Les stocks de glycérol à travers le monde augmentent, étant une matière première secondaire, ce produit chimique doit être valorisé. La co-production d'énergie électrique ou d'hydrogène et de produits chimiques à valeur ajoutée à partir du glycérol peut être réalisée dans des réacteurs électrochimiques. L'oxydation de glycérol est une réaction complexe qui peut conduire à un grand nombre de produits chimiques et d'intermédiaires utiles pour l'industrie. Le développement de catalyseurs spécifiques pour orienter les chemins réactionnels de l'électrooxydation du glycérol vers les produits désirés est un objectif très important. Des nanoparticules non supportées de palladium à distribution de taille et de forme contrôlées ont été synthétisées par une voie colloïdale et caractérisées par microscopie électronique et des méthodes électrochimiques afin d'obtenir une corrélation entre la structure de surface et la réponse électrochimique. Ces électrolyseurs modèles ont été modifiés par dépôt d'adatomes de bismuth. Et leur activité et sélectivité vis-à-vis de l'électrooxydation du glycérol ont été respectivement évaluées par voltammétrie cyclique et spectroscopie infrarouge in situ. Des matériaux plus proches d'applications industrielles à base de palladium et d'éléments du groupe p (Bi, Sn) ont ensuite été aussi synthétisés et évalués vis-à-vis de l'électrooxydation du glycérol. Les résultats obtenus montrent clairement l'influence de la composition, de l'orientation de surface et de la nature de catalyseur sur l'activité et la sélectivité dans la réaction de l'électrooxydation du glycérol. / The worldwide glycerol stocks are increasing; this chemical could be used as a secondary primary raw material. Electric energy or hydrogen and added-value-chemical cogeneration can be performed in electrochemical reactors. Glycerol oxidation is made up of complex pathway reactions that can produce a large number of useful products and valuable fine intermediates.The development of specific catalysts for electrooxidation of glycerol to obtain desired products is a very important goal.Unsupported palladium nanoparticles with controlled size and shape distribution were synthesized by a colloidal method and characterized by electron microscopy and electrochemical methods to obtain a correlation between the surface structure and the electrochemical response. These model electrocatalists have been modified by adatoms of bismuth. And their activity and selectivity towards the electrooxidation of glycerol were respectively evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and in situ infrared spectroscopy. Other materials for industrial applications based on palladium and p elements (Bi, Sn) were also synthesized and evaluated towards the electrooxidation of glycerol.The results clearly show the influence of the composition, surface orientation and the nature of the catalyst on activity and selectivity in the reaction of electrooxidation of glycerol.

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This thesis is the result of investigations regarding the processes in InAs III-V semiconductor surfaces induced by additional charge incorporated by adsorbates. The aim of the project is to study the development of the accumulation layer on the metal/InAs(111)A/B surfaces and its electronic structure. InAs(111)A is indium-terminated and InAs(111)B is arsenic-terminated. In addition, InAs(100) is also studied. These three substrates are different; InAs(111)A has a (2x2)-termination, explained by an indium vacancy model, and the clean surface exhibits a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). InAs(111)B(1x1) is bulk-truncated and unreconstructed and does not host a 2DEG. InAs(100)(4x2)/c(8x2) exhibits a more covalent character of the surface bonds compared to InAs(111)A/B, and the surface is terminated by a complex reconstruction. Photoelectron spectroscopy and LEED (low energy electron diffraction) have been used as the main tools to study surfaces with sub-monolayer to monolayer amounts of adsorbates. A photoemission peak related to a two-dimensional electron gas appears close to the Fermi level. This 2DEG has in most cases InAs bulk properties, since it is located in the InAs conduction band. A systematic study of core levels and valence bands reveals that the appearance of the 2DEGs is a complex process connected to the surface order. Adsorption of lead, tin or bismuth on InAs(111)B(1x1) induces emission from a 2DEG, but only at monolayer coverage and when the surface is ordered. Cobalt reacts strongly with InAs forming InCo islands and no accumulation is observed. Examination of Cs/InAs(111)B does not reveal any 2DEG and the surface reaction is strongly related to the clean surface stabilization process. Examination of the In-terminated InAs(111)A(2x2) surface shows that In reacts strongly with cobalt and tin adatoms and with oxygen in cases of large exposure, which decreases the 2DEG intensity, while adatoms of cesium and small doses of oxygen enhance the emission from the 2DEG. InAs(100) is terminated with one kind of atom - the InAs(100)(4x2)/c(8x2) is indium terminated. Bismuth creates dimers on the surface and a 2DEG is observed. More generally, this thesis describes some of the general physical background applied to surface science and 2DEG. The first part is a general overview of the processes on the surface. The second part concentrates on the methods related to preparation of samples, and the third part on the measurement methods. The photoelectron spectroscopy part concerns the theory used in mapping electronic structure. The inserted figures are taken from different experiments, including results for InAs(111)A not previously published. / QC 20100910

