xvi, 152 p. : col. ill. / Millions of dollars are spent on celebrity contracts each year by assuming that the benefits of using celebrities will exceed the costs. Accordingly, many researchers have studied the impact of celebrity endorsements on advertising effectiveness. One of the theories used frequently by these researchers is the match-up hypothesis. This theory suggests that there should be a good fit between the celebrity and the product; however, it is not clear what constitutes a good fit. Some researchers suggested that attractive celebrities will be more effective if they are used to promote attractiveness-related products. Other researchers claimed that when there is congruence between the product type and the celebrity profession, advertising effectiveness will be enhanced; however, these existing dimensions of the match-up hypothesis fall short of explaining some popular celebrity endorsement campaigns (e.g., Sharpie Pens and David Beckham). The current research contributes to the study of celebrity endorsements by adding another dimension, values, to the match-up hypothesis. Specifically, the congruence between celebrity values (as perceived by consumers) and values represented by products was considered as an alternative to the attractiveness and expertise dimensions. In a series of six experiments, support for the positive impact of celebrity-product value congruence on advertising effectiveness was found. College students exposed to the high value congruence ad spent less time in examining the ad, suggesting that participants were easily and quickly able to match up the celebrities and products. Moreover, participants who were exposed to the high value congruence ad had significantly more favorable attitudes toward ad and brand, had higher intentions to buy the product, and were more likely to recommend the product to other people than were participants who were exposed to the low value congruence ad. The results also suggested that value congruence with unfamiliar celebrities was more effective than value congruence with familiar celebrities for generating more favorable attitudes toward ad and brand and higher behavioral intentions, due probably to the minimized effect of pre-established thoughts or feelings about unfamiliar celebrities. Together these results suggest that the congruence between celebrity and product values plays an important role in advertising effectiveness. / Committee in charge: Lynn R. Kahle, Chairperson; Joan Giese, Member; David Boush, Member; Deborah Morrison, Outside Member

Consumers are actively avoiding advertising, which has made the advertising landscape more challenging, resulting in the implementation of other strategies. Provocative advertising is a strategy implemented to make a strong impression on the consumers. However, the discussion of consumers becoming more and more resistant towards advertising lifts the question of provocative advertisement as an effective strategy. Digital natives is the part of the population who are the most exposed to information on online platforms, therefore the question of lessening of response to provocative advertisement from the digital natives is investigated. As emotional response previously has been used to understand the effect advertising elicits from consumers, the purpose of this research is to describe the emotional responses digital natives have towards provocative advertising. The empirical material gathered has been among digital natives in Växjö, Sweden, studying their emotional response towards the seven types of provocative advertising provided within the theoretical framework. The focus group consisted of four different gatherings, with six participants in each in order to create an understanding of how digital natives perceive provocative advertising and resulted in an understanding of the effectiveness of it. The results indicate that provocative advertising does evoke emotions. Specifically, the advertisements that include a cause or message evoked more emotions from the digital natives, and therefore is an effective strategy to implement from a practical perspective. The result also allowed for an understanding that digital natives expressed more resistance towards expressing their emotions rather than showing specific resistance towards the provocative advertising itself, which is recommended by this study for further research

Yes / It is often assumed that exposure to nude stimuli in advertising influences consumer behavior positively. However, the empirical evidence concerning the effects of nudity on consumer reactions is inconclusive. The goal of this study is to disentangle the effects of opposite-gender and same-gender nudity on female and male consumers' reactions. This study, thereby, offers a framework for the appropriate choice of seminude or fully clothed human stimuli based on advertisers' objectives and consumer–model gender interactions. The empirical data were derived from a large-scale market research initiative from Germany with 61,399 consumer evaluations of 147 real ads from 16 product categories. Female consumers show positive same-gender results for both seminude and fully clothed female models, indicating strong homophily, but nonsignificant opposite-gender effects on information search, positive attitude change, integration of brand into consideration set, and purchase intentions. In contrast, male consumers demonstrate a significantly positive and equally strong influence of opposite-gender and same-gender seminude stimuli on all of the four variables.

