A vivência de mais de três décadas com a Língua Árabe, inicialmente como estudante e, mais recentemente, como professor, proporcionou-me o contato com uma variedade de materiais didáticos e dicionários, parte dos quais organizados em acervo pessoal. O constante uso e organização desse acervo para a elaboração de aulas fez surgir um questionamento que acabou culminando no objeto de pesquisa, ora explicitado. Os tipos de materiais existentes para o estudo de árabe atendem a objetivos específicos e apresentam pouca complementariedade entre si. Em outras palavras, os materiais dedicados ao ensino de Árabe Clássico não fazem referência aos materiais que trabalham a linguagem coloquial e vice-versa. Deste modo, os alunos são levados a fazer uma opção inicial e o professor, a adaptar-se a ela para atender os anseios dos alunos. É comum os alunos expressarem frases do tipo: eu só quero aprender a falar, ou então, eu quero aprender a ler para poder ler o Alcorão no original. Seja um ou outro, o aluno, de forma mais ou menos explícita, tem a impressão de que está aprendendo algo pela metade. Ao longo da prática didática, contudo, começamos a utilizar alguns materiais complementares que se revelariam mais tarde como de grande potencial didático, como os materiais da mídia escrita (jornais e revistas) que utilizam o chamado Modern Standard Arabic. Estes materiais mostraram-se como uma terceira via, exatamente na mediação entre o Árabe Clássico e o Coloquial, e poderiam ajudar a resolver o grande impasse do processo de ensino-aprendizagem da Língua Árabe: fazer o aluno compreender o Árabe como uma só língua. / The experience of more than three decades with the Arabic Language, initially as a student and more recently as a teacher, bestowed a variety of learning materials and dictionaries upon me, part of which organized in my personal library. The continuous use and handling of this material for preparing classes aroused a great deal of inquiring which led to the carrying of this research. The existing materials for the teaching and learning of Arabic do respond to specific purposes though are not complementary to that of the students in general. In other words, materials with the aim of teaching classical Arabic do not make reference to those which deal with colloquial language and vice versa. Being so, students are forced to choose one among them, and the teacher ends up adapting one method in order to fulfil the students` interests. Indeed, it is very common to listen to students say: I just want to learn to speak, or I want to learn to read to understand the Koran. In any case, more clearly or not, the impression is that the student is always missing something while learning. During this teaching process though, we started to use some complementary material, that later have revealed as a great source for learning, as media written articles (newspaper and magazines) that employ Modern Standard Arabic. Thus, such materials have showed somehow quite effective in mingling these two lines classical and colloquial, which could end the impasse in the course of teaching and learning Arabic and finally make the student understand Arabic as one single language.