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Ammonia has attracted attention as a possible fuel for direct fuel cells since it is easy to handle under low pressure, costs only slightly higher than methanol and can easily be cracked down into hydrogen and nitrogen. At low temperature, ammonia oxidation on noble metal electrodes is a sluggish reaction and efficient catalysts are required to convert ammonia to nitrogen and hydrogen at reasonable reaction rates. In this thesis, I present polycrystalline and oriented nanoalloys synthesised at room temperature in aqueous media and their catalytic effects on the oxidation of ammonia. The electro-oxidation of ammonia on palladium-goldsilver (PdAuAgNPs) ternary nanoalloys was systematically studied in alkaline solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The PdAuAg nanoalloys were prepared through a facile synthesis with ascorbic acid as a reductant and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a stabilising agent from aqueous solutions of PdCh/HAuCI4.3H20/AgN03 mixtures. UV-visible spectroscopy was used to confirm the complete reduction of the metal ions; absorption peaks observed at 260 nm, 285 nm and 420 nm for Ag", Au3+ and Pd2+ ions respectively, disappeared after reduction indicating a complete reduction of the metal ions to zero-valent nanoparticles. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR TEM) revealed the formation of crystalline nonaggregated 25-35 nm sized nanoalloys. The elemental composition of the nanoalloys measured using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) showed the presence of the three elements; Pd, Au and Ag. The well-dispersed non-agglomerated PdAuAg nanoalloys exhibited a reduced overpotential and a 33%, 400%,82% and 54% increase in current density for ammonia electro-oxidation compared to Pd, PdAg, PdAu nanoparticles and bare Pt electrode, respectively. The much improved current density of the well-dispersed PdAuAg nanoalloys is attributed to the increased electrochemically active surface area of the nanoalloys. This electro catalytic behaviour of the PdAuAg nanoalloys for ammonia oxidation in KOH solutions provides a promising route for development of low-cost and high performance electro catalyst for electro-oxidation of ammoniaMoreover, ammonia oxidation on platinum surfaces has been found to be a very structure sensitive reaction which takes place almost exclusively on Pt(100) surfaces. I report for the first time the preparation of sodium polyacrylate-capped Pt(100)Pd, pte 1OO)Au, pte 1OO)Ir, Pt(IOO)Rh, Pt(100)PdAu, Pt(100)IrAu, Pt(IOO)PdIr and Pt(IOO)RhAu nanoalloys. The reduction of the metal ions to nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy while the shapes and the structures of the nanoparticles were studied using HRTEM and CV. HRTEM analysis showed well distributed non-agglomerated 5-20 nm semi-spherical and cubic nanoalloys with lattice fridges on their surfaces indicating the crystalline nature of the nanoalloys. Pt(100) nanoalloy systems showed particles with triangular and cubic shapes. The existence of the preferentially cubic shaped nanoparticles in the samples indicated that the nanoalloys had some (100) sites orientation/a significant amount of (100) sites at their surfaces. The CV of the nanoparticles in the hydrogen adsorption/desorption region (-200 mV to 100 mV vs. Ag! AgCl) was used to obtain qualitative information about the surface structure of the nanoparticles. The voltammogram of oriented Pt(100) nanoparticles showed very clearly the presence of adsorption states associated with (110) sites, (100) domains and (l00) sites at -131 mV, -34 mV and 29 mV, respectively. The companson of this voltammetric profile with that obtained for a Pt(100) single crystal electrode clearly points out that the synthesised Pt nanoparticles have a high density of (100) sites. However, the peak that was observed at 29 mV in the CV of Pt(100) nanoparticles was not present in the vo ltammo grams of the Pt(100) nanoalloy systems confirming the formation of the nanoalloys. The results reported in this work demonstrate the importance of controlling the intrinsic structural properties of Pt nanoparticles; in terms of nature of the active sites and the effect of adding adatoms (such as Au, Pd, Rh, Ir) in order to understand their catalytic properties. The electrochemical activities of these nanoparticles for ammonia oxidation in basic medium showed an increase of over 100% current density compared to Pt electrode. Pt(lOO)RhAu nanoalloys showed the highest catalytic properties while Pt(lOO)PdAu had the lowest as shown in the trend: Pt(lOO)RhAu > Pt(lOO)PdIr > Pt(lOO) > Pt(lOO)IrAu > Pt(lOO)Pd> Pt(lOO)Rh > Pt(lOO)Au > Pt(lOO)Ir > Pt(lOO)PdAu. The synthesised oriented nanoalloys were further interrogated towards the oxidation of hydrazine as a fuel for hydrazine fuel cells. The oriented Pt(lOO) nanoparticles and Pt(lOO) nanoalloy systems exhibited over 1000% increase in current density and reduced oxidation overpotential compared to bare glassy carbon electrode. These excellent catalytic properties are attributed to the increased surface area and the presence of (100) sites which favour the oxidation of hydrazine.

Here we propose a completely new covalent heterostructure based on graphene and self-decorated MoS₂ monolayers. Detailed investigation of the decoration process of the MoS₂ surface by Mo adatoms was performed using first principles DFT methods. Comparison between valence-only and semicore pseudopotentials was performed to correctly describe the interaction between Mo adatoms and the MoS₂ surface. It was found that self-decoration by Mo atoms is favorable from an energetic point of view. We studied in detail various decoration paths of Mo atoms on the MoS₂ surface. The strong variation of electronic properties after the decoration of MoS₂ was found. The impact of the presence of Mo adatoms on the electronic properties of the graphene/MoS₂ heterostructure was shown.

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