Theoretically, advertising has been regarded as a marketing communication; that is, advertising is subsumed under marketing. However, this thesis deconstructs the existing theories and argues that advertising historically was not a marketing tool due to practical conflicts within the British advertising industry. Field work was conducted by means of interviews in addition to document research of publications by practitioners. After the Second World War, marketing people in Britain adopted the modern marketing concepts from the US where marketing and advertising people used the same principles and practice of advertising. The thesis traces back to fundamental concepts in social sciences such as economics, sociology and psychology that marketing and advertising people applied to their disciplines. Then, relevant historical backgrounds including the history of advertising agencies, market research and account planning are explored. They indicate that advertising was not part of marketing communications but rather located between marketing and communications. The application of various social sciences and the historical backgrounds govern British agency people's practice of advertising research during the 1960s and 1970s. They used research to explain advertising effectiveness in terms of both communication and sales. However, they found some disagreements between their concepts and that of marketing people in their client companies. They felt more frustrated when clients and research companies used scientific principles and practice in measuring advertising effectiveness. The 1960s and 1970s events led to the origin of the IPA (Institute of Practitioners in Advertising) Awards in 1980. The IPA Awards were in fact the consequence of the past as they tried to maintain their stance of developing advertising effectiveness theories as opposed to those of clients and research companies for two decades. However, as the Awards grew and became one of the most recognised award schemes in the industry, they were used by agency people as a tool to increase their agencies' reputation rather than a demonstration of advertising effectiveness.

No description available.

本篇論文研究主要針對香菸警示圖文相關政策做消費者廣告效果的衡量，主因為世界反菸相關運動及政策近幾年不斷的在興起，而台灣在政策上雖然也有相同的聲音出現，但在相關研究上卻寥寥可數，並無足夠實證證據去推動相關法案的運行，且在警示圖文的面積及廣告訴求上，台灣目前所推行的警示圖文相對世界而言，不僅單調且在與消費者的溝通效果上也不如預期，因此引發本研究之動機，警示圖文面積對消費者的影響為何?而是否在不同的廣告訴求下，會使警示圖文面積的放大對消費者的影響有加成效果，而面對香菸消費者對香菸的不同涉入程度，警示圖文面積是否仍然有效? 本研究先利用現行實施的警示圖文政策中，面積佔比最大及最小的警示圖文做為本次研究實驗的基準，並取兩者中位數定義為面積佔比中，主要衡量警示圖文面積的改變與廣告效果的關係，並根據文獻推論這三個層次的廣告效果會受到消費者對涉入程度以及警示圖文之廣告訴求的干擾。 理論架構以3*2的實驗設計，利用不同廣告訴求之警示圖文，採用實際菸盒大小比例，設計包含了大、中及小三種層次的警示圖文，研究樣本為有抽菸習慣的人，並將對香菸的涉入程度做為組內設計，隨機抽樣180人進行實驗後填答問卷，以隨機分配的方式至六組，有效問卷為177份，先利用敘述性統計及因素分析檢驗樣本及問卷，再利用變異數分析進行後續的統計分析。 經實證研究後發現以下結果，(一)單純香菸警示圖文面積佔比的改變，對消費者的廣告效果並無顯著的影響，且台灣現行警示圖文已失去該有的警示效果，(二)考慮干擾效果之後可以發現，不同的廣告訴求確實會對香菸警示圖文面積佔比的廣告效果，對態度上有顯著的影響，對理性訴求來說，警示圖文的放大仍然會有影響力，但總體效果並不如感性訴求的警示圖文(三)不同涉入程度水準，也會對香菸警示圖文面積佔比的廣告效果，對購買意願有顯著的影響，對涉入程度較低的香菸使用者而言，警示圖文確實能造成其未來對香菸購買行為的改變，而對香菸涉入程度高的消費者而言，警示圖文可產生的廣告效果並不會對其行為有太大影響。 / The anti-smoking campaign and relative policies is growing around the world in these years. However, there were not much related researches in Taiwan. In addition, our anti-smoking policy really fallen behind which compared to other developed countries. It’s became the motivation of this study. This thesis focuses on cigarette warning label issues, and measure advertising effectiveness of warning label area. In addition, it also considers the disturbance variables, including involvement and advertising appeals. This study conducted experiment method. According to literature review, the Independent variable based on current world warning label policy, we define three levels of different warning label area. This study take the smoker in Taiwan as research objects in order to distribute 180 questionnaires, 177 of which are retrieved and the valid ratio is 98%. As the result of experiment, we found that the advertising effectiveness of cigarette warning area wasn’t distinct, but that would be affected by involvement and advertising appeals. The result of research supported part of fundamental hypothesis. The effectiveness of attitude could be higher when the warning label was emotional appeals. The smoker with lower involvement would have higher effectiveness of purchase intension. Beside of that, this study also found that the current cigarette warning label isn’t work anymore.

