Les grandes variations de style de l'écriture et les difficultés de segmenter les mots cursifs sont les raisons principales pour laquelle la reconnaissance de mots cursive manuscrite pour être une tâche si difficile. Un système de lecture des documents postaux indien basé sur le modèle stochastique basé d'un contexte sans segmentation est présenté. L'originalité du travail réside sur une combinaison de caractéristiques conceptuelles à haut niveau avec les renseignements de pixel à basse altitude considérés par ancien modèle et une stratégie d' arrêt dans l'algorithme Viterbi. Pendant que l'information de bas niveau peut être facilement extraite de la forme analysée, le pouvoir discriminatoire de telle information a des limites, car il décrit la forme avec moins de précision. Pour cette raison, nous avons considéré dans le cadre d'une approche analytique, utilisant une segmentation implicite, d'implanter de la haute information an le réduisant à un niveau plus bas. Cet enrichissement peut être perçu comme un poids au niveau de pixel, donnant une importance à chaque pixel analysé fondé sur leurs propriétés conceptuelles. Le défi est de combiner les types différents des caractéristiques considérant une certaine dépendance entre eux. Pour réduire le temps de décodage dans la recherche de Viterbi, un mécanisme de seuil cumulatif est proposé dans une représentation de vocabulaire plate. Au lieu de l'utilisation d'une représentation de trie où les parties de préfixe communes sont partagées nous proposons un mécanisme de seuil dans le vocabulaire plat où basé juste sur une analyse de Viterbi partielle, nous pouvons élaguer un modèle et arrêtons le traitant plus. Les seuils cumulatifs sont fondés sur les scores correspondants prémédités à chaque niveau de lettre, permettant une certaine dynamique et élasticité au modèle. Comme nous sommes intéressés dans un système de reconnaissance d'adresses postaux complet, nous avons convergé aussi notre attention sur la reconnaissance des chiffres, proposant différent solutions neuronaux et stochastiques. Pour augmenter la précision et la robustesse des classifieur, un stratégie de combinaison est aussi proposé. Les résultats obtenu sur des bases différent écrit en latin et bengali ont montré l'intérêt de la méthode. Le module de reconnaissance développé sera intégré dans un système générique pour l'automation de trie postale indienne. / Large variations in writing styles and difficulties in segmenting cursive words are the main reasons for handwritten cursive words recognition for being such a challenging task. An Indian postal document reading system based on a segmentation-free context based stochastic model is presented. The originality of the work resides on a combination of high-level perceptual features with the low-level pixel information considered by the former model and a pruning strategy in the Viterbi decoding to reduce the recognition time. While the low-level information can be easily extracted from the analyzed form, the discriminative power of such information has some limits as describes the shape with less precision. For that reason, we have considered in the framework of an analytical approach, using an implicit segmentation, the implant of high-level information reduced to a lower level. This enrichment can be perceived as a weight at pixel level, assigning an importance to each analyzed pixel based on their perceptual properties. The challenge is to combine the different type of features considering a certain dependence between them. To reduce the decoding time in the Viterbi search, a cumulative threshold mechanism is proposed in a flat lexicon representation. Instead of using a trie representation where the common prefix parts are shared we propose a threshold mechanism in the flat lexicon where based just on a partial Viterbi analysis, we can prune a model and stop the further processing. The cumulative thresholds are based on matching scores calculated at each letter level, allowing a certain dynamic and elasticity to the model. As we are interested in a complete postal address recognition system, we have also focused our attention on digit recognition, proposing different neural and stochastic solutions. To increase the accuracy and robustness of the classifiers a combination scheme is also proposed. The results obtained on different datasets written on Latin and Bengali scripts have shown the interest of the method and the recognition module developed will be integrated in a generic system for the Indian postal automation.

Thèse de doctorat--Informatique et réseaux--Paris--ENST, 2005. / NAT = Network address translator. Bibliogr. p. 194-202. Index. Résumé en français et en anglais.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Automatique et informatique industrielle : Villeneuve d'Ascq, Ecole centrale de Lille : 2006. / Texte en anglais. Résumé en français et en anglais. Titre provenant de la page de titre du document numérisé. Bibliogr. p. [131]-140.

