperatures at which this process occurs. The experimental section of this study consisted of thermogravimetric analysis and obtaining vibrational spectra in the infrared region. The thermogravimetric experiments helped to define the degree of hydration on the surface used in the simulations of adsorption and, combined with the acquired vibrational spectra, served as the basis of design proposals for mechanisms of the degradation of the supported [C4C1Im]+[BF4]-. The combination of the experimental analyses led to the degradation mechanisms where the surface is fluoridated by the anion, therefore losing a hydroxyl. This result led to an investigation of the gamma-alumina fluoridation surface with the simulated 19F NMR spectra, vibrational spectra and thermodynamic study. The simulated spectra of nuclear magnetic resonance was conducted in order to make the assignments with the intention of assisting in the divergence between previously published works. The simulation of the ionic liquid adsorption was performed by ab initio electronic structure. In this part of the job, geometrical and energy results of multiple conformations of the ionic liquid on the most important oxide surfaces were obtained for later post-processing calculations such as Bader charge, analysis of the dispersion forces contribution and vibrational frequencies to obtain the thermodynamic simulation study of the supported ionic liquid degradation.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-10-02T15:46:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 carlagrijofonseca.pdf: 23771013 bytes, checksum: 229a777dc4b7055b9009b419ec651fde (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-10-09T19:48:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carlagrijofonseca.pdf: 23771013 bytes, checksum: 229a777dc4b7055b9009b419ec651fde (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T19:48:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carlagrijofonseca.pdf: 23771013 bytes, checksum: 229a777dc4b7055b9009b419ec651fde (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-28 / Os argilominerais esmectítios, tais como a montmorilonita, combinam uma ampla gama de propriedades físico-químicas que resultam em elevada capacidade de adsorção. Estes incluem alta área superficial, propriedades de expansão e hidratação, bem como ampla capacidade de troca catiônica. Essas características abriram caminho para inúmeras aplicações importantes das argilas esmectitas como catalisadores heterogêneos, nanocompósitos polímero-argila, agentes de controle reológico ou para tratamento de água. A estrutura molecular lamelar de uma esmectita consiste em uma folha octaédrica intercalada entre duas folhas tetraédricas, que são principalmente feitas de ambientes AlO6 e SiO4, respectivamente. As estruturas moleculares dos argilominerais são particularmente difíceis de estudar devido aos pequenos tamanhos de cristalitos, heterogeneidade morfológica e estrutural, composições moleculares variáveis e a complexidade de sua estrutura de lamelas. A investigação teórica dos espectros de RMN de 23Na dos possíveis sinais de Na+ pode gerar informações sobre a estrutura das lamelas em termos das substituições isomórficas. Apesar dos íons Na+ estarem no espaço intercalar, suas posições são sensíveis às substituições isomórficas nas lamelas. As mudanças estruturais levam a diferentes valores de parâmetros magnéticos do núcleo 23Na (mudança química, constante de acoplamento quadrupolar e fator de assimetria) e dos espectros de RMN desses materiais. Os parâmetros de RMN de 23Na calculados e espectros simulados sugerem que Na+ pode ser uma boa sonda para investigar a estrutura lamelar destes compostos. A forma do espectro de 23Na é mais sensível às substituições isomórficas na lamela do que os outros núcleos, 27Al e 29Si. Um estudo teórico dos diferentes graus de hidratação foi realizado utilizando cálculos baseados em DFT com vários funcionais de troca e correlação. As interações fracas entre as moléculas de água e as lamelas sugerem a necessidade de correções de dispersão para simular corretamente o espaçamento basal e os potenciais termodinâmicos para o processo de desidratação. A existência das estruturas da montmorilonita (Mt) com cátion Na+ em geometria plana, representativa do modelo de uma camada de água e geometria octaédrica em um modelo com duas camadas de água foi confirmada. Os estágios da desidratação de Na+-Mt foram avaliados por cálculos termodinâmicos levando a uma boa descrição dos resultados experimentais provenientes de TG/DTG. As superfícies de Mt ativadas por ácido foram simuladas e a reatividade dos sítios AlV foi verificada por meio da adsorção de monóxido de carbono e os dados confirmam a maior acidez dos locais da face (110) em relação as faces (010). O caráter ácido das superfícies é proveniente principalmente dos prótons localizados nos grupos hidroxila (HO-Si e HO-AlV). A atividade catalítica do Mt ativado por ácido também foi avaliada para reações de esterificação e as barreiras de reação foram obtidas para ambas as superfícies. Os óxidos mistos são considerados catalisadores promissores devido à facilidade de preparação, a alta área específica e o volume dos poros. Além disso, a variedade