The requirements of true frogs on breeding sites were monitored at 19 locations in the Hradec Králové Region and the Central Bohemia Region and Vysočina Region. Specific sites were selected according to the high variability. Breeding sites are mutually different representation of true frogs, water volume, depth, water and surrounding vegetation. The data of oviposition three different species of czech frogs - moor frog (Rana arvalis), agile frog (Rana dalmatina) and common frog (Rana temporaria) - were collected in the spring months, from the end of March until the end of April, from 2012 to 2015. During this period were collected data from 927 egg clutches of these species. The data were obtained by non-invasive way - measuring of inividual clutches directly on the reproductive site. At each breeding site was also recorded the required parameters of the breeding pond and the surrounding environment (presence of true frogs, the water volume and depth of the pond, the presence and density of aquatic vegetation, surrounding vegetation, air and water temperature, pH value of water, etc.). The results presented in this work confirm that the three species of true frogs have, in some parameters, different standards to select of breeding sites. This clarification of species- specific claims is also...

Certaines pratiques agricoles telles que l’épandage de produits résiduaires organiques (PRO) ou l’irrigation des sols peuvent être à l’origine de l’introduction de bactéries pathogènes de l’Homme dans les sols. Le sol joue alors un rôle central dans la dissémination de ces bactéries pathogènes dans les différents compartiments de l’environnement et peut contaminer les matières premières végétales, les animaux d’élevage mais également les ressources en eau. Le risque sanitaire associé à la dissémination de ces bactéries pathogènes doit être évalué afin de limiter le développement de maladies infectieuses. Dans ce contexte, l’incidence et le potentiel de survie de bactéries pathogènes a été étudié dans un large ensemble de sols provenant du territoire français (Réseau de Mesure de la Qualité des Sols : RMQS). Ce travail a pour objectif général d’identifier les facteurs biotiques et abiotiques des sols qui déterminent l’incidence et la survie de d’un pathogène strict, Listeria monocytogenes, et d’un pathogène opportuniste, Enterococcus faecalis, dans ces matrices environnementales Pour ceci, 2 approches ont été adoptées : la première approche a visé à mettre au point des systèmes de détection de PCR quantitative spécifiques pour ces deux espèces bactériennes afin de détecter et quantifier ces 2 bactéries dans un ensemble de 1200 ADN de sols présentant des paramètres pédoclimatiques contrastés. L. monocytogenes n’est pas détectée dans les ADN de sols avec la méthode moléculaire développée, dont le seuil de détection est d’environ 104 bactéries par gramme de sol. La détection moléculaire d’E. faecalis a été biaisée par un problème de contamination des ADN extraits. Après extraction de nouveaux ADN sur 150 échantillons de sol, E. faecalis a été détecté en faible quantité dans 5 des 150 sols testés (4% des sols) à des concentrations d’environ 102 bactéries par gramme de sol. Dans une deuxième approche, la survie de L. monocytogenes et d’E. faecalis a été suivie dans un ensemble de 100 sols caractérisés par des paramètres pédoclimatiques variables. Des microcosmes de sols ont été inoculés et la survie bactérienne a été évaluée par des méthodes culturales classiques. L. monocytogenes survit à long terme dans un plus grand nombre de sols qu’E. faecalis. Les sols favorables à la survie à long terme sont majoritairement (44%) les mêmes pour les 2 bactéries. Les sols sableux présentant un pH acide sont défavorables à la survie des 2 bactéries. Cependant des différences sont observées quant aux paramètres physico-chimiques des sols qui déterminent la survie de ces 2 bactéries. Ainsi, la survie de L. monocytogenes est corrélée positivement au taux de saturation en cations basiques, à la capacité d’échange cationique et à la concentration en calcium pour le court terme et à la teneur en argile pour le long terme. En revanche, pour E. faecalis, une corrélation négative avec la teneur en calcium total est trouvée pour la survie à court terme alors que la survie à long terme est négativement corrélée à la concentration en phosphore assimilable. Un effet inhibiteur de la microflore des sols a été mis en évidence sur la survie de L. monocytogenes et E. faecalis : il est statistiquement significatif pour les sols présentant un pH supérieur à 7 pour les 2 pathogènes. Les résultats obtenus vont permettre de modéliser la survie de ces pathogènes dans les sols en fonction de paramètres pédo-climatiques et donc à terme de mieux gérer les épandages de PRO en fonction des types de sols pour limiter la persistance de pathogènes dans les sols. / Soil contamination by bacterial pathogens can occur through manure, sewage sludge spreading or irrigation using waste water treatment plants effluents. Agricultural soils may act as reservoirs for these pathogens, play a significant role in their dissemination, leading to the potential contamination of food and water resources. Health risk associated with the occurrence of pathogens in environmental matrices has to be thoroughly evaluated. In this context, the objectives of this work were: i) to determine the prevalence of two pathogenic bacterial species (Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus faecalis) in a large collection of French soils originated from a systematic soil survey of the