Small businesses support local economies by creating jobs and providing products and services, yet 50% of them fail within 5 years and only 30% of them survive for 10 years or more. The purpose of this qualitative explanatory case study was to explore how bookkeeping strategies helped 1 small business owner to sustain business growth over time. The sample was comprised of 1 small business owner who has been in business at least 5 years, experienced success, and achieved sustainability in Wake County, North Carolina. Systems theory served as the conceptual framework for this study. The data were collected through a semistructured interview and review of company documents. Transcript review and member checking were completed to strengthen credibility and trustworthiness. Based on methodological triangulation of the data sources collected, 3 themes emerged: the accountant as an advisor, the accounting system and processes, and the relationship between owner and accountant and between accountant and employees. The findings from this study may contribute to social change by providing insights and strategies for small business owners, accountants, and academics to rethink how to approach business. Accountants with advisory and management accounting skills could benefit small business owners. Future accounting students could prepare to help small business owners by gaining advisory and management accounting skills. The data from this study may contribute to the success of small business owners' growth, sustainability, and prosperity and, subsequently, benefit their local economies.

The main purpose of this study is to examine the perceived decision-relevant information (PDRI) as an intervening variable between two kinds of management accounting systems - broad scope and aggregation (broad scope MAS/aggregation MAS) and managerial performance. This study also examines the impact of strategy types (differentiation and low cost strategies) on the relationships between broad scope MAS/aggregation MAS and PDRI, and between PDRI and managerial performance. For testing the 18 hypotheses, this study mainly employs the path analysis, and adopts a questionnaire survey sampling from plant managers and their subordinate in Taiwan¡¦s electronic companies listed in Taiwan Stock Exchange Market. Deriving from the 112 effective matched responses, the study reveals the following results: 1. Both the relationships between broad scope MAS and managerial performance, and between aggregation MAS and managerial performance are positive. 2. There is a full mediating effect of PDRI between broad scope MAS and managerial performance. In which, the relationship between broad scope MAS and PDRI is positive, and the relationship between PDRI and managerial performance is also positive. 3. There is a partial mediating effect of PDRI between aggregation MAS and managerial performance. In which, the relationships between aggregation MAS and PDRI, and PDRI and managerial performance are positive. 4. When companies tend to adopt a differentiation strategy, there is a full mediating effect of PDRI between broad scope MAS and managerial performance. In which, the relationship between broad scope MAS and PDRI is positive, and the relationship between PDRI and managerial performance is also positive. Besides, when companies tend to adopt a differentiation strategy, the full mediating effect is more pronounced than that of the overall sample companies. 5. When companies tend to adopt a low cost strategy, there is not a mediating effect of PDRI between broad scope MAS and managerial performance. In which, there isn¡¦t a relationship between broad scope MAS and PDRI, but, the relationship between PDRI and managerial performance is still positive. 6. Comparing with the low cost strategy, when companies tend to adopt a differentiation strategy, under the broad scope MAS as antecedent variable, the positive relationship between broad scope MAS and PDRI is stronger, but, the positive relationship between PDRI and managerial performance is not stronger. 7. When companies tend to adopt a differentiation strategy, there is a full mediating effect of PDRI between aggregation MAS and managerial performance. In which, the relationship between aggregation MAS and PDRI is positive, and the relationship between PDRI and managerial performance is also positive. 8. When companies tend to adopt a low cost strategy, there is also a full mediating effect of PDRI between aggregation MAS and managerial performance. In which, the relationship between aggregation MAS and PDRI is positive, and the relationship between PDRI and managerial performance is also positive. 9. Comparing with the low cost strategy, when companies tend to adopt a differentiation strategy, under the aggregation MAS as antecedent variable, the positive relationship between aggregation MAS and PDRI is not stronger, and the positive relationship between PDRI and managerial performance is not stronger either. 10. Strategy type is not associated with two kinds of MAS. That is, no matter differentiation strategy or low cost strategy that company tends to adopt, both strategies can not impact the level of using broad scope MAS or aggregation MAS by managers. From above results, this study provides important management implications, and presents contributions for academy in researches and suggestions for business in practice. Finally, the research limitations and possibly future researches are presented.