de composições que podem ser alcançadas modifica a distribuição e a força dos sítios no material e isso pode alterar significativamente as propriedades catalíticas dos óxidos mistos. Uma vez que os óxidos mistos apresentam baixa cristalinidade e, consequentemente, sua estrutura ainda não foi refinada e relatada na literatura, uma alternativa para o design de óxidos mistos usando simulações computacionais pode ser feita pela inserção de dopantes metálicos na superfície MgO(001). Foram realizados cálculos ab initio para estudar o efeito do dopante de Zn2+ na reatividade e a atividade catalítica da superfície de MgO(001) para as reações de adsorção e dissociação das moléculas de H2O, H2S, CH3CH2OH, CH3CH2SH e CH3SCH3. A análise eletrônica mostrou que o cátion Zn2+ aumentou a reatividade da superfície localmente. Todas as moléculas se dissociam em ambas as superfícies, exceto a água e etanol, que só se dissociam na superfície MgO:Zn(001), confirmando o aumento da reatividade nesta superfície. Foram calculados o ΔGxT, as barreiras de reação e as constantes de velocidade para as reações de dissociação. / Smectite clay minerals such as montmorillonites combine a wide range of physicochemical properties that result in strong adsorption capacities. These include high surface area, swelling and hydration properties, as well as strong cation exchange capacities. These characteristics have opened the way to numerous important applications of smectite clays as heterogeneous catalysts, nanocomposite organically materials, rheological control agents, or for water treatment. The layered molecular structure of a smectite sheet consists of an octahedral layer intercalated between two tetrahedral layers, which are primarily made of AlO6 and SiO4 entities, respectively. The molecular structures of clay minerals are particularly difficult to study because of small crystallite sizes, morphological and structural heterogeneity, variable molecular compositions, and the complexity of their layer structure. The theoretical investigation of 23Na NMR spectra of the possible Na+-smectites can gives new insights about the structure of the layers in terms of the isomorphic substitutions. Despite the Na+ ions are in the interlayer space, their positions are sensitive to the isomorphic substitutions in the layers. The structural changes lead to different values of magnetic parameters of the 23Na nucleus (chemical shift, quadrupole coupling constant and asymmetry factor) and the NMR spectra of these materials. The calculated 23Na NMR parameters and simulated spectra suggest that Na+ can be a good probe to investigate the layer structure. The spectra shape for 23Na is more sensitive to isomorphic substitutions in the layer than the other nuclei 27Al and 29Si. A theoretical study of the different degrees of hydration was performed using calculations based on DFT with several exchange-correlation functionals. The weak layer–water molecules interactions suggested the need of dispersion corrections to simulate correctly the basal spacing and the thermodynamic potentials for the dehydration process. The existence of the montmorillonite (Mt) structures with sodium cation in planar geometry, representative of the one-water layer model and in octahedral geometry in a two-water layer model was confirmed. The stages of the dehydration of Na+–Mt were evaluated by thermodynamics calculations leading to a good description of the results from TG/DTG studies. The acid-activated Mt surfaces were simulated and the reactivity of the AlV sites were checked by means of the carbon monoxide adsorption and the data confirm the greater acidity of the sites on the face (110) compared to the face (010). The acid character of the surfaces comes manly from the proton sites located in the hydroxyl groups (HO-Si and HO-AlV). The catalytic activity of the acid activated Mt was also evaluated for esterification reactions and the reaction barriers were obtained for both surfaces. The mixed oxides are considered promising catalysts due to the preparation facility, the high specific area and the pore volume. Moreover, the variety of compositions that can be achieved modifies the distribution and the strength of the sites in the material, and this can significantly alter the catalytic properties of the derived mixed oxides. Since the mixed oxides present low crystallinity and, consequently, their structure was not yet refined and reported in the literature, an alternative for the model design of mixed oxides using computational simulations can be done by the insertion of metallic dopants on MgO(001) surface. Ab initio calculations were performed to study the effect of the Zn2+ dopant on the reactivity and the catalytic activity of the MgO(001) surface toward molecular adsorption and dissociation reactions of the H2O, H2S, CH3CH2OH, CH3CH2SH and CH3SCH3 molecules. The electronic analysis showed that Zn2+ cation increased the reactivity of the surface locally. All molecules dissociate on both surfaces except for water and ethanol which only dissociate on the MgO:Zn(001) surface, confirming the increased reactivity in this surface. The ΔGxT, reaction barriers and the rate constants for the dissociation reactions were also computed.