territory, called RMQS (16x16 km grid), ii) to determine major biotic and abiotic parameters driving the survival of bacterial pathogens in soils. Two approaches were used to reach these objectives: i) the prevalence of the two pathogens was monitored in 1200 soils using specific molecular detection tools (real time PCR using TaqMan probe detection system) and ii) the survival of the 2 pathogens, inoculated in soil microcosms, was determined over a 84 days incubation period under laboratory conditions, on a subset of 100 soils from the RMQS survey, using classical microbiological methods. L. monocytogenes was not detected in the set of 1200 soils (with a detection limit estimated to be 104 bacteria per gram of soil) using the molecular detection method, while E. faecalis was detected in approximately 4% of the soils tested (on a smaller set of 150 RMQS soils). The two bacterial pathogens were able to survive in the majority of soil, although L. monocytogenes survived in a greater number of soils. Soils where both pathogens survived represented 44% of soils. The survival of both pathogens is strongly impaired in sandy acidic soils. However, textural and chemical parameters driving survival of the two pathogens differed: L. monocytogenes survival is increased in soils with higher BCSR (basic cation saturation ration) and CEC (cation exchange capacity). L. monocytogenes long-term survival is favored by higher soil clay content. E. faecalis survival is impaired in soils with high total Ca content (calcareous soils). Soil microflora inhibits survival of both pathogens especially in soil with alcaline pH’s. The results of our study will allow implementing survival models for these two pathogens. Such data is invaluable for a better and safer managment of soil manuring using various organic residues.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:33:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IzabelMMS_DISSERT.pdf: 5861857 bytes, checksum: 79bb0912ed83687a1e7f40e3d441ee7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-18 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Coral bleaching has been increasingly the focus of research around the world since the early 1980s, when it was verified to be increasing in frequency, intensity and amount of areas affected. The phenomenon has been recorded since 1993, associated with elevation of the sea surface temperature due to El Ni?os and water thermal anomalies, according to most reports around the world. On the coast of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, a mass coral bleaching event was recorded in the Environmental Protection Area of Coral Reefs (APARC) during March and April 2010, when the water temperature reached 34?C for several days. About 80% of the corals in Maracaja? reef-complex exhibited partial or total bleaching. The aims of this study were to verify representativeness of coral coverage and how the bleaching dynamic has developed among different species. Coral coverage was estimated according to Reef Check Brazil protocol associated with quadrant method, and bleaching was evaluated from biweekly visual surveys in 80 colonies of Favia gravida, Porites astreoides, Siderastrea stellata and Millepora alcicornis. At the same time temperature, pH, salinity and horizontal transparency, as well as mortality and disease occurrence were monitored. Analysis of variance and Multiple Regression from the perspective of time lag concept were used to evaluate the bleaching dynamics among species and the relationship between variation of means of bleaching and variations of abiotic parameters, respectively. Species showed significant differences among themselves as to variation of means of bleaching over time, but the dynamic of variation exhibited similar patterns / O branqueamento de corais tem sido o foco de um n?mero crescente de estudos desde a d?cada de 1980 quando foi verificado o aumento na frequ?ncia, intensidade e n?mero de ?reas atingidas. No Brasil o fen?meno tem sido registrado desde 1993, associado ? eleva??o da temperatura das ?guas superficiais do mar decorrente de eventos de El-Ni?os e anomalias t?rmicas, conforme a maioria dos relatos em todo o mundo. No litoral do Rio Grande do Norte registrou-se branqueamento em massa de corais nos recifes da ?rea de Prote??o Ambiental dos Recifes de Corais (APARC) em Mar?o e Abril de 2010, quando a temperatura da ?gua atingiu valor de 34?C durante v?rios dias. Cerca de 80% dos corais do complexo recifal de Maracaja? exibiram branqueamento parcial ou total. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar qual a representatividade do recobrimento de corais no Parracho de Maracaja? e como a din?mica de branqueamento se desenvolve entre as esp?cies. A cobertura de corais foi estimada de acordo com o protocolo Reef Check Brasil associado ao m?todo de quadrado, e o branqueamento foi avaliado a partir de censos visuais quinzenais em 80 col?nias de Favia gravida, Porites astreoides, Siderastrea stellata e Millepora alcicornis. Ao mesmo tempo foram monitorados a temperatura da ?gua, pH, salinidade e transpar?ncia horizontal, e a ocorr?ncia de mortalidade e sintomas de doen?as. Foram utilizadas a An?lise de Vari?ncia e a Regress?o M?ltipla sob a perspectiva do conceito do time lag para avaliar a din?mica de branqueamento entre as esp?cies e a rela??o da varia??o das m?dias com a varia??o dos fatores abi?ticos, respectivamente. As esp?cies apresentaram diferen?a significativa entre si quanto ? varia??o das m?dias de branqueamento ao longo do tempo, mas a din?mica de varia??o exibiu padr?es semelhantes