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ALENCAR, Francisco Amaro Gomes de. Segredos íntimos:a gestão nos assentamentos de reforma agrária. 1998. 209 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente - PRODEMA, Fortaleza-CE, 1998. / Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-04-04T19:25:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 1998_dis_fagalencar.pdf: 1930816 bytes, checksum: 210acc51f688334da3c00ba5b82f5ff7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by guaracy araujo(guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-04-04T19:26:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 1998_dis_fagalencar.pdf: 1930816 bytes, checksum: 210acc51f688334da3c00ba5b82f5ff7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T19:26:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1998_dis_fagalencar.pdf: 1930816 bytes, checksum: 210acc51f688334da3c00ba5b82f5ff7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Intimate secrets – the management of agrarian reform settlements” is result of my reflections and experience working during the last twelve years as geographer, firstly as a technician and lately as an university professor. This knowledge was built along with the settiers, using an approach that searches to bring to the theory mechanisms that involve the construction of knowledge in this field. This is a rigorous, systematic, and critic research. Its content is justified through the successive approximations of the studied subject: settler / settlement due to the way that the reality was historically formulated. The results are neither conclusive nor definitive because “durable works are not finished yet”. Therefore, I begin analyzing the undertanding of the categories: settlement in agrarian reform areas, management, place, space, and territory. In following, I (re)interpret the history of the studied subject, having as case study the settlements Vitória and Cachoeira Cercada, in order to demonstrate from this standpoint the relationship between a successful settlement and another one that did not achieve “success”. Finally, I propose a way to be followed so that the settlers succeed in managing the territory, instead of keeping managing the space or the place “forever”. / Segredos íntimos  a gestão nos assentamentos de reforma agrária é resultado de um trabalho de experiência e reflexões por mim vivido nestes últimos doze anos na qualidade de geógrafo, inicialmente desenvolvendo as funções de técnico e, posteriormente, como professor universitário. Este saber foi construído juntamente com os assentados, com uma prática que busca trazer para a teoria mecanismos que envolvem a construção de um conhecimento nesse terreno. Trata-se de uma pesquisa rigorosa, sistemática e crítica, e o seu conteúdo se justifica, em virtude da maneira como foi elaborada teoricamente a realidade, através de aproximações sucessivas do sujeito pesquisado: assentado / assentamento. Os resultados aqui apresentados não são conclusivos, nem definitivos, pois “as obras duradouras, ainda não estão completadas”. Assim sendo, começo fazendo uma análise sobre o entendimento das categorias: assentamento em área de reforma agrária, gestão, lugar, espaço e território. Em seguida, (re)interpreto a história do sujeito da pesquisa, tendo como estudo de caso os assentamentos Vitória e Cachoeira Cercada, para, a partir daí, demonstrar a relação entre um “assentamento exitoso, com sucesso”, econômico, social, político, ambiental, e aquele que não obteve “sucesso”. Por último, proponho um caminho a ser seguindo, a fim de que os assentados consigam fazer a gestão do território, e não fiquem “eternamente” a fazer uma gestão do espaço ou do lugar.

nÃo hà / Segredos Ãntimos  a gestÃo nos assentamentos de reforma agrÃria à resultado de um trabalho de experiÃncia e reflexÃes por mim vivido nestes Ãltimos doze anos na qualidade de geÃgrafo, inicialmente desenvolvendo as funÃÃes de tÃcnico e, posteriormente, como professor universitÃrio. Este saber foi construÃdo juntamente com os assentados, com uma prÃtica que busca trazer para a teoria mecanismos que envolvem a construÃÃo de um conhecimento nesse terreno. Trata-se de uma pesquisa rigorosa, sistemÃtica e crÃtica, e o seu conteÃdo se justifica, em virtude da maneira como foi elaborada teoricamente a realidade, atravÃs de aproximaÃÃes sucessivas do sujeito pesquisado: assentado / assentamento. Os resultados aqui apresentados nÃo sÃo conclusivos, nem definitivos, pois âas obras duradouras, ainda nÃo estÃo completadasâ. Assim sendo, comeÃo fazendo uma anÃlise sobre o entendimento das categorias: assentamento em Ãrea de reforma agrÃria, gestÃo, lugar, espaÃo e territÃrio. Em seguida, (re)interpreto a histÃria do sujeito da pesquisa, tendo como estudo de caso os assentamentos VitÃria e Cachoeira Cercada, para, a partir daÃ, demonstrar a relaÃÃo entre um âassentamento exitoso, com sucessoâ, econÃmico, social, polÃtico, ambiental, e aquele que nÃo obteve âsucessoâ. Por Ãltimo, proponho um caminho a ser seguindo, a fim de que os assentados consigam fazer a gestÃo do territÃrio, e nÃo fiquem âeternamenteâ a fazer uma gestÃo do espaÃo ou do lugar. / Intimate secrets â the management of agrarian reform settlementsâ is result of my reflections and experience working during the last twelve years as geographer, firstly as a technician and lately as an university professor. This knowledge was built along with the settiers, using an approach that searches to bring to the theory mechanisms that involve the construction of knowledge in this field. This is a rigorous, systematic, and critic research. Its content is justified through the successive approximations of the studied subject: settler / settlement due to the way that the reality was historically formulated. The results are neither conclusive nor definitive because âdurable works are not finished yetâ. Therefore, I begin analyzing the undertanding of the categories: settlement in agrarian reform areas, management, place, space, and territory. In following, I (re)interpret the history of the studied subject, having as case study the settlements VitÃria and Cachoeira Cercada, in order to demonstrate from this standpoint the relationship between a successful settlement and another one that did not achieve âsuccessâ. Finally, I propose a way to be followed so that the settlers succeed in managing the territory, instead of keeping managing the space or the place âforeverâ.