Tyrimo objektas - išlaidų apskaitos sistemos Tyrimo tikslas - palyginti ribinę, absorbcinę ir ABC išlaidų apskaitos sistemas ir pagrįsti netiesioginių išlaidų paskirstymui naudingiausią išlaidų apskaitos sistemą. Uždaviniai: išstudijuoti teorinius valdymo apskaitos sistemų pagrindus; nustatyti ribinės, absorbcinės ir ABC išlaidų apskaitos sistemų skirtumus, privalumus bei trūkumus; pagrįsti ABC išlaidų apskaitos sistemos taikymo tikslingumą, skirstant netiesiogines išlaidas. Tyrimo metodai – Lietuvių bei užsienio autorių darbų išlaidų apskaitos sistemų klausimais analizė, grafinis, palyginimo, anketinė apklausa. / The object of research – cost accounting systems. The aim of research – to compare absorption, variable, activity-based systems and substantiate indirect costs dispensation most useful cost accounting system. The objectives of the work : explore theoretical managerial cost accounting systems; to identify the variable, absorption and activity-based cost accounting systems differences, advantages and disadvantages; to substantiate activity-based system used expediency, distributive of indirect costs. These methods were used while writing the work: Lithuanian and foreign authors work on cost accounting systems literature collection, analysis, graphic and question airing.

Managerial work has been described as fragmented, action-oriented, and highly interpersonal, leaving limited room for formal planning and analysis. Even so, managers are expected to engage with accounting information for planning and analysing their area of responsibility. Accounting information has, however, been found to be tardy, aggregated, and incomplete, leading managers to rely on a wide set of additional informational resources. Still, managers’ doings and concerns tend to remain largely in the background in much management accounting research, which leaves us with limited knowledge of how accounting information comes into play in managers’ work. Moreover, technologies aimed at accommodating managers’ information needs are becoming increasingly sophisticated, and allow for timelier and more precise accounting information. This gradual transformation of technologies has led to questions concerning how management accounting is practised, and how it is related to accounting information systems. The aim of this dissertation is to identify roles of accounting information in managerial work in order to better understand the link between managerial work and management accounting systems. The dissertation consists of two volumes, each with three papers and a summary appraisal. The empirical material consists of interviews with a cross-sectional sample of mainly first-line managers, and a study of a construction firm including interviews with higher- and lower-level managers, observations of workshops where higher-level managers and staff discuss the management accounting systems, and internal documents. Overall, this dissertation suggests four roles of accounting information, based on its capacity to serve as representation, translation, key and perspective. Essentially, these roles reflect the ability of accounting information to both aggregate and disaggregate “reality”. The potential of each of these roles is shaped by managerial, organisational and technological issues, and is not always easily realised. The potential of these roles is particularly challenged in an environment with many local contexts. By accentuating what makes accounting information more and less valuable vis-à-vis other informational resources, this dissertation adds clarity to the emerging body of literature on managers’ situated use of accounting information, and to the debate on information technologies and management accounting.

När människor åstadkommer något tillsammans innebär det att deras ansträngningar samordnas på något sätt. Samordningen kan vara planerad eller spontan, informell eller formaliserad, medveten eller omedveten och kan ske i samförstånd eller leda till konflikter. Denna avhandling handlar om hur samordningen kan ske inom företag och vilken betydelse ekonomisk styrning och ekonomidatasystem har i sammanhanget. Påverkar eller påverkas deras utformning och funktion av hur samordning organiseras? Har de någon inverkan på företagets ekonomiska prestationer? I avhandlingen redovisas de svar en undersökning av samordningsproblematik i svenska börsnoterade tillverkande företag lett fram till. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk., 2001

The aim of this work was to analyse the current legislation, to compare the legislation with the needs of practice and then to propose measures that would lead to a better explanatory power and comparability of accounting firms engaged in animal husbandry. In the theoretical part, there was analysed current legislation relating to the accounting of animals in comparison with the needs of practice, there were described the differences between the Czech law, international accounting standards IAS IFRS and American standards US GAAP. In the second part, I calculated the differences arising from the valuation of animals at the acquisition by purchase and at by their own activities and the differences arising from the inclusion of the animal. This section also addressed other issues such as the obligation to classify animals into inventory, the conception of an animal, or the choice of accounting system.

Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete är att ge en fördjupad förståelse kring redovisares upplevelse av hur digitaliseringen påverkat redovisningsyrket. Frågeställning: Hur upplevs digitala redovisningssystems inverkan på effektiviteten inom redovisningsyrket? Metod: Studien är kvalitativ och semistrukturerade intervjuer utgör forskningsdesignen. Data har samlats in från sex redovisare som arbetar på små och medelstora företag i Dalarna. Empiri och slutsats: Studien visar att digitala redovisningssystem har en framför allt positiv påverkan på effektiviteten inom redovisningsyrket. Vidare har digitala system påverkat redovisningsyrket genom främst en stor tidsbesparing. Systemen möjliggör att arbetet kan gå snabbare och genomföras enklare genom automatiserade processer i det dagliga arbetet. Studiens bidrag: Med denna studie bidrar vi till att belysa kunskapsgapet som finns gällande redovisares upplevelse av redovisningssystems inverkan på effektiviteten. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Fortsatt forskning kan vara att studera detta inom revisionsyrket. Även att genomföra en liknande studie på en annan geografisk plats eller med fokus på stora företag. Till sist hade det varit bra att studera detta genom en kvantitativ studie för att bättre kunna generalisera resultaten. / Purpose: The purpose of this study is to provide a deeper understanding of accountant´s experience of how digitalization has affected the accounting profession. Question: How is the impact of digital accounting systems perceived on efficiency within the accounting profession. Method: This study is qualitative and semi- structured interviews constitute the research design. Data has been collected from six accountants who work at small and medium- sized companies in Dalarna. Empirical evidence and conclusion: The study shows that digital accounting systems have a primarily positive impact on the efficiency of the accounting profession. Furthermore, digital systems have affected the accounting profession primarily through a large time saving. The systems make it possible for the work to go faster and be carried out easier through automated processes in the daily work. The study´s contribution: With this study we contribute to highlighting the knowledge gap that exists regarding accountant´s experience of accounting systems impact on efficiency. Suggestions for further research: Further research could be to study this within the auditing profession. Also to do a similar study in another geographical location or with a focus on large companies. Finally, it would have been good to study this through a quantitative study to better generalize the results.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of the characteristics and roles of management accounting systems (MAS) on today’s business organizations and their management, systems, procedures, people, performance and competitive environments. Design/methodology/approach: A survey-based methodology was utilized in this research to gather organizational information relevant to the different facets of the MAS and their operational and strategic practices impact on organizations operating under increasingly uncertain and competitive environments. A structural equation modeling approach was utilized to uncover relevant relationships and associations among relevant variables. Findings: The findings of this exploratory research revealed a direct influence of MAS on the managerial and organizational performance through the managers’ performance. The results also suggest that MAS is directly influenced by users’ training, and satisfaction, task uncertainty and decentralization of decisions. It was also indirectly influenced by top management support. In addition, the findings also revealed a direct influence of the decentralization of decisions on the managers’ and on organizational performance. Research limitations/implications: While this study addressed important issues that have practical management value, it is limited to a sample from one country. Future studies in different businesses and cultural settings are needed to enhance the theoretical and practical contributions of the findings and conclusions of this study. Practical implications: The issues explored in this study are very much relevant to the utilization and design of MAS and their increasing tactical and strategic roles in the management of today’s business organizations. The findings of this study have relevant practical value for managers as they attempt to cope with increasingly competitive environments through the deployment of their existing capabilities and best practices. In this context, the accounting management system has practical utilities that facilitate the control and management of the operations and strategies of the organization. Originality/value: This research offers practicing management an integrated approach, as they aspire to utilize their organizational MAS to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of their organizations. Integrating the different aspects of management accounting information systems, given their impact on the different aspects of the organization, is needed for the establishment of theoretical research models aiming at the enhancement of the competitive performance of today’s organizations. This study also offers to executives of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) a new multidimensional instrument for assessing the effectiveness of their management information systems, which can help to improve their benchmarking processes.

