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New activity-based probes to detect matrix metalloproteases / Nouvelles sondes d'affinité pour la détection de metallo proteases de la matriceKaminska, Monika 14 December 2018 (has links)
Les Métallo Protéases Matricielles (MMP) en tant qu'endopeptidases à zinc ont une large gamme de fonctions biologiques allant du remodelage tissulaire à la modulation de la réponse cellulaire. Une modification de leur activité protéolytique est souvent associée à de nombreux désordres biologiques. In vivo, ces protéases sont soumises à de nombreuses modifications post-traductionnelles. Elles sont sécrétées sous formes latentes à l'extérieur des cellules pour être ensuite transformées en forme fonctionnelles. Ces dernières sont ensuite inhibées par des inhibiteurs endogènes. En raison de leur sécrétion dans l’espace extra cellulaire, les MMP sous formes actives ont longtemps été considérées comme de simples ciseaux moléculaires capable de dégrader uniquement la matrice extracellulaire. Cependant, le remodelage tissulaire ne constitue pas la fonction unique et encore moins la fonction principale de ces enzymes. Elles peuvent en effet cliver une grande variété de substrats non matriciels et à ce titre sont impliquées dans la progression tumorale, l'immunité et l'inflammation. Pour ajouter une complexité supplémentaire à la biologie des MMP, il a été récemment montré que certaines MMP ont une localisation intracellulaire associée à des fonctions non protéolytiques. Ces observations, mais aussi celles montrant que ces protease participent à la progression de la maladie alors que d'autres ont une fonction protectrice, soulignent la nécessité de mieux documenter leur activation spatiale et temporelle dans divers contextes biologiques.Le profilage protéique basé sur l'activité vise à analyser l'état fonctionnel des protéines dans des échantillons biologiques complexes. À cette fin, des sondes basées sur l'activité (ABP), qui réagissent avec les enzymes en s’appuyant sur leur mécanisme catalytique, ont été développées pour la détection d’enzymes sous formes actives, notamment dans le cas des protéases à sérine et à cystéine. Une sonde basée sur l’activité (ABP) est classiquement composée : i) d’un groupement réactif conduisant à la modification covalente de résidus au sein du site actif de l’enzyme, ii) d’un motif de liaison imposant la sélectivité au groupement réactif et iii) d’un groupement rapporteur permettant la détection des enzymes ciblées. Cette approche ne s’applique toutefois pas aux MMP, pour lesquelles il n’existe pas de résidus nucléophiles conservés au sein du site actif. À cet égard, tous les ABP ciblant les MMP comportent un groupement photo activable qui, sous irradiation UV, favorise la formation du complexe covalent. De telles sondes photo sensibles ont permis de détecter les MMP sous leurs formes actives dans des tissus et des fluides, mais pas chez les animaux vivants au sein desquels l’étape de photo-activation ne peut être réalisé.Dans ce contexte, en nous appuyant sur un contexte structural favorable et en exploitant la chimie de l'acyl imidazole (LDAI) dirigée par un ligand, nous avons identifié une nouvelle série de sondes capables de modifier de manière covalente les MMP sans recourir à la photo-activation. Nous avons ainsi validé la capacité de ces sondes à marquer de manière sélective et efficace la MMP12 humaine in vitro et dans des protéomes complexes. Dans ce dernier cas, jusqu’à 50ng de hMMP12 correspondant à 0,05% du protéome total peuvent être détectés. Nous avons également déterminé l'identité de l’unique résidu modifié de façon covalente au sein du site actif de la hMMP-12 et vérifié que cette modification avait peu d'impact sur l’activité protéolytique de cette dernière. Nous avons démontré que cette approche permettait de détecter des MMP endogènes. Enfin, nous avons étendu cette stratégie de marquage à un panel plus large de MMP.En développant la première stratégie de marquage des formes actives de MMP «sans photo-activation», il semble maintenant possible d’envisager la détection de ces enzymes à la fois dans les protéomes complexes et in vivo. / Matrix MetalloProteases (MMPs) as zinc endopeptidases have a wide range of biological functions, and changes in their proteolytic activity underlie many biological disorders. Since their proteolytic activity has to be tightly controlled to prevent tissue destruction, theses proteases are subjected to numerous posttranslational modifications in vivo. They are secreted under latent forms outside of the cells, and are subsequently processed into their functional form that can be further inhibited by endogenous inhibitors. Due to their delineated area of activation, MMP active forms have long been considered for their unique ability to degrade extracellular substrates. However, turnover and breakdown of the extracellular matrix are neither the sole nor the main function of MMPs. These enzymes can indeed process a wide variety of non-matrix substrates and are involved in the regulation of multiple aspects of tumor progression, immunity and inflammation. To add further complexity to MMPs biology, some members within the family were recently reported to have intracellular localization associated to non-proteolytic functions. These observations but also those evidencing that some MMPs participate in disease progression while others have a protective function, stress the need to better document their spatial and temporal activation in various biological contexts.Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) aims to analyze the functional state of proteins within complex biological samples. To this purpose, activity-based probes (ABPs) that react with enzymes in a mechanism-based manner have been successfully developed for the profiling of several enzymes including serine and cysteine proteases. A typical Activity-Based probe (ABP) is composed of i) a reactive warhead, which reacts in a covalent manner with enzyme active site residues, ii) a targeting moiety that imposes selectivity upon the reactive group and iii) a detectable group for subsequent analyses. This approach is not applicable to MMPs, which lack a targetable nucleophile involved in the catalysis. In this respect, all ABPs directed to MMPs are affinity-based probes (AfBPs) containing within their structure a photo cross-linking group that promotes the formation of a covalent complex upon UV-irradiation. Such photoactivatable probes have been successfully developed for the detection of MMPs under their active forms in fluids and tissue extracts, but not in living animals where the photo-activation step is not feasible.By relying on a favorable structural context and by exploiting the ligand-directed acyl imidazole (LDAI) chemistry, we have identified a novel series of AfBPs capable of covalently modifying matrix metalloproteases without making use of photo-activation. These active-site-directed probes whose structure was derived from that of a MMP12 selective inhibitor harbored a reactive acyl imidazole in their P3' position. They demonstrated their labelling specificity in vitro by covalently modifying a single Lysine residue within the MMP-12 S3' region. We also showed that these probes only targeted functional states of hMMP-12 and spared forms whose active site was occluded either by a synthetic or a natural inhibitor. We have validated the ability of these chemical probes to efficiently label human MMP12 in complex proteomes. In this case, down to 50 ng of hMMP12 corresponding to 0.05% of the whole proteome can be labelled and detected by in-gel fluorescence analysis. We demonstrated that this approach also allowed detecting endogenous MMPs secreted by stimulated-macrophages. In addition, by modifying the nature of the targeting moiety, we have extended this affinity-labeling approach to six other MMPs.By developing the first “photo activation-free” strategy to covalently modify active forms of MMPs, the unresolved proteomic profiling of native MMPs should be now accessible both in complex proteomes and in preclinical model in which MMPs are potential relevant targets.
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Synthesis of bespoke matrices to investigate a novel anti-tumour molecular target using affinity chromatography. The design, synthesis and evaluation of biotinylated biarylheterocycles used as novel affinity probes in the identification of anti-tumour molecular targets.Evans, Hayley R. January 2010 (has links)
Three novel, synthetic biarylheterocycles bearing imidazole terminal groups had previously been discovered with high cytotoxicity (IC50 16¿640 nM) against a number of human tumour cell lines. Notably, this biological activity was independent of duplex DNA binding affinity. The compounds were tested in the NCI 60-cell line panel and COMPARE analysis suggests they have a novel mechanism of action, targeting the product of a ¿gene-like sequence¿ of unidentified function.
The identity of likely protein targets was explored using a chemical proteomic strategy. Bespoke affinity matrices for chromatography were prepared in which test compounds were attached to a solid support through a biotin tag. A synthetic route to hit compounds containing a biotin moiety in place of one of the imidazole sidechains was developed. Chemosensitivity studies confirmed that the biotinylated compounds retained their activity showing IC50 = 6.25 ¿M in a susceptible cell line, compared with > 100 ¿M for an insensitive cell line.
The biotinylated ligands were complexed to a streptavidin-activated affinity column and exposed to cell lysates from the susceptible cell lines. Bound proteins were eluted from the column and separated using SDS-PAGE. Proteins were characterised by MALDI MS and MS/MS and identified using Mascot database searches. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear protein A2/B1 was found to selectively bind to the affinity probes. / Yorkshire Cancer Research, BMSS, School of Life Sciences and the Frank Hudson Memorial Fund
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Synthesis of bespoke matrices to investigate a novel anti-tumour molecular target using affinity chromatography : the design, synthesis and evaluation of biotinylated biarylheterocycles used as novel affinity probes in the identification of anti-tumour molecular targetsEvans, Hayley Ruth January 2010 (has links)
Three novel, synthetic biarylheterocycles bearing imidazole terminal groups had previously been discovered with high cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ 16-640 nM) against a number of human tumour cell lines. Notably, this biological activity was independent of duplex DNA binding affinity. The compounds were tested in the NCI 60-cell line panel and COMPARE analysis suggests they have a novel mechanism of action, targeting the product of a 'gene-like sequence' of unidentified function. The identity of likely protein targets was explored using a chemical proteomic strategy. Bespoke affinity matrices for chromatography were prepared in which test compounds were attached to a solid support through a biotin tag. A synthetic route to hit compounds containing a biotin moiety in place of one of the imidazole sidechains was developed. Chemosensitivity studies confirmed that the biotinylated compounds retained their activity showing IC₅₀ = 6.25 μM in a susceptible cell line, compared with > 100 μM for an insensitive cell line. The biotinylated ligands were complexed to a streptavidin-activated affinity column and exposed to cell lysates from the susceptible cell lines. Bound proteins were eluted from the column and separated using SDS-PAGE. Proteins were characterised by MALDI MS and MS/MS and identified using Mascot database searches. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear protein A2/B1 was found to selectively bind to the affinity probes.
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