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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
121

Characterization of chromatin dynamics during DNA repair and transcriptional regulation /

Tamburini, Beth Ann. January 2006 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D. in Molecular Biology) -- University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 2006. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-151). Free to UCDHSC affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;
122

Biochemical studies of spermidine/spermine N¹-acetyltransferase, an important regulator of cellular polyamines

Montemayor, Eric John, January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
123

Genome-wide analysis of epigenetics and alternative promoters in cancer cells

Wu, Jiejun, January 2007 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 129-159).
124

Investigation of Structure and Function of Esco1 and Esco2 Acetyltransferases

Ajam, Tahereh 22 November 2018 (has links)
No description available.
125

Caractérisation fonctionnelle de l'activité de l'histone acétyltransférase GCN5 au sein des complexes ATAC et SAGA chez l'homme / Functional characterization of the histone acetyltransferase GCN5 in the human ATAC and SAGA complexes

Riss, Anne 12 September 2012 (has links)
Afin d’initier la transcription par l’ARN Polymérase II, la chromatine est modifiée par des coactivateurs, dont certains catalysent des modifications post-traductionnelles des queues des histones. La protéine GCN5 est une enzyme qui possède une activité histone acétyltransférase (HAT). Elle fait partie du complexe coactivateur SAGA, qui acétyle les histones H3. Or, il existe un second complexe HAT contenant GCN5 : le complexe ATAC, mis en évidence chez la drosophile. Chez l’homme en revanche, l’existence d’un tel complexe n’avait pas encore été démontrée au début de ma thèse.L’objectif de ma thèse a consisté tout d’abord en la purification et la caractérisation du complexe HAT ATAC chez l’homme. Puis, j’ai cherché à comprendre le fonctionnement et la spécificité d’action du complexe ATAC, par rapport au complexe SAGA.Dans une première partie, j’ai ainsi pu montrer que GCN5 fait partie d’un second complexe chez l’homme, le complexe ATAC. La composition en sous-unités du complexe ATAC a été déterminée et l’activité de ce dernier sur les histones étudiée. Nous avons pu démontrer que, comme hSAGA, hATAC acétyle les histones in vitro et in vivo, et préférentiellement la lysine 14 de l’histone H3. Chez les vertébrés, un paralogue de GCN5, PCAF peut se substituer à GCN5 dans les complexes ATAC ou SAGA.Par la suite, j’ai poursuivi la caractérisation de ces complexes HAT afin de comprendre le rôle des enzymes au sein des complexes et leurs fonctions. Pour cela, j’ai voulu comprendre le rôle des sous-unités, comment elles influencent l’activité de l’enzyme, et ainsi identifier les protéines qui permettent la spécificité de hATAC par rapport à hSAGA. / In order to initiate the transcription by the RNA polymerase II, chromatin needs to be modified by coactivators. Some of these coactivators are histone post-translational modifying complexes. GCN5 is a histone acetyltransferase enzyme (HAT), which can acetylate the histones. This enzyme is found in a multiproteic complex named SAGA. Recently, a second HAT complex containing GCN5 was discovered: ATAC, in drosophila. At the beginning of my thesis, the existence of such complex in human was not shown.My thesis objectives were then to identify and characterize an ATAC complex in human cells. In a first part, we purified and identified the composition in subunits of human ATAC. Then we studied the activity and specificity of ATAC on histone substrates, compared to SAGA. Next, we were wondering how the subunits of the two HAT complexes could play a role on the regulation of the activity of the enzyme GCN5, in order to understand the histone specificity of ATAC and SAGA.
126

Acétylation des histones au cours des processus de mémorisation : influence du vieillissement et de l'environnement enrichi / Histone acetylation and memory processes : impact of ageing and environmental enrichment