<p>Marketing has changed a lot the past decade. New modern marketing channels have been developed and marketing have become more effective. This has affected the expectations advertisers have on advertising channels. One thing advertisers increasingly expect is to be able to efficiently measure the result of advertising, the ROI. A method for measuring ROI of digital signage is in focus in this study. The measurement is enabled by a combination of digital signage and mobile advertising. First a consumer is exposed to digital signage encouraging SMS interaction in order to receive an electronic voucher entitling the consumer to a discount. If the voucher is used, revenues can be linked to a specific campaign and ROI can be calculated. The study focus on measuring the tendency consumers have to interact through SMS when they get exposed to relevant advertising and the tendency they have to use the voucher that is sent to them as a result of the interaction.  The question is how efficient this method is for measuring ROI. In order to bring clarity to the issue, I conducted a quantitative survey using an online self completion questionnaire as measurement tool. It was distributed through e-mail among students at the College of Management at National Taiwan University. Furthermore, I have chosen a deductive approach, my epistemological position is positivism and I therefore utilize the scientific model conducting my research. My ontological position is objectivism meaning that I believe reality is independent of social actors.</p><p>The empirical data collected showed that the method in focus have great potential in working efficient for measuring ROI of digital signage. The general tendency to interact through SMS was high, on average 82.3% of the respondents would interact through SMS when getting exposed to relevant advertising. In addition, 96.5% of those would also use the voucher sent to them, enabling ROI calculations.</p><p>It was presumed that the digital signage advertising was relevant to such an extent to the consumer getting exposed to it, that he/she already had a purchase intention of the product/service which the advertising regarded. This should be remembered when evaluating the results. Nevertheless, if advertisers succeed in reaching out with relevant advertising enough, the findings in this study indicates that the method is an efficient tool to use for ROI calculations of digital signage.</p><p> </p>

<p>In this age of ubiquitous advertisement, people are getting more and more burdened withadvertising clutter. Digital Signage (DS) has evolved to be a new medium that can cut throughthis clutter and reach a large number of consumers. Though Digital Signage was introduced asan in-store advertising medium, soon it started to replace traditional static billboards with thebenefit of technological advancement.</p><p>While advertising effectiveness is a much discussed subject, effectiveness of an advertisingmedia is still a less explored area. Our research explored the effectiveness of Digital Signageas an advertising media in terms of its placement inside of a store and outside of a store. Atthe beginning we developed a model to measure the effectiveness of Digital Signage on thebasis of an existing model, termed as Advertising Response Model (ARM). Based onprofound study and analysis of previous literature on advertising and media effectiveness,consumer psychology, outdoor advertising and intermediate measurement variables weconstructed the modified version of ARM that deemed to be the best fit with our purpose. Wefurther developed four hypotheses on the basis of the four major variables of our model.</p><p>The result of our study indicated that placement of Digital Signage inside and outside of thestore environment impacts the variables of Attention, Recall and Media Liking of theaudience differently. However, no significant difference in consumers’ Buying Interest issupported. Placing Digital Signage inside of the store as well outside of the store both hasdifferent degrees of impact on consumers in terms of Attention, Recall and Media Liking. Thecorrelations among the variables were also explored and thus we presented some strategicinsights about the placement of Digital Signage and practical implications for managers in thescope of our study.</p><p>Our research area has received comparatively less academic attention than other advertisingmedia. However, considering the growing importance of Digital Signage as a groundbreakingadvertising medium and scope of future research work, we believe Digital Signage will be asubject of interest for the academics, the advertisers as well as for the companies.</p>