A vivência de mais de três décadas com a Língua Árabe, inicialmente como estudante e, mais recentemente, como professor, proporcionou-me o contato com uma variedade de materiais didáticos e dicionários, parte dos quais organizados em acervo pessoal. O constante uso e organização desse acervo para a elaboração de aulas fez surgir um questionamento que acabou culminando no objeto de pesquisa, ora explicitado. Os tipos de materiais existentes para o estudo de árabe atendem a objetivos específicos e apresentam pouca complementariedade entre si. Em outras palavras, os materiais dedicados ao ensino de Árabe Clássico não fazem referência aos materiais que trabalham a linguagem coloquial e vice-versa. Deste modo, os alunos são levados a fazer uma opção inicial e o professor, a adaptar-se a ela para atender os anseios dos alunos. É comum os alunos expressarem frases do tipo: eu só quero aprender a falar, ou então, eu quero aprender a ler para poder ler o Alcorão no original. Seja um ou outro, o aluno, de forma mais ou menos explícita, tem a impressão de que está aprendendo algo pela metade. Ao longo da prática didática, contudo, começamos a utilizar alguns materiais complementares que se revelariam mais tarde como de grande potencial didático, como os materiais da mídia escrita (jornais e revistas) que utilizam o chamado Modern Standard Arabic. Estes materiais mostraram-se como uma terceira via, exatamente na mediação entre o Árabe Clássico e o Coloquial, e poderiam ajudar a resolver o grande impasse do processo de ensino-aprendizagem da Língua Árabe: fazer o aluno compreender o Árabe como uma só língua. / The experience of more than three decades with the Arabic Language, initially as a student and more recently as a teacher, bestowed a variety of learning materials and dictionaries upon me, part of which organized in my personal library. The continuous use and handling of this material for preparing classes aroused a great deal of inquiring which led to the carrying of this research. The existing materials for the teaching and learning of Arabic do respond to specific purposes though are not complementary to that of the students in general. In other words, materials with the aim of teaching classical Arabic do not make reference to those which deal with colloquial language and vice versa. Being so, students are forced to choose one among them, and the teacher ends up adapting one method in order to fulfil the students` interests. Indeed, it is very common to listen to students say: I just want to learn to speak, or I want to learn to read to understand the Koran. In any case, more clearly or not, the impression is that the student is always missing something while learning. During this teaching process though, we started to use some complementary material, that later have revealed as a great source for learning, as media written articles (newspaper and magazines) that employ Modern Standard Arabic. Thus, such materials have showed somehow quite effective in mingling these two lines classical and colloquial, which could end the impasse in the course of teaching and learning Arabic and finally make the student understand Arabic as one single language.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Women and women’s issues receive a great deal of attention on Al-Jazeera English, increasing the visibility of feminist ideologies in the transnational media and promoting a space for new and greater feminist discourse. This thesis seeks to discover how and why Al-Jazeera undertakes such promotion and what links it possesses to the larger sociopolitical climate of the Middle East as a whole. In pursuit of these goals, the study examines the journalistic content, unconscious style, and linguistic structures used in articles about women on the Al-Jazeera English website to conclude that this attention is primarily supportive of feminist ideologies, though more so with regards to women from areas that fall outside of the regions dominated by the hegemonic Anglo-American media establishment. In circumstances of revolution and change, Al-Jazeera invokes women to highlight their active agency and demonstrate their social power. Where such change is not possible, articles employ more reserved and passive techniques to convey the stagnancy of the situation. When this stagnant situation occurs in the United States or Europe, however, Al-Jazeera journalists express much less sympathy than when similar situations occur in less developed countries. Women from these less developed areas are also highlighted more often in positions of power and influence. Based on this evidence, the study concludes that Al-Jazeera’s attention to women plays a role in a larger movement to develop an ideological culture base without roots in the United States or Europe. By building a feminism tied to local women, Al-Jazeera is providing an alternative to the widespread and diametrically opposed systems of cultural imperialism and stalwart traditionalism. By proving that feminist ideologies can consist of Arab, African, or Indian ideas as much as American or European ones, Al-Jazeera paves the way for discrete ideological development in regions suffering from the aftershocks of cultural appropriation and imperialism. / text

This thesis analyzes the processes of framing that took place within a matrix comprising influential intellectuals, a potent Arab media outlet whose audience amounts to tens of millions of Arab spectators, and the vibrant social movements calling for political change in Egypt and Libya in 2011. It explores the various forms of meaning construction carried out by al-Jazeera and the intellectuals it regularly hosted to comment on the uprisings in both countries as they occurred. By addressing two case studies defined by different contextualizing variables, the thesis illustrates how al-Jazeera’s commentators were part and parcel of the network’s output and its daily engagement with its audiences. The thesis examines the means through which these intellectuals capitalized on the channel’s powerful broadcast imagery to articulate their interpretations of the unfolding uprisings and propose alternative political possibilities. It argues that the network’s intricate processes of meaning construction rendered it an institutional organic intellectual with an ability to communicate persuasive messages and accordingly incite mass mobilization. It also contends that al-Jazeera’s attempts to void long-sustained regime legitimacies, by countering their narratives and critically engaging with their political rationale, have contributed to redesigning political realities in the cases under study.

This research examines the revolution of 2010 in Tunisia due to the paucity of empirical research on the subject and to resolve analytical problems that plague research on similar events. The research is based in both the cultural turn in social movement research and the state constructionist theory of revolutions. The methodology employed is a case study which combines a content analysis of an Al Jazeera news program called Al Hassad Al Maghrebi with data from two public opinion surveys conducted in Tunisia shortly after the revolution, and pre-existing academic research. The findings indicate that Al Jazeera did play a role in increasing mobilization against the Ben Ali regime by broadcasting the spread of protests and regime concessions. This was facilitated by the censorship practices of the Ben Ali regime which caused a popular news channel like Al Jazeera to rely purely on opposition sources for its broadcasts.

Media representations of conflicts and events are constructed in different ways and by different media in this world. Media is a very important actor in real-life politics, since problems could be represented in different ways, which provides different constructions, meanings and understandings in this world. Representation theory and more specifically ‘what is the problem represented to be approach’ implies as a theoretical tool in this research regarding Al-Jazeera’s’ representation of the Syrian conflict of 2011. The aim with this research is to analyze how Al-Jazeera news agency represents the nature of the conflict in Syria of 2011. The research is qualitative and uses Al-Jazeera’s articles as data material, all articles are analyzed during the first three months of the conflicts representation. As a result to this research, the Syrian conflict is represented by Al-Jazeera news agency from a specific point of view. The conflict is represented as a domestic political problem facing a force of overwhelming power that oppresses the Syrian citizens of expressing any political opinions. Al-Jazeera highlights a representation of a lack of democracy and freedom in the country where peaceful protestors are being tortured by the regime whenever they are demanding political changes. The cause of the conflict is according to Al-Jazeera embodied in the incident with some young boys expressing their liberal political opinions regarding the Arab Spring, however imprisoned and tortured by the state force. To briefly summarize the main findings of this research, Al-Jazeera represents the Syrian conflict as a conflict of domestic political oppression from the governments towards the Syrian population.