Neidl, Romain 29 March 2012 (has links)
La formation de souvenirs nécessite la mise en place de programmes génétiques dans l’hippocampe. L’activation de la transcription de gènes impliqués dans les processus de plasticité comme le bdnf s’effectue, au moins en partie, via l’acétylation des histones, mécanisme qui permet des changements de la structure de la chromatine. Nos résultats soulignent l’existence d’une régulation spécifique et différentielle de l’acétylation des histones dans l’hippocampe de rongeurs adultes en fonction du type d’information à traiter. Les acétylations des histones H2B et H4 sont spécifiques de l’apprentissage d’une tâche (MWM, CFC) alors que celle de l’histone H3 semble plus sensible au contexte environnemental. Il est par ailleurs décrit que le vieillissement ainsi que l’environnement enrichi (EE) sont des facteurs susceptibles d’induire des changements d’acétylation des histones, aboutissant respectivement à la répression et à l’activation de gènes de « mémoire ». Nos études mettent en évidence qu’un EE de 6 mois, même appliqué à des rats âgés de 18 mois qui présentent déjà des déficits mnésiques, est capable d’induire des modifications durables de la structure de la chromatine par l’intermédiaire de H3. En favorisant l’expression de gènes comme le bdnf, ces changements participent au maintien des capacités mnésiques, normalement perdues chez le Rat âgé de 24 mois. Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats soulignent l’importance des mécanismes liés aux acétylations des histones dans les processus mnésiques et indiquent que ces régulations restent modulables au cours de la vie, permettant d’envisager d’éventuelles options thérapeutiques dans des conditions de vieillissement pathologique. / Hippocampal-dependent memory formation is associated with the establishment of specific genetic programs in the rat hippocampus. This transcriptional activation of genes involved in synaptic plasticity and memory processes, like bdnf, can in part be attributable to histone acetylation-related mechanisms, allowing dynamic chromatin structure changes. Our results indicate a specific and differential regulation of histone acetylation in young rodents hippocampus depending on the nature of the stimuli. In fact, H2B and H4 acetylations are specific to rats having learnt a task (MWM, CFC), whereas H3 acetylation seems to be more sensitive to the environmental context. Besides, it is known that ageing and environmental enrichment (EE) are factors able to modulate histone acetylation, leading respectively to repression and activation of memory-related genetic programs. Here, we showed that an EE of 6 months, even applied to 18 month-old rats, which already present memory deficits, is able to induce persistent chromatin structure modifications through H3. By favoring the expression of genes as bdnf, these changes could participate in the preservation of memory abilities, which are normally lost in 24 month-old rats. The precise identification of regulating elements located on the bdnf promoter brings new data about the potential factors involved in the transcriptional response following EE, e.g. CREB and NFκB. Altogether, our results confirm the role of histone acetylation in memory processes and underline that these regulations remain flexible during life, thus highlighting possible therapeutic strategies in pathological ageing conditions.
127

The role of arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) in the clinical therapy of tuberculosis

Willemse, Gratia-Lize January 2017 (has links)
Magister Scientiae - MSc (Medical BioSciences) / Despite attempts to develop new drugs to reduce the worldwide mortality rate attributable to tuberculosis (TB), the illness remains a threat. Isoniazid (INH) has been used as a frontline drug for decades. However, several resistant strains of the organism - Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) - still emerge. The drug is mainly metabolised by a family of enzymes, arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NAT). The three human NAT genes - NAT1, NAT2 and the pseudogene, NATP - are found on chromosome 18p22. NAT1 and NAT2 are isoenzymes which differ at certain amino acid positions. Subsequently, the differences affect substrate specificity. NAT1 shows specificity to p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and paminosalicylate (PAS). Previously, computer algorithms were used to predict the efficacy of the enzyme with regard to the acetylation phenotype it confers. The two which were focused on, Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant (SIFT) program and Polymorphism phenotyping version 2 program (PolyPhen-2), showed conflicting results for the effect of SNPs on the acetylation rate and subsequent enzyme function. Further structural prediction methods were used to test the effect of V231G on the structure and consequent function of the native protein, NAT1.
128

Avaliação do padrão de acetilação das histonas por técnica imunohistoquímica em adenocarcinoma de pâncreas : influência epigenética na carcinogenese