Orientador: Alex Antonelli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:41:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Meirelles_BernardoRadefeld_M.pdf: 1827063 bytes, checksum: c7056762ebe8e49320a7987daa28a57a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação foi estudar o efeito da ordem local sobre o volume, a energia livre vibracional e a entropia vibracional da liga N i3Al. Esse estudo foi realizado através de cálculos de dinâmica molecular clássica utilizando o potencial empírico de Cleri-Rosato, e as equações de movimento de Martyna, Klein e Tuckerman associadas ao método de Andersen que permitem simular o ensemble isobárico. O volume foi obtido por simulações de relaxação. E a energia livre da liga Ni3Al foi obtida através do método computacional chamado reversible scaling, que inclui todos os efeitos anarmônicos. Nos cálculos foram utilizadas diversas células computacionais possuindo diferentes graus de ordem local, mas com desordem total de longo alcance. A partir da determinação da energia livre obteve-se a diferença de entropia vibracional entre a liga ordenada e as várias fases possuindo apenas ordenamento local. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a ordem local exerce um papel fundamental sobre o volume e a entropia vibracional, mostrando que existe uma estreita ligação entre a diferença de entropia vibracional e a variação do volume. Além das simulações de dinâmica molecular clássica, realizaram-se cálculos de primeiros princípios dentro da aproximação da teoria do funcional da densidade (DFT), que permitiram obter o volume da liga em função da ordem local, assim como a entalpia e entropia de formação de vacâncias de Ni na liga Ni3Al. Para realizar esses cálculos utilizou-se o código computacional VASP (Vienna Ab-Initio Simulation Package), que permite realizar cálculos eficientes com metais de transição através da utilização de pseudopotenciais ultrasoft ou do método PAW (Projector Augmented Wave). Em nossos cálculos utilizamos a GGA (Gener-alized Gradient Approximation) para o termo de troca-correlação, e nossos resultados sugerem que o potencial emp'ýrico de Cleri-Rosato descreve com boa concordancia as propriedades estruturais do Ni3Al previstas pelos cálculos ab initio / Abstract: The aim of this work was to study how properties such as volume, vibrational free energy and vibrational entropy are affected by the presence of local order in the Ni3Al alloy. We performed molecular dynamics calculations using the empirical potential of Cleri-Rosato and for the dynamics we used Martyna, Klein and Tuckerman equations of motion associated with the Andersen method, which allowed us to simulate the isobaric ensemble. We obtained the volume by simulations of relaxation and the free energy was calculated through a method called reversible scaling, which includes all anharmonic effects. The computational cells, used in our calculations, had only local order with zero long range order. Vibrational entropy differences could be obtained from the free energy results of an ordered cell and several others exhibiting only local order. Our results suggest that local order plays a central role in the volume and in the vibrational entropy, indicating that there is an important connection between vibrational entropy differences and volume. We also carried out first principles calculations at the density funcional theory (DFT) level of the Ni3Al alloy from which were obtained the volume as a function of local order and the formation enthalpy and entropy of Ni vacancies. These calculations were done using a computational code called VASP (Vienna Ab-Initio Simulation Package), which describes with good accuracy systems containing transition metals by using ultrasoft pseudopotentials or the PAW (Projector Augmented Wave) method. In these calculations, the electron exchange correlation effects were described using the approximation called GGA (Generalized Gradient Approximation). Our results suggest that the Cleri-Rosato empirical potential describes with good accuracy the ab initio results obtained for Ni3Al / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