In diesem Diplomarbeit ist das spezifische Problem des Buchhaltungssystems in einer Budgetanstaltbeschrieben:1. Analyse und Erneuerung des Buchhaltungssystems in unserer Schule,2. Besonderheiten des Buchhaltungssystems in einer Budgetanstalt,3. Vorstellung der Buchführung im Buchhaltungsprogram NOVISION,4. Analyse der Literatur,5. Nachschau der Buchhaltungsprograme, die in Litauen benutzbar sind,6. Realisierung und Bewertung der Möglichkeiten Programen EXCEL und ACCESS in der Projektierungdes Buchhaltungssystems zu ausnutzen.

Cette thèse sur le management des systèmes comptables dans les fusions-acquisitions repose sur l’étude de vingt-deux opérations de fusions-acquisitions réalisées entre 1992 et 2007 par quatre groupes, cotés ou non, opérant dans des secteurs différents (distribution, vins et spiritueux, champagne, sidérurgie). L’analyse des données est effectuée en utilisant la cartographie cognitive pour les entretiens et la matrice chronologique pour les autres données recueillies (observation directe, études de documents in-situ et externes). Les résultats montrent des approches différenciées et non linéaires selon les groupes acquéreurs. En s’inspirant des modèles d’acculturation, une double typologie des déterminants et des conséquences de l’intégration des systèmes comptables dans chaque groupe étudié et un modèle général ont été élaborés en distinguant quatre logiques d’intégration : l’absorption, la séparation, l’adoption partielle inversée et la combinaison. A partir de ce modèle, nous recensons les caractéristiques de l’intégration des systèmes comptables dans les quatre groupes étudiés en isolant les facteurs explicatifs et les conséquences dans chaque logique d’intégration. Ensuite, nous construisons une typologie de l’intégration des systèmes comptables dans les fusions-acquisitions en mettant en évidence les facteurs explicatifs prédominants tels que le mode de gestion peu ou très centralisé du groupe acquéreur et le niveau plus ou moins avancé des systèmes comptables du groupe acquéreur et de l’entreprise acquise. Au niveau des conséquences, l’adaptation plus ou moins volontaire des salariés aux changements organisationnels proposés ou imposés par le groupe acquéreur se détache fortement hormis dans la logique séparation où ces changements apparaissent comme mineurs dans la mesure où les équipes en place et les méthodes de travail sont maintenues. / This thesis on the management of the accounting systems in the mergers-acquisitions rests on the survey of twenty-two operations of mergers-acquisitions achieved between 1992 and 2007 by four groups, quoted or no, operating in different sectors (distribution, wines and spirits, champagne, steel industry). The analysis of the data is done while using the cognitive mapping for the interviews and the chronological matrix for the other introverted data (direct observation, study of in-situ documents and external). The results show the differentiated approaches and non linear according to the groupspurchasers. While being inspired by the acculturation models, a double typology of the determinants and the consequences of the accounting systems integration in every studied group and a general model has been elaborated while distinguishing four logical of integration: the absorption, the separation, the reversed partial adoption and the combination. From this model we count features of the accounting systems integration in the four studied groups while isolating the explanatory factors and the consequences in every logic of integration. Then, we construct a typology of the accounting systems integration in the mergers-acquisitions while putting little in evidence the predominant explanatory factors as the fashion of management or very centralized more or less of the group purchaser and the level advanced of the accounting systems of the grouppurchaser and the enterprise acquired. To the level of the consequences, the adaptation more or less voluntary of the salaried employee to the proposed organizational changes either imposed by the group purchaser detaches himself strongly except in the logical separation where these changes appear like miners insofar as the teams in place and themethods of work are maintained.