Juliano, Camila Nóbrega January 2012 (has links)
Introdução: O Adenocarcinoma ductal pancreático é um tumor bastante agressivo que apresenta uma alta de letalidade e, para o qual, poucas opções terapêuticas estão disponíveis. Isto pode ser parcialmente explicado pela complexidade derivada de múltiplas aberrações genéticas e da população celular mista presente em um tumor pancreático, o que também pode explicar o curso clínico heterogêneo observado na prática diária. Ultimamente, pesquisas científicas têm contribuído para ampliar o conhecimento sobre o impacto das alterações epigenéticas no desenvolvimento de múltiplos tipos de câncer, porém no pâncreas essas alterações ainda são incertas e, por isso, foco de investigação. A desregulação epigenética parece estar envolvida no ciclo celular da célula tumoral, incluindo o crescimento celular, diferenciação, progressão tumoral e morte celular, e a acetilação das histonas é um importante mecanismo que regula a transcrição de genes envolvidos nesses processos. Padrões globais de modificações das histonas foram recentemente apontados como preditores de desfecho em pacientes com câncer, mas poucos estudos têm sido realizados nesta área, inclusive em Adenocarcinoma ductal pancreático (ADP). Objetivos: O presente estudo foi desenvolvido a fim de investigar o padrão de modificação de acetilação das histonas em adenocarcinoma pancreático, através da análise imunohistoquímica. Materiais e métodos: Uma análise clinicopatológica retrospectiva foi realizada em 119 pacientes diagnosticados com câncer de pâncreas entre os anos de 2005 e 2011, e realizado estudo imunohistoquímico com os anticorpos contra H4K12ac, H3K9ac e H3K18ac. Marcação nuclear positiva para cada histona foi medida quanto à intensidade e expressão, sendo classificadas em grupos de baixa ou de alta intensidade/expressão. Os resultados foram analisados em relação aos parâmetros clinicopatológicos de cada paciente. Resultados: Houve uma relação positiva entre diferenciação tumoral e alta expressão de H4K12ac (P <0,05), bem como a intensidade forte dos três marcadores correlacionou-se positivamente com o estágio do tumor (P <0,01). Análise univariada mostrou pior sobrevida em pacientes com níveis elevados de expressão de H4K12ac (p = 0,038) e H3K18Ac (P = 0,033). Modelo de risco proporcional de Cox revelou o efeito prognóstico independente de níveis elevados de H4K12ac H3K18ac (taxas de risco de 1,6 e 1,7, respectivamente, p <0,05), especialmente para pacientes em estágios iniciais. Sugerimos como hipótese que as modificações na acetilação das histonas H4K12 e H3K18 podem ser consideradas fatores prognósticos importantes para o câncer de pâncreas, embora o mecanismo envolvido necessite de mais investigação. Aumentando a compreensão e o conhecimento sobre o padrão de acetilação das histonas, poder-se-ão finalmente gerar novas idéias para um diagnóstico molecular racional e novas abordagens terapêuticas. / Introduction: Ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma (DPAs) is a highly aggressive tumor, with a high letality rate, for which few therapeutic options are available. This may be partially explained by the notorious complexity derived from the multiple genetic aberrations and mixed cellular population present in a pancreatic tumor, which can also explain the heterogeneous clinical course observed in daily practice. Lately, there is an increase in the literature about the impact of epigenetic changes on the development of several cancer, however in the pancreas these changes are still uncertain. Epigenetic deregulation may be involved in tumor cell biology, including cell growth, differentiation, tumor progression and cell death, and histone acetylation is a major mechanism that regulates gene transcription. Patterns of global histone modifications have been recently suggested as outcome predictors in cancer patients, but few studies have been conducted on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the predictive value of histone acetylation modifications on pancreatic cancer. Material and methods: A retrospective clinicopathologic analysis was undertaken in 119 patients diagnosed with PDAC between 2005 and 2011, and immunohistochemistry performed with antibodies against H4K12ac, H3K9ac and H3K18ac. Positive nuclear staining for each histone was measured as the intensity and expression, being classified into low or high-staining groups. Results were analyzed in relation to patients’ clinicopathologic parameters. Results: There was a positive relationship between tumor differentiation and H4K12ac high scores (P<0.05) and staining of the three markers correlated positively with tumor stage (P<0.01). Univariate analysis showed worse survival in patients with high detection levels of H4K12ac (p=0.038) and H3K18Ac (P=0.033). A backwards Cox proportional hazards model revealed the independent prognostic effect of high H4K12ac and H3K18ac levels (hazard ratios of 1.6 and 1.7 respectively, p<0.05), especially for patients at early stages. We hypothesize that acetylation of H4K12 and H3K18 may be considered valuable prognostic factors for pancreatic cancer, although the mechanism involved needs further investigation. Increasing insights into histone acetylation modifications can ultimately generate new ideas for rationally and molecularly based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
129

Regulação epigenética na formação da memória aversiva : modulação via inibidores de histona desacetilases