Le sujet principal de cette thèse est l'utilisation de la Théorie Fonctionnelle de la Densité dans sa variante à liaisons fortes (DFTB) pour l'étude de l'effet de la pression sur des nanotubes de carbone. Nous commençons par étudier l'effondrement radial sous l'effet de la pression de nanotubes de carbone (CNTs) individualisés, soit dans leur forme originale (vides), soit remplis avec des molécules d'eau ou de dioxyde de carbone. Nous étudions à continuation le processus d'effondrement radial de fagots de nanotubes de carbone a faible nombre de parois (double ou triple-parois) en fonction de la pression combinant modélisations et études expérimentales. Finalement nous présentons une étude sur les propriétés électroniques et magnétiques d'une monocouche de MoS2 déposée sur une surface de Ni(111) dans le cadre de laThéorie Fonctionnelle de la Densité incluant des interactions de van der Waals. Le manuscrit est structuré en 7 chapitres. Le chapitre 1 est notre introduction à cette thèse, incluant les motivations, les connaissances préalables sur nos sujets que nous intéressent ici, ainsi que notre contribution et principaux résultats. Le chapitre 2 présente les principaux éléments et définitions sur les CNTs. Nous décrivons ensuite les propriétés électroniques des CNTs et celles du graphène qui constitue un système de référence. Le chapitre 3 contient les éléments théoriques de notre étude. D'abord nous faisons une courte introduction à la Théorie Fonctionnelle de la Densité (DFT). Ensuite nous présentons deux des fonctions d'échange-corrélation les plus utilisées, suivi d'une revue sur les fonctions de van der Waals dont la DFT ordinaire ne peut rendre compte. Finalement, nous faisons une brève introduction à la méthode DFTB que nous utilisons dans nos modélisations des CNTs. Dans le chapitre 4 nous présentons nos modélisations sur l'effondrement radial sous pression hydrostatique de nanotubes de carbone contenant soit de l'eau doit du dioxyde de carbone. Nous montrons que la présence de ces molécules à l'intérieur des tubes modifie la dynamique du processus d'effondrement radial, donnant lieu soit à un support mécanique et repoussant la pression d'effondrement radial soitréduisant leur stabilité mécanique. Pour les CNTs vides, l'effondrement radial est très peu affecté par la nature du milieu transmetteur de pression, mais déterminé par le diamètre des nanotubes de carbone. Nos modélisations avec la méthode DFTB sont en excellent accord avec les modèles de milieux continues surla dépendance de la pression d'effondrement radial avec le diamètre du tube, d, mais montrent égalementune déviation de ce modèle pour les petites valeurs de d, ce qui est dû au moins en partie à la nature atomistique des nanotubes de carbone. Dans le chapitre 5, nous présentons une étude théorique de l'effondrement radial en fonction de la pression pour des nanotubes de carbone à parois simple, double et triple. Nos modélisations sont réalisées par DFTB pour des diamètres internes allant de 0.6 à 3.3 nm. Quand les parois sont séparées par la distance graphitique, nous montrons que la pression d'effondrement radial, Pc, est déterminé par le diamètre du tube interne, din, mais avec un important écart par rapport à une loi à la Lévy-Carrier, Pcdin-3. Nous proposons une expression modifiée, Pcdin3= (1- 2/din2) où  et  sont des paramètres numériques. Dans le chapitre 6 nous étudions par DFT les propriétés électroniques et magnétiques d'une monocouche de MoS2 déposée sur une surface de Ni(111). La prise en compte des interactions de van der Waals s'est avérée essentielle afin de stabiliser la monocouche de MoS2. L'interface est métallique en raisonde la présence sur le niveau de Fermi d'états d du Mo. Elle présente une barrière Schottky de 0.3 eV et une probabilité tunnel pour les électrons élevée. Enfin le dernier chapitre constitue une synthèse des derniers résultats et la présentation de quelques perspectives / In this thesis we mainly use the density functional tight-binding method (DFTB) to investigate the effect of high pressure on carbon nanotubes (CNTs). We start by investigating the collapse behavior of individualized CNTs, either empty or filled with water and carbon dioxide molecules. Then we study the collapse process of bundled few-wall (double, triple wall) carbon nanotubes as the function of pressure combining theoretical and experimental studies. Afterwards, we investigate the electronic and magnetic properties of a monolayer MoS2 on the Ni(111) surface with accounting for van der Waals interactions by the density functional theory (DFT). The manuscript is structured in 7 chapters and the following paragraphs summarize the content by chapter of this document.Chapter 1 is our introduction of this thesis, including the motivation and background of our topic as well as our important findings and results. Chapter 2 introduces the main concepts and definitions of CNTs. Then we describe the electronic properties of CNTs as well graphene as a comparison. Chapter 3 consists of the theoretical framework used for our study. Firstly, a short introduction of Density Functional Theory (DFT) is presented. Next we list two mainly used exchange-correlation functions in DFT, then followed by an overview of van der Waals functions which normal DFT cannot