Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1977. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 272-283). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1953. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 216-228).

Tato práce popisuje rozdíly dvou systemů - účetnictví a korporátního zdanění a take mapuje současné vědění o vzájemné intenzitě mezi oběma disciplínami. Díky analýze vědeckých prací, které byly doposud napsány, lze říci, že najít ideální vztah mezi oběma veličinami je nemožné a optimální krajně složité. Vztah mezi účetnictvím a zdanění je v České republice řízen pomocí zákona o daních z příjmů. Díky evropské harmonizaci účetnictví přijaly kótované společnsoti IFRS, které ale pro zdanění nesmí být aplikovány. Hlavním cílem této práce je zhodnotit přijetí IFRS také pro zdanění. Pro naplnění tohoto cíle byly použity informace a data získané osobním pohovorem s dotčenými společnostmi. Výsledky výzkumu ukazují, že IFRS jsou použitelné pro zdanění a drtivou většinou respondentů by takový krok byl vítán.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a contabilidade no segmento de Incorporação e Construção Civil, como geradora de informações para a avaliação de empreendimentos no Longo Prazo, comparando o método contábil e o econômico. O estudo faz o levantamento do cenário econômico, inserindo o segmento em questão, apresentando as regras de negócios. Na etapa posterior busca-se de forma breve, traçar um histórico da contabilidade no mundo e no Brasil, inserindo-a no segmento, com a aderência as normas internacionais e seus impactos. São apresentadas as análises dos demonstrativos contábeis com a escolha de determinados indicadores para o estudo de caso, na seção posterior são apresentados os métodos de análise de investimentos, abordando o custo de oportunidade e duas opções para mensuração desse custo, evidenciando as diferenças entre os lucros contábil e econômico. Na penúltima seção há a apresentação de um estudo de caso para comparação dos resultados. / The present thesis studies the Accounting policies in Brazilian Real State Market, as an information predictor for the evaluation process and decision making for long-term projects, comparing the accounting method with the economic one. The essay brings up characteristics of economic environment in this specific segment, presenting the usual business guidelines. In a second moment, a brief study from historical facts of national and international accounting methodologies and their consequences are placed in Brazilian Real State, according to international standards. The financial statement analysis are presented by the optic of financial performance ratios and, in a subsequent section, the methodology for performance analysis is brought out, focused on two different methods for measure the opportunity cost . The differences between accounting and economic profits are pointed. In the end, a case study compares the results.

The study is concerned with the conception of capital and income in the changing economic circumstances of the late nineteenth century. This issue arises as a matter of interest from the confusing accounting for capital assets then followed, and which has become the subject of a small but significant literature. Methodologically the issue, and the literature it has provoked, provide a 'set' in which an accounting calculation is identified, its context considered and consequences evaluated. It introduces the idea that accounting had macroeconomic implications, and meets Hopwood's (1983) injunction that accounting ought to be considered in the context in which it arises. The study illustrates the significance of a flawed accounting founded on an inadequate definition of capital to adversely affect economic life by reference to the legal debate and litigation in English courts about the definition of profit available for distribution as dividends that occurred at the end of the nineteenth century. The study explores nineteenth century understanding of the concept of capital in economic philosophy on the basis that it would be in that body of philosophic literature that such ideas would have to be examined. The study finds that, for most of the nineteenth century, understanding of the nature of capital and income derived from the works of William Petty and Adam Smith. It held that capital and income were separate states of wealth. This conception of capital continued in the work of David Ricardo, Marx and J. S. Mill, and is evident also in the work of Alfred Marshall. The modern, twentieth century, understanding of capital and income as antithetical states of wealth is identified in the study as deriving from the work of the American economist Irving Fisher in 1896. The contribution of this thesis is to • Establish that the crisis in late nineteenth century financial reporting derived from the prevailing conception of capital and its relationship to income, • note that the conception in legislative requirements determining profit were consistent with that definition, and • identify the origin of the modern, twentieth century understanding of capital and income as antithetical states of wealth. The study provides an in-principle view that nineteenth century capital accounting had the capacity to cause misallocation of resources within an economy.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a contabilidade no segmento de Incorporação e Construção Civil, como geradora de informações para a avaliação de empreendimentos no Longo Prazo, comparando o método contábil e o econômico. O estudo faz o levantamento do cenário econômico, inserindo o segmento em questão, apresentando as regras de negócios. Na etapa posterior busca-se de forma breve, traçar um histórico da contabilidade no mundo e no Brasil, inserindo-a no segmento, com a aderência as normas internacionais e seus impactos. São apresentadas as análises dos demonstrativos contábeis com a escolha de determinados indicadores para o estudo de caso, na seção posterior são apresentados os métodos de análise de investimentos, abordando o custo de oportunidade e duas opções para mensuração desse custo, evidenciando as diferenças entre os lucros contábil e econômico. Na penúltima seção há a apresentação de um estudo de caso para comparação dos resultados. / The present thesis studies the Accounting policies in Brazilian Real State Market, as an information predictor for the evaluation process and decision making for long-term projects, comparing the accounting method with the economic one. The essay brings up characteristics of economic environment in this specific segment, presenting the usual business guidelines. In a second moment, a brief study from historical facts of national and international accounting methodologies and their consequences are placed in Brazilian Real State, according to international standards. The financial statement analysis are presented by the optic of financial performance ratios and, in a subsequent section, the methodology for performance analysis is brought out, focused on two different methods for measure the opportunity cost . The differences between accounting and economic profits are pointed. In the end, a case study compares the results.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a contabilidade no segmento de Incorporação e Construção Civil, como geradora de informações para a avaliação de empreendimentos no Longo Prazo, comparando o método contábil e o econômico. O estudo faz o levantamento do cenário econômico, inserindo o segmento em questão, apresentando as regras de negócios. Na etapa posterior busca-se de forma breve, traçar um histórico da contabilidade no mundo e no Brasil, inserindo-a no segmento, com a aderência as normas internacionais e seus impactos. São apresentadas as análises dos demonstrativos contábeis com a escolha de determinados indicadores para o estudo de caso, na seção posterior são apresentados os métodos de análise de investimentos, abordando o custo de oportunidade e duas opções para mensuração desse custo, evidenciando as diferenças entre os lucros contábil e econômico. Na penúltima seção há a apresentação de um estudo de caso para comparação dos resultados. / The present thesis studies the Accounting policies in Brazilian Real State Market, as an information predictor for the evaluation process and decision making for long-term projects, comparing the accounting method with the economic one. The essay brings up characteristics of economic environment in this specific segment, presenting the usual business guidelines. In a second moment, a brief study from historical facts of national and international accounting methodologies and their consequences are placed in Brazilian Real State, according to international standards. The financial statement analysis are presented by the optic of financial performance ratios and, in a subsequent section, the methodology for performance analysis is brought out, focused on two different methods for measure the opportunity cost . The differences between accounting and economic profits are pointed. In the end, a case study compares the results.