Blank, Martina January 2015 (has links)
O estado da cromatina influencia diretamente nos processos de expressão gênica desencadeada durante a formação de memórias. Nesse sentido sendo de grande interesse seu estudo na área biomédica. Modificações epigenéticas como a metilação do DNA e modificações pós-traducionais em histonas são reguladores cruciais do estado da cromatina e ds transcrição gênica. Uma das modificações pós-traducionais mais bem estudada é a acetilação de histonas. Quando as histonas estão acetiladas a cromatina encontra-se num estado relaxado permitindo a expressão gênica. A reação é catalisada por acetiltransferases de histonas (HATs) e é um processo reversível catalisado por histona desacetilases (HDACs). A utilização de fármacos inibidores de histona desacetilases (HDACis) tem ajudado na elucidação dos mecanismos gênicos envolvidos na formação do aprendizado e da memória. Nosso trabalho se baseia na hipótese de que a atividade de HDACs é crucial para modulação das respostas de aprendizado na tarefa de esquiva inibitória e que a acetilação de histonas é um passo essencial neste processo. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho demonstram que a infusão intra-hipocampal de tricostatina A (TSA) ou butirato sódico (NaB) imediatamente após o treino resulta na melhora da memória de longa duração (LTM). TSA demonstrou ainda possuir duas ondas de efeitos melhoradores da LTM, uma imediatamente e outra 3h após o treino que coincidem com as ondas de ativação de vias de sinalização intracelular e de síntese de proteínas importantes para a formação da LTM. Adicionalmente, a inativação farmacológica da amigdala basolateral (BLA) antes do treino bloqueou os efeitos melhoradores do TSA administrado no hipocampo, evidenciando que a integridade da BLA é importante para este processo. Neste trabalho demonstramos também que a administração intraperitoneal de NaB imediatamente após o treino em animais velhos sem prejuízo cognitivo resulta em melhora significativa da memória. O tratamento com NaB não afetou a LTM de animais jovens saudáveis. Por fim, nossos dados demonstram que a administração de um fármaco antagonista de receptores TrkB, ANA-12, no hipocampo de animais jovens após o treino ou teste resulta no prejuízo da memória. No entanto a administração de NaB antes do treino preveniu os efeitos prejudiciais de ANA-12. Em conjunto estes resultados demonstram que a modulação epigenética através da atividade de HDACs é importante para a formação da LTM. Nossos dados fortalecem ainda a visão de que eventos epigenéticos possuem papel critico no aprendizado e memória interagindo com vias de sinalização intracelulares desencadeadas por estes processos. / The chromatin state directly impacts gene expression triggered by memory formation. Therefore, this process is of great interest to the biomedical area. Critical regulators of chromatin state and gene transcription are the epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and posttranslational modifications of histone proteins. One of the most studied postranslational modification of histones is histone acetylation. When histones are acetylated, chromatin is in a relaxed conformation allowing gene expression. Lysine acetylation is catalyzed by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and is reversed by the action of histone deacetylases (HDACs). The use of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) is helping to elucidate genetic mechanisms of learning and memory. Our work is based on the hypothesis that HDACs activity is crucial for inhibitory avoidance (IA) learning responses modulation and the idea that histone acetylation is an essential step. The data presented in this work demonstrate that infusion of Trichostatin A (TSA) or Sodium Butyrate (NaB) intrahipocampally produced memory enhancement. Moreover, TSA showed two waves of memory enhancing effects when given immediately or 3 h after training coinciding with the observed waves of protein synthesis and PKA activation for memory formation. Our study also demonstrates that the enhancement of IA memory consolidation depends on the integrity of basolateral amygdala (BLA) since its functional inactivation by muscimol (MUS) completely blocked the enhancing effect of TSA infused in the rat hippocampus. Here, we also demonstrate that intraperitoneal administration of NaB immediately after training led to memory enhancement in aged rats with no cognitive deficit. Surprisingly, NaB had no effect in younger rats with normal memory retention. Finally, data presented here also demonstrate that TrkB activity in the hippocampus is crucial for long-term memory (LTM) since administration of a TrkB receptor antagonist, ANA-12, in the dorsal hippocampus immediately after training or retrieval led to memory retention impairment. Moreover, infusion of NaB before training prevented this impairing effect of TrkB antagonism. Taken together, these results show that epigenetic modulation by HDACs activity is required for memory formation. Our data also supports the idea of HDACs playing critical roles in learning and memory interacting with intracellular signaling pathways triggered by these processes.
130

Desenvolvimento e caracterização físico-química de complexos de inclusão de amilose com diferentes moléculas hóspedes