account for. Finally, we briefly introduces the Density Functional Tight-Binding method (DFTB) which we use for our CNTs modeling simulation.In chapter 4, we present simulations of the collapse under hydrostatic pressure of carbon nanotubes containing either water or carbon dioxide. We show that the molecules inside the tube alter the dynamics of the collapse process, providing either mechanical support and increasing the collapse pressure, or reducing mechanical stability. At the same time the nanotube acts as a nanoanvil, and the confinement leads to the nanostructuring of the molecules inside the collapsed tube. In this way, depending on the pressure and on the concentration of water or carbon dioxide inside the nanotube, we observe the formation of 1D molecular chains, 2D nanoribbons, and even molecular single and multi-wall nanotubes. For the perfect empty CNTs, collapse behavior theoretically is barely affected by the PTM environment under high pressure but only mainly is determined by the CNTs diameter. Our simulation using DFTB method gives good agreement both for the d dependence predicted by continuum mechanics models and for the deviation at small d which is at least partly due to the atomistic nature of the carbon nanotubes. In chapter 5, we present a theoretical study of the collapse process of single-, double and triple-wall CNTs as a function of pressure. Our theoretical simulations were performed using DFTB for inner tube diameters ranging from 0.6 nm to 3.3 nm. When the walls are separated by the graphitic distance, we show that the radial collapse pressure, Pc, is mainly determined by the diameter of the innermost tube, din and its value significantly deviates from the usual Pcdin-3 Lévy-Carrier law. A modified expression, Pcdin3= (1- 2/din2) with  and  numerical parameters is proposed. In chapter 6 we investigate the electronic and magnetic properties of a monolayer of MoS2 deposited on a Ni(111) surface using DFT method. Accounting for van der Waals interactions is found to be essential to stabilize the chemisorbed MoS2 monolayer. The interface is metallic due to Mo d states positioned at the Fermi energy, with a Schottky barrier of 0.3 eV and a high tunneling probability for electrons. Small magnetic moments are induced on Mo and S atoms, while we measure a significant demagnetization of the Ni layer at the interface. Finally the last chapter synthesizes the main results of this work presenting also some perspectives

Afin de mieux appréhender la plasticité des alliages métalliques, il est important de pouvoir décrire à l'échelle atomique les interactions entre dislocations et solutés et d’en déduire l’effet sur la mobilité des dislocations. Au cours de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux métaux de transition cubiques centrés (CC), et en particulier au fer, en présence de solutés interstitiels. A l’aide de calculs en Théorie de la Fonctionnelle de la Densité (DFT), la structure de cœur de la dislocation vis de vecteur de Burgers b=½<111> a été étudiée dans le fer en présence de solutés de bore, carbone, azote et oxygène et dans les métaux CC des groupes 5 (V, Nb et Ta) et 6 (Mo, W) en présence de carbone. Nous avons mis en évidence dans le fer et les métaux du groupe 6 une reconstruction du cœur de la dislocation en présence de solutés, associée à une très forte énergie d’attraction dislocation/soluté. Un comportement différent a été observé pour le groupe 5, la configuration la plus stable pour le carbone étant un site octaédrique proche de la dislocation, sans reconstruction de cœur. Cette tendance de groupe a été reliée à la structure des mono-carbures. Les conséquences des interactions fortement attractives dans le fer en présence de carbone ont ensuite été développées. D’une part la ségrégation d’équilibre du carbone proche du cœur de la dislocation a été étudiée à l’aide de modèles en champ moyen et de simulations Monte Carlo. D’autre part, la mobilité de la dislocation décorée a été étudiée en modélisant le mécanisme de double décrochement, en lien avec des observations expérimentales en microscopie électronique à transmission / In order to improve our understanding of alloy plasticity, it is important to describe at the atomic scale the dislocation-solute interactions and their effect on the dislocation mobility. This work focuses on the body-centered cubic (BCC) transition metals, in particular Fe, in presence of interstitial solute atoms. Using Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, the core structure of the screw dislocation of Burgers vector b=½<111> was investigated in iron in presence of boron, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen solute atoms, and in BCC metals from group 