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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Contribution des pollinisateurs dans la production de colza et de tournesol en zone atelier « Plaine et Val de Sèvre » / Contribution of pollinators to oilseed rape and sunflower production in the zone atelier « Plaine and Val de Sèvre ».

Perrot, Thomas 15 June 2018 (has links)
La pollinisation entomophile est essentielle pour la production de 70% des cultures à travers le monde. Cependant la contribution des pollinisateurs dans la production agricole reste peu renseignée ainsi que les insectes qui sont impliqués. De plus, lorsque la contribution des pollinisateurs est quantifiée, le bénéfice est calculé à des échelles biologiques ou dans des conditions simplifiées qui peuvent être non représentatifs des bénéfices à l’échelle de la parcelle. Par ailleurs, les possibles interactions entre les pollinisateurs et les pratiques agricoles ne sont généralement pas pris en compte. L’objectif général de cette thèse était donc de quantifier la contribution des pollinisateurs directement dans les parcelles agricoles dans deux cultures fréquemment retrouvées en Europe, le colza et le tournesol. Ces estimations sont réalisées à l’échelle de la parcelle ainsi qu’à l’échelle de la plante pour comprendre les mécanismes qui permettent l’augmentation de la production agricole. Ces études nous ont permis aussi d’identifier les principaux pollinisateurs de ces deux cultures.Dans un premier temps, nous avons quantifié le bénéfice des pollinisateurs dans les rendements de tournesol et de colza. Nous montrons que le colza et le tournesol partagent une même guilde de pollinisateurs, les abeilles domestiques. Les abeilles sauvages sont aussi d’importants pollinisateurs pour le colza. Les pollinisateurs augmentent les rendements de colza de plus de 35% et ceux du tournesol de 40%, à l’échelle de la parcelle. A l’échelle de la plante, que ce soit pour le colza et le tournesol, les pollinisateurs augmentent le succès de pollinisation et donc le nombre de graines par plante.Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons comparé le bénéfice des pollinisateurs par rapport à ceux des pratiques agricoles en termes de rendement et de gain monétaires dans les parcelles de colza, tout en regardant plus précisément leurs possibles interactions. Nous montrons que le bénéfice des pollinisateurs dans les rendements s’additionnent à ceux des pratiques agricoles excepté avec les insecticides qui réduisant la contribution des pollinisateurs. De plus, nous montrons que les pollinisateurs sont d’importants contributeurs du rendement et des revenus agricoles en augmentant le bénéfice des agriculteurs de 250 € par hectare alors qu’au contraire plusieurs pratiques peuvent être très couteuses pour ces mêmes agriculteurs. Finalement, nous étudions l’effet des pollinisateurs sur la qualité lipidique des graines de colza qui est une autre facette de la production agricole. Nous montrons que les abeilles domestiques améliorent la qualité des graines en augmentant le pourcentage d’acides gras insaturés tout en réduisant les acides gras trans- et saturés. Pour certaines années, les abeilles domestiques augmentent aussi le pourcentage de lipide par graine.En conclusion, nous montrons que les pollinisateurs sont essentiels à la production agricole à la fois sur le rendement, les revenus agricoles et sur la qualité. Plusieurs mesures doivent être mises en place pour promouvoir les pollinisateurs dans les milieux agricoles dans le but de les préserver et d’assurer une production agricole durable pour ces deux cultures. / Insect pollination is essential for over 70% of crops around the world. However, the contribution of pollinators to crop production and the insects involved in crop pollination have rarely been studied. Moreover, assessments of pollinator contributions have mostly been conducted on a small scale or under simplified conditions, which do not represent the real contributions at the field scale and do not take into account possible interactions between pollinators and farming practices. The aim of this study is to quantify directly under field conditions, the contribution of pollinators in two crops frequently cultivated in Europe: oilseed rape and sunflower. Estimations are realized both at the plant and at the field scale to understand mechanisms that increase crop production. Our studies identify also these crops’ pollinators.In a first step, we quantified the contributions of pollinators to oilseed rape and sunflower yield. Oilseed rape and sunflower share a pollinator guild - the honeybee. Wild bees also increase oilseed rape yield. Pollinators increase the yield of oilseed rape by up to 35% and of sunflower by up to 40%. At the plant scale, pollinators increase pollination success and consequently the number of seeds per plant.In a second step, we compared for oilseed rape the yield and the monetary contributions of pollinators and farming practices by taking their potential interactions more accurately into account. We show that the benefits of pollinators and farming practices on yield were additive except for insecticide use, which decreased the contribution of pollinators. In addition, we show that pollinators were important contributors to the farmers’ incomes by increasing gain by 250 € per hectare while some practices were very expensive for farmers.Finally, the effect of pollinators was studied on oilseed rape seed quality - another component of crop production. We show that honeybees improve seed quality by increasing the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in seeds and decreasing trans-saturated and saturated fatty acids. In some years, honeybees increased also the percentage of lipids per seed.We conclude, pollinators are essential for crop production by increasing both yield, monetary gain and quality. Several measures must be taken to promote pollinators in agricultural land in order to conserve them and ensure sustainable crop production for these two crops.
2