For many decades, demand for agricultural commodities has remained stagnant and its growth has been limited. In contrast, agricultural production continues to become ever more efficient by increasing output for stable or decreased inputs. Long-run profits have historically been near zero due to an ongoing relative equilibrium. But recent U.S. energy policy has changed to include a Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS), the goal of which is to boost domestic energy independence in an environmentally sound way. Most of the RFS in the near-term relies on the production of 15 billion gallons of ethanol made from corn. This has the effect of creating a new sector of demand for grain corn and subsequently supports rural economies. The RFS creates a new demand for 5.5 billion bushels of corn by 2015. At the corn-ethanol conversion ratio of 2.7 gallons per bushel, this will sustain the production of 15 billion gallons of ethanol. The RFS is a blending floor imposed on gasoline refiners. Ethanol producers, on the other hand, are not forced to supply ethanol. While the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has the authority to implement the RFS, it does not have the ability to expand ethanol supplies. The U.S. government has therefore supported the use of ethanol through a current 45 cent tax credit for each gallon of ethanol blended into gasoline. Other financial support programs such as grants and loan guarantees are in place for ethanol refiners. Ethanol in the U.S.is primarily made from the starchy molecules in corn. One bushel of corn in a dry mill ethanol plant will produce approximately 2.7 gallons of ethanol and 17 pounds of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) which can be used in livestock rations. A wet mill plant will produce other by-products. Ethanol can be used directly in the nation's fuel supply at limited levels of blending. Most cars in the United States can withstand the corrosive nature of ethanol in blends of up to 10% or more. But flex-fuel vehicles, which are able to operate on 85% ethanol are increasingly becoming available for sale and their use continues to grow. Corn ethanol is a very complex issue when implemented on such a large scale as the RFS dictates. The amount of transportation fuel actually displaced by its use is a hotly debated topic. In any case, the large scale production of corn ethanol has created a firm link between agricultural markets and the energy sector. Ethanol is also an environmental issue. One of the primary goals of the RFS is to combat global warming and whether or not this is achieved it currently in debate. Aside from the climate change issue, there are other environmental ramifications tied directly to ethanol such as contamination, water use and land-use change. Since the inception of the RFS, price volatility and uncertainty has never been greater. In the first half of 2008, prices for all commodities reached historically high levels. This raises the concern of the impacts with the RFS has on markets other than corn. The livestock industry and other grain markets have been affected to some degree by the RFS. This is in part due to the changing profile of the major trading participants in the commodity trading centers. All of this is related to a structural change which has taken place in the agricultural markets as a result of the RFS. Historical relationships between price, supply and demand have adjusted and currently continue to adjust. The reasons for the adjustments are founded in economic theory regarding system-wide demand shocks. In this case, the demand shock is roughly a net 50% increase in the demand for corn by 2015 compared to the most recent decade. The adjustments which take place can be summarized by three periods. In period 1, the demand curve shifts outward, equilibrium is lost and higher corn prices are observed. In period 2, the market struggles to find a new equilibrium by increasing output. This period is marked by increased volatility and market participants over and under react to price signals until the new equilibrium is discovered. Period three is represented by the discovery of a relative market equilibrium at price higher than previously, but not as high as the initial demand shock. Results from, a fundamental analysis of the grain markets show that the expected market behavior has begun to take place and agriculture finds itself in period 2 of the changes described above. While most of the price changes and acreage shifts can be explained, the degree to which prices have increased are not fully explained. A change in trading center activities (Boards of Trade, etc.) may help to further account for the new prices. A survey of brokers shows that the behavior of commercial traders has significantly changed since RFS implementation. Volatility and uncertainty have ensued. The consequences of the RFS to the farmer have also been significant. Farm income has increased significantly sufficiently to overcome the riding costs of fuel and fertilizer. The risk exposure of farmers has also changed; the data indicates that exposure to risk has increased greatly. However, the farm gate prices have been more than enough to compensate for the changes in risk.