5 (V, Nb, Ta) and 6 (Mo, W) in presence of carbon solutes. A core reconstruction was evidenced in iron and group 6 metals, along with a strong attractive dislocation-solute interaction energy. A different behavior was observed in group 5 metals, for which the most stable configuration for the carbon atom is an octahedral site in the vicinity of the dislocation, without any core reconstruction. This group tendency was linked to the structure of mono-carbides. Consequences of the strongly attractive dislocation-solute interactions in Fe(C) were then investigated. First the equilibrium segregation close to the dislocation core was studied using a mean-field model and Monte Carlo simulations. Then, the mobility of the dislocation in presence of carbon atoms was investigated by modeling the double-kink mechanism with DFT, in relation with experimental data obtained with transmission electron microscopy

Ce travail de thèse est consacré à la rationalisation de verres de tellure, au fort potentiel applicatif. Les résultats ont été obtenus en utilisant la dynamique moléculaire ab initio et le calcul de paramètres RMN sur différents noyaux. Pour valider nos modèles de verres, les résultats théoriques sont comparés aux données expérimentales disponibles, comme les facteurs de structure neutroniques ou des rayons X, ainsi que les spectres RMN du solide. La première partie décrit les méthodes théoriques employées, tandis que les deux chapitres qui suivent se concentrent sur l’utilisation du formalisme GIPAW pour le calcul des paramètres RMN du 73Ge et du 125Te sur des systèmes cristallins et/ou moléculaires. Dans le cas du 125Te, nous avons calibré une fonction linéaire qui relie l’écrantage isotrope calculé au déplacement chimique isotrope. Pour le 73Ge, nous avons pris en compte des effets thermiques pour obtenir des paramètres RMN moyens, en considérant plusieurs configurations extraites d’une dynamique moléculaire à 300 K. La partie suivante est une étude structurale du verre GeTe4, où l’impact de la taille des cellules modélisées et de la fonctionnelle utilisée, ont été analysés. Une confrontation des facteurs de structure théoriques avec ceux obtenus expérimentalement, permet la description de la première sphère de coordination des tellures et des germaniums. La comparaison des spectres RMN expérimentaux et théoriques du 125Te ne vient pas infirmer ces résultats. Les cinquième et sixième chapitres portent sur l’étude des systèmes ternaires Ge-Te-Se et Ge-Ga-Te. La validation de nos modèles par la RMN des 77Se, 125Te, 69Ga et 71Ga, et par les facteurs de structure, nous a permis de caractériser le rôle du sélénium ou du gallium sur la structuration de ces verres. Le dernier chapitre est consacré à l’étude de verre de chalcohalogénures du système binaire Te-Cl. La RMN du solide, les méthodes de diffractions de neutrons et des rayons X, combinées à des calculs ab initio ont permis de faire évoluer les précédents modèles structuraux proposés. / This thesis is devoted to the rationalisation of telluride glasses, with a high applicative potential. Results have been obtained using ab initio molecular dynamics and NMR parameters calculations on different nuclei. In order to validate our glasses models, theoretical results have been compared to available experimental data, as neutron or X-rays scattering structure factors or NMR spectra. The first part describes theoretical methods employed, whereas the two next chapters focus on the use of GIPAW formalism to obtain NMR parameters of 73Ge and 125Te, on crystalline and/or molecular systems. In the case of 125Te, we calibrated a linear function that relates calculated isotropic shielding and isotropic chemical shift. For the 73Ge, we took into account thermal effect to get averaged NMR parameters, by considering several configurations taken from a 300 K molecular dynamics. The next part is a structural study of amorphous GeTe4, where the impact of the size of simulated cells and the functional used, has been analysed. A comparison of theoretical and experimental structure factors, allowed a description of germanium and tellurium first coordination sphere. The comparison of experimental and theoretical 125Te NMR spectra did not disprove these results. Fifth and sixth parts deal with glasses of ternary systems Ge-Se-Te and Ge-Ga-Te. The validation of our models with 77Se, 125Te, 69Ga and 71Ga NMR and structure factors, permitted us to characterize the role of selenium or gallium on glasses structures. Last chapter is dedicated to chalcohalide glasses from the binary system Te-Cl. Solid state NMR, X-rays and neutron diffraction, combined with ab initio calculations, let us make changes in previews suggested structural models.