Cultivo org?nico da batata (Solanum tuberosum L.) na Baixada Fluminense

Rodrigues, Jos? Ricardo 27 March 2009 (has links)
Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-08-02T15:28:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Jos? Ricardo Rodrigues.pdf: 671360 bytes, checksum: 163613a34921ea149eaf10dca803e787 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T15:28:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Jos? Ricardo Rodrigues.pdf: 671360 bytes, checksum: 163613a34921ea149eaf10dca803e787 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-27 / Field experiments were conducted at Sistema Integrado de Produ??o Agroecol?gica - SIPA ? (?Fazendinha Agroecol?gica Km 47?), in Serop?dica, lowland region of Rio de Janeiro state, to evaluate the agronomical performance of organic farming potato cultivars. In the first year six potato genotyps were evaluated representing two groups: one half of them (?Opaline?, ?Eden? and ?Asterix?) with double fitnesss, and the other three (?Casteline?, ?Florice? and ?Monalisa?) specifically for cooking purpose. In the second year, ?Asterix? and ?Monalisa?, selected from the previous experiment, were compared under different organic fertilization levels (0, 200 e 400kg de N total ha-1). For a Cropping growth rate and liquid assimilation rate of ?Asterix? remained higher for a longer period resulting in an increased yield compared to the other five cultivars. ?Asterix? yielded 23,07Mg.ha-1 while the overall mean yielded for the rest of cultivars reached 13,97Mg.ha-1with no significant differences between their values. However, cultivar ?Asterix? was distinguished by the enhanced proportion of tuber sized in typs I and II (10.93Mg.ha-1) having better commercial acceptance. Although not matching ?Asterix?, all the other potato cultivars performed satisfactorily under the adopted organic management, demonstrating potential of the crop for the region during the dry and colder season. / Com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho produtivo de diferentes gen?tipos de batata, no sistema org?nico de cultivo, foram conduzidos experimentos em dois anos consecutivos no Sistema Integrado de Produ??o Agroecol?gica (SIPA - ?Fazendinha Agroecol?gica Km 47?), localizado na Baixada Fluminense (munic?pio de Serop?dica/RJ). No primeiro ano, foram testados seis gen?tipos de batata pertencentes a dois diferentes grupos quanto ? finalidade de uso: tr?s de dupla finalidade (?Opaline?, ?Eden? e ?Asterix?), e tr?s destinados especificamente para cozimento (?Casteline?, ?Florice? e ?Monalisa?). No segundo ano, foram avaliadas duas cultivares: Asterix e Monalisa, selecionadas a partir do experimento anterior e submetidas a tr?s n?veis de aduba??o org?nica, ? base de esterco bovino (0, 200 e 400kg de N total ha-1). O preparo do solo foi realizado com aux?lio de enxada rotativa e posterior encanteiramento. As batatas foram plantadas a intervalos de 0,30m, em dois sulcos espa?ados de 0,70m entre si. Foram efetuadas sete coletas de plantas para determinar medidas biom?tricas, que expressam produtividade, aos 20, 27, 34, 41, 48, 55 e 62 dias ap?s o plantio (DAP). Ao final do ciclo, foram avaliados os teores de N, P, K, Ca e Mg, a produ??o comercial e caracter?sticas do tub?rculo (peso m?dio, di?metro equatorial e comprimento). No primeiro ensaio a cultivar Asterix obteve valores de taxa de crescimento da cultura (TCC) e de taxa de assimila??o l?quida (TAL) superiores e mais duradouros, o que se refletiu em produtividade mais alta do que a das demais cultivares. O rendimento da cultivar ?Asterix? alcan?ou 23,07Mg.ha-1 enquanto as demais cultivares obtiveram uma m?dia geral de 13,97Mg.ha-1. No segundo ano houve diferen?a estat?stica para o car?ter rendimento: a cultivar ?Asterix? produziu 17,42Mg.ha-1 enquanto a cultivar ?Monalisa? produziu 14,70Mg.ha-1 . A cultivar ?Asterix? tamb?m se destacou pela maior quantidade de tub?rculos dos tipos I e II (10,93Mg.ha-1), com melhores caracter?sticas para o mercado. N?o obstante o comportamento inferior ao da cultivar Asterix, as demais cultivares obtiveram rendimento agron?mico satisfat?rio sob o manejo org?nico adotado, demonstrando potencial para as condi??es edafoclim?ticas da Baixada Fluminense, respeitando-se o per?odo de plantio de outono/inverno/primavera.

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