Le codage de reseau (CR) est une nouvelle technique reposant, sur la realisation par les noeuds du reseau, des fonctions de codage et de decodage des donnees afin d’ameliorerle debit et reduire les retards. En utilisant des algorithmes algebriques, le codage consiste àcombiner ensemble les paquets transmis et le decodage consiste à restaurer ces paquets. Cette operation permet de reduire le nombre total de transmissions de paquets pour echanger les donnees, mais requiere des traitements additionnels au niveau des noeuds. Le codage de reseau peut etre applique au niveau de differentes couches ISO.Toutefois dans ce travail, sa mise en noeuvre est effectuee au niveau de la couche reseau. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous presentons des techniques de codage de reseau s’appuyantsur de nouveaux protocoles permettant d’optimiser l’utilisation de la bande passante,D’ameliorer la qualite de service et de reduire l’impact de la perte de paquets dans les reseaux a pertes. Plusieurs defis ont ete releves notamment concernant les fonctions de codage/decodage et tous les mecanismes connexes utilises pour livrer les paquets echanges entre les noeuds. Des questions comme le cycle de vie des paquets dans le reseau, lacardinalite des messages codes, le nombre total d’octets transmis et la duree du temps de maintien des paquets ont ete adressees analytiquement, en s’appuyant sur des theoremes, qui ont ete ensuite confirmes par des simulations. Dans les reseaux a pertes, les methodes utilisees pour etudier precisement le comportement du reseau conduisent a la proposition de nouveaux mecanismes pour surmonter cette perte et reduire la charge.Dans la premiere partie de la these, un etat de l’art des techniques de codage de reseauxest presente a partir des travaux de Alshwede et al. Les differentes techniques sont detaillees mettant l’accent sur les codages lineaires et binaires. Ces techniques sont decrites en s’appuyant sur differents scenarios pour aider a comprendre les avantages etles inconvenients de chacune d’elles. Dans la deuxieme partie, un nouveau protocole base sur la correlation des adresses (ACNC) est presente, et deux approches utilisant ce protocole sont introduites ; l’approche centralisee ou le decodage se fait aux noeuds d’extremites et l’approche distribueeou chaque noeud dans le reseau participe au decodage. Le decodage centralise est elabore en presentant d’abord ses modeles de decision et le detail du decodage aux noeuds d’extremites. La cardinalite des messages codes recus et les exigences de mise en mémoire tampon au niveau des noeuds d’extremites sont etudiees et les notions d’age et de maturite sont introduites. On montre que le decodage distribue permet de reduire la charge sur les noeuds d’extremite ainsi que la memoire tampon au niveau des noeuds intermediaires. La perte et le recouvrement avec les techniques de codage de reseau sont examines pour les deux approches proposees. Pour l’approche centralisee, deux mecanismes pour limiter l’impact de la perte sont presentes. A cet effet, le concept de fermetures et le concept dessous-ensembles couvrants sont introduits. Les recouvrements optimaux afin de trouver l’ensemble optimal de paquets a retransmettre dans le but de decoder tous les paquets reçus sont definis. Pour le decodage distribue, un nouveau mecanisme de fiabilite saut a saut est propose tirant profit du codage de reseau et permettant de recuperer les paquets perdus sans la mise en oeuvre d’un mecanisme d’acquittement. / Network coding (NC) is a new technique in which transmitted data is encoded and decoded by the nodes of the network in order to enhance throughput and reduce delays. Using algebraic algorithms, encoding at nodes accumulates various packets in one message and decoding restores these packets. NC requires fewer transmissions to transmit all the data but more processing at the nodes. NC can be applied at any of the ISO layers. However, the focus is mainly on the network layer level. In this work, we introduce novelties to the NC paradigm with the intent of building easy to implement NC protocols in order to improve bandwidth usage, enhance QoS and reduce the impact of losing packets in lossy networks. Several challenges are raised by this thesis concerning details in the coding and decoding processes and all the related mechanisms used to deliver packets between end nodes. Notably, questions like the life cycle of packets in coding environment, cardinality of coded messages, number of bytes overhead transmissions and buffering time duration are inspected, analytically counted, supported by many theorems and then verified through simulations. By studying the packet loss problem, new theorems describing the behavior of the network in that case have been proposed and novel mechanisms to overcome this loss have been provided. In the first part of the thesis, an overview of NC is conducted since triggered by the work of Alshwede et al. NC techniques are then detailed with the focus on linear and binary NC. These techniques are elaborated and embellished with examples extracted from different scenarios to further help understanding the advantages and disadvantages of each of these techniques. In the second part, a new address correlated NC (ACNC) protocol is presented and two approaches using ACNC protocol are introduced, the centralized approach where decoding is conducted at end nodes and the distributed decoding approach where each node in the network participates in the decoding process. Centralized decoding is elaborated by first presenting its decision models and the detailed decoding procedure at end nodes. Moreover, the cardinality of received coded messages and the buffering requirements at end nodes are investigated and the concepts of aging and maturity are introduced. The distributed decoding approach is presented as a solution to reduce the overhead on end nodes by distributing the decoding process and buffering requirements to intermediate nodes. Loss and recovery in NC are examined for both centralized and distributed approaches. For the centralized decoding approach, two mechanisms to limit the impact of loss are presented. To this effect, the concept of closures and covering sets are introduced and the covering set discovery is conducted on undecodable messages to find the optimized set of packets to request from the sender in order to decode all received packets. For the distributed decoding, a new hop-to-hop reliability mechanism is proposed that takes advantage of the NC itself and depicts loss without the need of an acknowledgement mechanism.