Depuis plusieurs années, le laboratoire SPCTS de Limoges a focalisé son attention sur l’étude des matériaux tellurates (à base de cations Te6+), dont les propriétés optiques non-linéaires du troisième ordre (χ(3)) doivent être encore supérieures à celles des matériaux tellurites (à base de cations Te4+) traditionnellement considérés. En effet, les calculs ab initio montrent que les propriétés non-linéaires d’ordre trois du composé tellurate TeO3-β sont environ 10 fois plus élevées que celles du composé tellurite TeO2-α. A ce titre, une étude théorique du système (1-x)TeO2+ xTeO3 a été entreprise afin de comprendre l’origine structurale de cette importante différence de propriétés. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que cette différence était liée à l’augmentation du « degré de polymérisation » et à la diminution du gap énergétique associées à chacune des phases de ce système et ce, avec le taux croissant en cations Te6+. Ces conclusions ont ensuite été généralisées à travers une étude plus globale menée sur un grand nombre de composés oxydes de type MnOm et MnTepOm. Une attention particulière a été portée aux propriétés non-linéaires du composé TeO3-β. Une étude expérimentale puis théorique a permis de mettre en évidence que ses exceptionnelles propriétés non-linéaires étaient directement corrélées aux propriétés des liaisons chimiques le constituant. Compte tenu de l’ensemble de ces résultats, la synthèse de verres tellurates a été envisagée à travers l’étude du système TeO2-Mg3TeO6. Outre leurs forts intérêts pour l’optique, les matériaux tellurates sont aussi de bons candidats en vue d’une intégration dans des dispositifs de type « Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics ». C’est pourquoi, l’étude du composé Bi6Te2O15 a été entreprise. A cet égard, son protocole de frittage a été optimisé au moyen de la technologie « Spark Plasma Sintering » (SPS), et ses propriétés diélectriques mesurées se sont révélées prometteuses. / For several years, SPCTS laboratory of Limoges has focalized his attention to the study of tellurate materials (Te6+ cations-based compounds), whose third order non-linear optical properties (χ(3)) must be superior to those of tellurite materials (Te4+ cations-based compounds) traditionally considered. Indeed, ab initio calculations show those the third order non-linear optical properties of the TeO3-β tellurate compound are about 10 time higher than that of TeO2-α tellurite phase. In this connection, the theoretical study of the (1-x)TeO2+ xTeO3 system was undertaken in order to understand the structural origins of these properties. Results have shown that the increasing of the “polymerization degree” and the decreasing of the energetical gap associated to each structure of this system, with the increasing ratio of Te6+ cations were at the origin of this change of properties. These conclusions were generalized through the study of many oxide compounds such as MnOm and MnTepOm. A special attention was paid to the non-linear properties of the TeO3-β compound. Experimental and theoretical studies allowed highlighting that its exceptional properties were correlated to its chemical bonding properties. Taking into account all these results, the synthesis of tellurate glasses was investigated, through the study of the TeO2-Mg3TeO6 binary system. Besides their great interest for optical applications, tellurate materials are also good candidates for LTCC applications. Therefore the study of the Bi6Te2O15 compound was also managed in this work. Its sintering process was optimized using the “Spark Plasma Sintering” technology, and its dielectric properties measurements have evidenced very promising values.