Marketing has changed a lot the past decade. New modern marketing channels have been developed and marketing have become more effective. This has affected the expectations advertisers have on advertising channels. One thing advertisers increasingly expect is to be able to efficiently measure the result of advertising, the ROI. A method for measuring ROI of digital signage is in focus in this study. The measurement is enabled by a combination of digital signage and mobile advertising. First a consumer is exposed to digital signage encouraging SMS interaction in order to receive an electronic voucher entitling the consumer to a discount. If the voucher is used, revenues can be linked to a specific campaign and ROI can be calculated. The study focus on measuring the tendency consumers have to interact through SMS when they get exposed to relevant advertising and the tendency they have to use the voucher that is sent to them as a result of the interaction.  The question is how efficient this method is for measuring ROI. In order to bring clarity to the issue, I conducted a quantitative survey using an online self completion questionnaire as measurement tool. It was distributed through e-mail among students at the College of Management at National Taiwan University. Furthermore, I have chosen a deductive approach, my epistemological position is positivism and I therefore utilize the scientific model conducting my research. My ontological position is objectivism meaning that I believe reality is independent of social actors. The empirical data collected showed that the method in focus have great potential in working efficient for measuring ROI of digital signage. The general tendency to interact through SMS was high, on average 82.3% of the respondents would interact through SMS when getting exposed to relevant advertising. In addition, 96.5% of those would also use the voucher sent to them, enabling ROI calculations. It was presumed that the digital signage advertising was relevant to such an extent to the consumer getting exposed to it, that he/she already had a purchase intention of the product/service which the advertising regarded. This should be remembered when evaluating the results. Nevertheless, if advertisers succeed in reaching out with relevant advertising enough, the findings in this study indicates that the method is an efficient tool to use for ROI calculations of digital signage.

In this age of ubiquitous advertisement, people are getting more and more burdened withadvertising clutter. Digital Signage (DS) has evolved to be a new medium that can cut throughthis clutter and reach a large number of consumers. Though Digital Signage was introduced asan in-store advertising medium, soon it started to replace traditional static billboards with thebenefit of technological advancement. While advertising effectiveness is a much discussed subject, effectiveness of an advertisingmedia is still a less explored area. Our research explored the effectiveness of Digital Signageas an advertising media in terms of its placement inside of a store and outside of a store. Atthe beginning we developed a model to measure the effectiveness of Digital Signage on thebasis of an existing model, termed as Advertising Response Model (ARM). Based onprofound study and analysis of previous literature on advertising and media effectiveness,consumer psychology, outdoor advertising and intermediate measurement variables weconstructed the modified version of ARM that deemed to be the best fit with our purpose. Wefurther developed four hypotheses on the basis of the four major variables of our model. The result of our study indicated that placement of Digital Signage inside and outside of thestore environment impacts the variables of Attention, Recall and Media Liking of theaudience differently. However, no significant difference in consumers’ Buying Interest issupported. Placing Digital Signage inside of the store as well outside of the store both hasdifferent degrees of impact on consumers in terms of Attention, Recall and Media Liking. Thecorrelations among the variables were also explored and thus we presented some strategicinsights about the placement of Digital Signage and practical implications for managers in thescope of our study. Our research area has received comparatively less academic attention than other advertisingmedia. However, considering the growing importance of Digital Signage as a groundbreakingadvertising medium and scope of future research work, we believe Digital Signage will be asubject of interest for the academics, the advertisers as well as for the companies.