Orientador: Aline Vieira de Carvalho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T03:36:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Backx_Isabela_M.pdf: 990287 bytes, checksum: 5c5f5e68b801bde94e1643537eba4ba1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A presente pesquisa analisa como se deu a construção dos discursos sobre Homem e Humanismo por Paul Rivet e Paulo Duarte, intelectuais que influenciaram de maneira fundamental o desenvolvimento de alguns dos principais pilares da Arqueologia acadêmica no Brasil. Essa investigação tem o objetivo de demonstrar que os conceitos não são verdades naturais e imodificáveis, mas construções discursivas que devem ser investigadas para ressaltar sua historicidade e seus usos políticos, e, portanto, sua capacidade de transformação e adaptação. Este trabalho foca-se especialmente na análise dos conceitos de Homem e Humanismo em Rivet e Duarte, procurando demonstrar que sua construção se deu obedecendo aos desejos, interesses e contextos de seus produtores. Relidas na atualidade, tais concepções podem abrir espaços para repensarmos termos que são caros à Arqueologia / Abstract: This research aims to analyze how speech construction about Human and Humanism were made by Paul Rivet and Paulo Duarte, intellectuals who deeply influenced the development of some of the main pillars of academic Archaeology in Brazil. This research aims to show that a concept is not an unchangeable and natural truth, but it is a discursive construction that should be investigated to stand out its historicity and politic uses, and therefore its transformation and adaptation capability. The main focus of this paper is to analyze the concepts of Man and Humanism in Rivet e Duarte, trying to show that the construction of these concepts were based on obeying the producers 'desires, interest and contexts. Read today, these concepts are able to open up spaces for rethinking terms that are important to Archaeology / Mestrado / Historia Cultural / Mestra em História

The aim of thesis is semiotic analysis of chosen audio-visual commercials of children's products. The thesis will contain introduction, ending, theoretic part and empiric part. I introduce semiotic like subject of science in theoretic part, explain concept of sign and semiosis. Next I will describe concepts "denotace", "konotace", verbal and nonverbal signs. Next I will focus on commercial. I will describe commercial discours and semiotic in commercial. I'll introduce television as medium of commercial and come to methods gaining attention of consumers. Next I will apply children's consumer, children's marketing, children's and television commercial, how perception of television commercial influences children of different age and how to eliminate influence of commerical to children. In empiric part I will do semiotic analysis of chosen audio-visual commercials of children's products. I introduce method of research and I will make efforts to confirm hypothese, that commercials use as method gaining attention of children's primarily emotions, but when it is commercial of children's product aim at adults (nappies, children's nutrition) use rather method of providing of informations. So it use different elements of signs. I will simultaneously expect reciprocal harmony between visual, verbal and audio...

Submitted by ELZE CAMILA FERREIRA RODRIGUES null (elzerodrigues@gmail.com) on 2016-06-06T19:02:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RODRIGUES, Elze. (Dissertação) A atuação internacional do Brasil para as mudanças climáticas - as COP de 2009 a 2015.pdf: 1314961 bytes, checksum: 200eb2bbd9bf67956a9ed43d2124a102 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-07T13:44:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_ecf_me_mar.pdf: 1314961 bytes, checksum: 200eb2bbd9bf67956a9ed43d2124a102 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-07T13:44:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_ecf_me_mar.pdf: 1314961 bytes, checksum: 200eb2bbd9bf67956a9ed43d2124a102 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-03 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / No ano de 2009, durante a décima quinta edição da Conferência das Partes (COP) da Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas para as Mudanças Climáticas (UNFCCC, na sigla em inglês), a representação diplomática brasileira assumiu para o país um compromisso voluntário de redução das emissões nacionais de gases causadores do efeito estufa. Tal evento foi marcante no regime internacional de mudanças climáticas e na trajetória da política externa ambiental brasileira por conta do pioneirismo do país entre os intermediários que não pertencem ao Anexo I. Essa atitude da diplomacia brasileira é parte da conjuntura vivida pelo multilateralismo ambiental em que a tradicional clivagem Norte-Sul ganhava também a categoria intermediária das economias emergentes. A atuação do Brasil e de outros países dessa categoria teve reflexos nos debates nos anos posteriores à COP-15. O objetivo desse trabalho é, assim, analisar a atuação da diplomacia brasileira entre a COP-15 e a COP-21 diante dos desafios das mudanças climáticas e do multilateralismo. Para tanto, faz-se uma análise da política externa ambiental do país neste período, bem como um paralelo com a atuação dos países do BASIC na mesma cronologia. / In 2009, during the fifteenth edition of the Conference of the Parties (COP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Brazilian diplomatic representation took a voluntary commitment to reduce national emissions of greenhouse gas effect. This was an outstanding event in the international climate change regime and in the trajectory of Brazilian environmental foreign policy because of the country's pioneering among the intermediaries economies that do not belong to Annex I. This attitude of Brazilian diplomacy is a part of the framework experienced by environmental multilateralism where the traditional division between North-South includes now the intermediate category of emerging economies. The performance of Brazil and other countries in that category was reflected in the discussions in the years after COP-15. The aim of this study is to analyze the performance of Brazilian diplomacy between the COP-15 and COP-21 concerning the challenges of climate change and multilateralism. Therefore, it is an analysis of the Brazilian environmental foreign policy during this period as well as a comparison with the performance of the BASIC countries in the same timeline.