This research examines the revolution of 2010 in Tunisia due to the paucity of empirical research on the subject and to resolve analytical problems that plague research on similar events. The research is based in both the cultural turn in social movement research and the state constructionist theory of revolutions. The methodology employed is a case study which combines a content analysis of an Al Jazeera news program called Al Hassad Al Maghrebi with data from two public opinion surveys conducted in Tunisia shortly after the revolution, and pre-existing academic research. The findings indicate that Al Jazeera did play a role in increasing mobilization against the Ben Ali regime by broadcasting the spread of protests and regime concessions. This was facilitated by the censorship practices of the Ben Ali regime which caused a popular news channel like Al Jazeera to rely purely on opposition sources for its broadcasts.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar o crescimento da Al Jazeera, a rede de TV árabe que mudou a realidade da imprensa no Oriente Médio e em poucos anos se tornou uma das mais vistas no mundo. A rede de TV foi fundada em 1996 em Doha, Catar, durante um período de grandes mudanças no país. Até o ano anterior, um governo conservador limitava os avanços, mas um golpe de Estado levou ao poder o atual Emir, que começou a promover reformas liberais resultando assim em mudanças significativas ao país. A criação da Al Jazeera era parte de um plano de modernização. Em 2001, o canal árabe ganhou notoriedade quando transmitiu os vídeos de Osama Bin Laden. Desde então, o mundo voltou os olhos para o que estava sendo produzido lá. Em 2006, a emissora lançou um canal em inglês, a fim de mostrar as notícias de uma perspectiva árabe. A pesquisa foi baseada na bibliografia especializada e nos trabalhos teóricos de comunicação que complementam com observações in loco e entrevistas com a equipe da Al Jazeera em Doha. Nesta dissertação, analisam-se o contexto de surgimento da Al Jazerra, a cobertura de algumas guerras e transformações, o surgimento de outros veículos e a criação do canal em inglês com o intuito de compreender o processo de consolidação e expansão dessa rede. / The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the growth of Al Jazeera, the Arabic TV network that changed the reality of media in Middle East and in a couple of years became one of the world most watched station. The TV network was founded in 1996 in Doha, Qatar, during a great changing time in the country. Until last year, a conservative government restricted the progress, but a coup brought to power the current Emir, who began promoting liberal reforms resulting in significant changes to the country. The creation of Al Jazeera was part of a modernization plan. In 2001, the Arabic channel gained notoriety when broadcasted videos of Osama Bin Laden. Since then, the world turned its eyes to what was being produced there. In 2006, the station launched a channel in English, in order to show the news from an Arab perspective. The research was based on specialized literature review and theoretical works which complement with on ground observations and interviews given by Al Jazeeras staff in Doha. In this thesis, we analyze the context of the emergence of Al Jazerra, covering wars and some social transformations, the emergence of other media and creating the channel in English, in order to understand the process of consolidation and expansion of this network.

I denna uppsats har vi genom en kvalitativ textanalys jämfört hur Al Jazeera och SvD rapporteratom Sydsudan under ett tidsspann på arton månader. Underlaget för forskningen är tio artiklarfrån SvD:s webbsida och tio artiklar från Al Jazeeras webbsida. Våra frågeställningar är; Vilkaretoriska grepp använder sig de olika medierna av och skiljer sig användningen på något sätt, ochi så fall hur? Vi har även formulerat en hypotes där vi påstår att en analys av de retoriska greppenkommer att synliggöra ideologiska underliggande meningar hos respektive nyhetsleverantör.Genom att formulera tio frågor utifrån den massmedieretoriska innehållsanalysen har vikunnat synliggöra olika retoriska grepp som används av skribenterna; däribland metaforer,liknelser, personifiering, värdeladdade ord och miljöbeskrivningar.Detta är en diskursanalys där vi tillämpat semiotiska teorier om språk och retorik. Våraresultat visade att det fanns flera likheter än skillnader gällande den språkliga gestaltningen hosde båda medierna. Hypotesen motbevisades och resultaten visade snarare att mediernasideologiska undertoner överensstämde.