The aim of this thesis on "Corporate Income Taxes in Accounting" is to show what takes place this tax in the tax system of Czech Republic, to define the current legislation of this issue, to describe the procedures to detect the amount of payable tax and deferred tax and their subsequent reporting in financial statements. Finally, it views the impact of these taxes on disposable income of the entity.

The thesis is primarily focused on the procedure to calculate corporate payable tax on income. Given that the taxpayer is forced to rely on accounting profit, the objective of this thesis shows how the accounting and tax system interact each other and what impact does this linkage to determine corporate income tax. Part of this thesis is focused on a specific company, which is a limited company, and its tax implications of the distribution of profits and payment of rewards that accrue to shareholders and managers of the activities in the community.

A presente pesquisa objetivou verificar se medidas contábeis calculadas por meio do lucro abrangente e de seus componentes são relevantes na explicação do risco das empresas. Para isso, analisou-se amostra composta por 105 companhias brasileiras de capital aberto com ações negociadas na BM&FBovespa. Foram selecionadas empresas não financeiras com dados disponíveis no período compreendido entre o primeiro trimestre de 2011 e o primeiro de trimestre de 2015, sendo excluídas empresas com ações de baixa liquidez. Inicialmente, avaliou-se por meio de análise de estatísticas descritivas e do Teste de Wilcoxon se o lucro abrangente é mais volátil que o lucro líquido. Esta primeira hipótese de pesquisa não foi refutada e se constatou que, para as empresas que compõem a amostra estudada, a volatilidade do lucro abrangente foi 30,84% superior à volatilidade do lucro líquido, evidenciando que a análise focada única e exclusivamente no lucro líquido induziria o usuário da informação contábil a ignorar possíveis fontes de risco da empresa. Para a análise da relevância do lucro abrangente e de seus componentes na explicação do risco, foi feita análise de regressão com dados em painel por meio de oito modelos estimados, cada qual com diferentes variáveis explicativas e abordagens de risco, estimado por meio da volatilidade dos retornos das ações (risco total) e do beta de mercado (risco sistemático). Os resultados apresentados evidenciaram que a relação entre a volatilidade do lucro abrangente e o risco da empresa é superior àquela observada entre a volatilidade do lucro líquido e o risco, porém tal relação não se mostrou estatisticamente significante. Todavia, verificou-se que a volatilidade do valor referente a outros resultados abrangentes possui relação negativa e estatisticamente significante com seu risco sistemático. Ganhos e perdas com hedges de fluxo de caixa e com ativos financeiros classificados como disponíveis para venda apresentaram relação negativa e estatisticamente significante com o risco da empresa, o que, de acordo com estudos anteriores, deve-se ao fato de que resultados não realizados estariam além do controle dos gestores. As evidências apresentadas pelo presente estudo corroboram a importância do assunto, fornecendo insumos para discussões sobre políticas contábeis relacionadas ao lucro e para o desenvolvimento de métricas contábeis para a avaliação do risco das empresas. / This research aimed to verify if the comprehensive income and its components are relevant in explanation of the firm risk. Thus, it analyzed sample of 105 Brazilian public companies listed on the BM&FBovespa. Non-financial companies with available data from the first quarter of 2011 to first quarter of 2015 were selected, being excluded companies with low stock liquidity. Initially, it was evaluated by analysis of descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon test if the comprehensive income is more volatile than net income. This first research hypothesis was not refuted and found that for the companies in the sample, the volatility of comprehensive income was 30.84% higher than the volatility of net income, showing that an analysis focused exclusively on net income induce the accounting information user to ignore possible sources of firm risk. For the analysis of the relevance of comprehensive income and its components in risk explanation, regression analysis was done with panel data through eight estimated models, each with different explanatory variables and risk approaches, estimated by the volatility of stock returns (total risk) and market beta (systematic risk). The results showed that the relationship between the volatility of comprehensive income and the company\'s risk is greater than that observed between the volatility of net income and risk, but this relationship was not statistically significant. However, it was found that the volatility of the value related to other comprehensive income has negative and statistically significant relationship with its systematic risk. Gains and losses from cash flow hedges and financial assets classified as available for sale showed a negative and statistically significant relationship to the risk of the firm, which, according to previous studies, is due to the fact that unrealized results would be beyond the control of managers. The evidence presented in this study confirm the importance of the subject, providing inputs for discussions on accounting policies related to income and to the development of accounting metrics for risk assessment of companies.