Ribeiro, Andresa da Costa January 2016 (has links)
A amilose, na presença de agentes complexantes adequados, tende a formar complexos de inclusão. Os mesmos são carregadores promissores, já que os ligantes aprisionados podem ser libertados posteriormente, o que conduz a muitas aplicações. Porém, a utilização da amilose nativa (AM) na formação dos complexos é limitada devido a sua baixa solubilidade em água. Sendo assim, estudos envolvendo a modificação desta molécula tornam-se promissores. O objetivo da presente tese foi preparar complexos de inclusão a partir da amilose nativa (AM) e modificada (AMA) usando como ligantes Rifampicina (RIF), Rodamina B (RB) e o Azul de Bromotimol (AB). Primeiramente, dentre os métodos existentes para modificação, escolheu-se a acetilação. O grau de acetilação foi investigado e a estrutura da amilose foi caracterizada por meio de FTIR, MEV, TGA e DSC. Quando comparada à AM, AMA apresentou maior solubilidade em água. A presença das bandas de absorção no FTIR à 1727, 1240 e 1122 cm-1, confirmaram a acetilação. Os resultados de MEV sugeriram que a superfície lisa da AM foi transformada em uma superfície mais áspera em AMA e as análises de TGA e DSC mostraram uma estrutura instável para a mesma. Após esta etapa os complexos foram produzidos e a influência da temperatura e dos ligantes foi avaliada através da caracterização físico-química. UV-vis, DLS, PZ e MEV foram as técnicas usadas neste processo. As análises de UV confirmaram a formação dos complexos e aqueles desenvolvidos na temperatura de 65°C foram mais eficientes. Dentre estes destacam-se aqueles complexos preparados com RIF. O diâmetro hidrodinâmico médio (dh) dos complexos medidos por DLS variou entre 70 e 100 nm, indicando que os mesmos podem ser utilizados em sistema de liberação controlada. Comparando o dh da AM e AMA, observou-se que os tamanhos são maiores após a complexação, o que pode indicar que para AMA ou a interação forma complexos mais compactos, ou os ligantes não interagiram com a AMA. Análise de PZ mostrou que os complexos AM-RB e AM-AB apresentam alta estabilidade (PZ < -30 mV) e que os demais complexos apresentam valores de PZ próximos da neutralidade, o que pode melhorar a adsorção dos mesmos em sistemas biológicos. Os complexos AMA-RB e AMA-AB não formaram complexos no estado sólido e os demais formaram uma estrutura amorfa após precipitação. Em conclusão, este estudo levou ao desenvolvimento de um método eficaz para a preparação de complexos de inclusão de amilose. / In the presence of suitable complexing agents, amylose tends to form inclusion complexes. This polymer is considered a promisor carrier since the ligands confined in its chains can be released later, leading to various applications. However, the use of native amylose (AM) in complexes formation is restricted due to its low water solubility. Therefore, studies regarding amylose modification become promising. The aim of this thesis was preparing inclusion complexes made of native (AM) and modified (AMA) amylose using rifampicin (RIF), rhodamine B (RB), and bromothymol blue (AB) as ligands. At first, acetylation was the chosen modification among the modified methods described in the literature. The acetylation degree was investigated and the modified macromolecule was characterized using FTIR, SEM, TGA, and DSC analysis. Compared with AM, AMA presented increased water solubility. The presence of absorption bands at 1727, 1240, and 1121 cm-1 confirmed the acetylation. SEM images suggested that the smooth surface of AM was turned into a rougher surface in AMA, while TGA and DSC results showed a less stable structure for AMA. After this step, the complexes were prepared and the influence of the temperature and ligand type was evaluated through physicochemical characterization. UV-Vis, DLS, PZ, and SEM were the techniques used in this process. UV-Vis analysis confirmed complexes formation, revealing that the ones prepared at 65°C were more efficient. Among those, complexes prepared with RIF stand out. The average hydrodynamic diameter (dh) of the complexes measured by DLS ranged from 70 to 100 nm, indicating that these complexes can be used in controlled release systems. Comparing the dh of AM and AMA, it was observed that the sizes were larger after complexation, which may indicate more compact complexes or no interaction between AMA and ligands. ZP results showed that AM-RB and AM-AB complexes presented high stability (PZ < -30 mV), while the others presented PZ values near neutrality, which can increase their adsorption in biological systems. AMA-RB and AMA-AB did not form complexes in solid state, while the others formed an amorphous structure after precipitation. In conclusion, this study leaded to an effective method development for the amylose inclusion complexes preparation.

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