Orientador: Orlando Necchi Junior / Banca: Luis Henrique Zanini Branco / Banca: Inessa Lacativa Bagatini / Banca: Mariana Cabral de Oliveira / Banca: Valéria Cassano / Resumo: A seção Virescentia do gênero Batrachospermum corresponde a espécies com aparência esverdeada e verticilos bem desenvolvidos, carposporófitos grandes produzidos isoladamente ou em pares e inseridos no eixo principal, ramos carpogoniais retos e curtos originados das células pericentrais ou células fasciculares proximais, e carpogônio com tricogínios alongados e pedicelados. O presente estudo teve como objetivo inferir as relações filogenéticas, bem como os limites de variação intra e interespecífico das espécies da seção Virescentia com base na análise morfológica e molecular, utilizando caracteres diagnósticos atualmente aceitos e dois marcadores moleculares: gene plastidial que codifica a subunidade grande da RUBISCO (rbcL - 1.282 pares de base, pb) e as regiões de "barcode" (664 pb) e "mini-barcode" (246 pb) do gene mitocondrial que codifica a subunidade 1 da citocromo c oxidase (cox1). Foram analisadas amostras provenientes das regiões biogeográficas neotropical, neártica e paleártica, além de exsicatas dos espécimes-tipo da seção provenientes do Herbário PC (Paris, França) e exsicatas de espécimes do Brasil e Japão. Análises baseadas nas sequências de rbcL, cox1 e "mini-barcode" foram congruentes, indicando níveis de divergência suficientes para distinguir espécies dentro da seção. Análises moleculares revelaram a seção Virescentia como monofilética e evidenciaram clados bem definidos, com nítida repartição biogeográfica e associados a uma divergência relativamente alta... / Abstract: Section Virescentia of genre Batrachospermum comprises species with a greenish appearance and well-developed whorls, carposporophytes are produced singly or in pairs along the main axis, carpogonial branches are straight and short, arise from pericentral cells or proximal fascicle cells and carpogonia are elongate with cylindrical and pedicellate trichogynes. The goals of this study were to infer the phylogenetic relationships, as well as the limits of intra and interspecific variation among the species of Virescentia section, based on morphological and molecular analyses, using the diagnostic characters currently accepted and two molecular markers: the plastidial gene that encodes the RUBISCO large subunit (rbcL - 1282 bp) and the "barcode" (664 bp) and "mini-barcode" (246 bp) regions of the mitochondrial gene cox1 that encodes the cytochrome c oxidase sub-unity 1. We analyzed samples from the neotropical, neartic and paleartic biogeographic realms and dried archival samples (type specimens) from PC Herbarium (Paris, France) and dried archival samples from Brazil and Japan. Analyses based on rbcL, cox1 and mini-barcode sequences were congruent and showed section Virescentia as a clear monophyletic group, with enough divergence to distinguish species among the section. Molecular analyses revealed the Virescentia section as monophyletic and showed well-defined clades, with distinct biogeographical distribution and associated with a relatively high divergence in sequences between these groups, suggesting that the samples of the different parts of the world correspond to at least five distinct species: B. viride-brasiliense, B. vogesiacum, B. helminthosum, Batrachospermum sp.1 and Batrachospermum sp.2. The examination of types, as well as critical samples in the history of the group, allowed to recognize ten species for the Virescentia section based on diagnostics ... / Doutor

Orientador: Orlando Necchi / Banca: Luis Henrique Zanini Branco / Banca: Mariana Cabral de Olievira / Banca: Daniela Milstein / Banca: Inessa Lacativa Bagatini / Resumo: A filogeografia de sete espécies de Batrachospermales (Batrachospermum viride-brasiliense, Kumanoa ambigua, Setacea puiggariana, Sirodotia delicatula e Sirodotia spp.) foi investigada em populações brasileiras com base em dois marcadores mitocondriais: a região espaçadora cox2-3 e a região de "barcode" cox1. As espécies apresentaram níveis de divergência genética semelhantes para ambos os marcadores utilizados. B. viride-brasiliense apresentou dez haplótipos de cox2-3 e nove haplótipos, de cox1, com variação entre os haplótipos de 0,3 - 2,4% e 0,6 - 1,8%, respectivamente. K. ambigua apresentou três haplótipos para cada um dos marcadores analisados, com variação de 0,6 - 2,4% para cox2-3 e 1,3 - 2,0% para cox1. S. puiggariana apresentou seis haplótipos de cox-2-3 e oito haplótipos de cox1, com variação entre os haplótipos de 0,3 - 2,4% e 0,2 - 2,4%, respectivamente. Sirodotia apresentou uma alta variação entre os haplótipos para ambos marcadores, mostrando uma espécie (S. delicatula), com baixa variação para cox2-3 e cox1 (0,3 - 2,2% e 0,2 - 0,4%; respectivamente) e um complexo (Sirodotia spp. formado por três espécies crípticas), com divergência de 0,3 - 7,0% para cox2-3 e 0,2 - 6,2% para cox1. Para a região espaçadora cox2-3, as sequências de K. ambigua apresentaram 335 pb, enquanto para as outras espécies, todas as sequências tiveram comprimento de 376 pb. Os haplótipos de cox2-3 diferiram em 13 posições para B. viride-brasiliense, nove para K. ambigua, 12 para S. puiggariana e oito para S. delicatula e 33 posições para Sirodotia spp. Para a região de "barcode" cox1, todas as espécies apresentaram sequencias de 664 pb de comprimento, com um número mais elevado de posições variáveis para os haplótipos: 28 para B. viride-brasiliense, 16 para K. ambigua, 25 para S. puiggariana, apenas quatro para S. delicatula e 48 para... / Abstract: The phylogeography of seven species of Batrachospermales (Batrachospermum viride-brasiliense, Kumanoa ambigua, Setacea puiggariana, Sirodotia delicatula e Sirodotia spp.) was investigated in Brazilian populations based on two mitochondrial markers: the spacer region cox2-3 and the cox1 barcode region. The species showed similar levels of genetic divergence for both markers used. B. viride-brasiliense had ten haplotypes of cox2-3 and nine haplotypes of cox1, with haplotypes ranging from 0.3 to 2.4% and 0.6 to 1.8%, respectively. Three haplotypes for each marker were observed for K. ambigua, ranging from 0.6 to 2.4% and 1.3 to 2.0% for cox2-3 and cox1, respectively. Setacea puiggariana had six haplotypes for cox2-3 and eight haplotypes for cox1, with haplotypes ranging from 0.3 to 2.4% for cox2-3 and 0.2 to 2.4, respectively. A high variation between haplotypes of Sirodotia were found for both markers, showing one group (S. delicatula), with low variation for cox2-3 and cox1 (from 0.3 to 2.2 and 0.2 to 0.4%, respectively), and Sirodotia spp, species complex with divergence from 0.2 to 7.0% for cox2-3 and 0.2 to 6.2 % for cox1, including three cryptic species. For the cox2-3 spacer region, K. ambigua sequences showed 335 bp, whereas for other species, all sequences have of 376 bp in length. The cox2-3 haplotypes differed in 13 positions for B. viride-brasiliense, nine for K. ambigua, 12 for S. puiggariana, eight for S. delicatula and 33 positions for Sirodotia spp. Sequences of the cox1 barcode region, for all species were 664 bp in length, with a higher number of variable positions among the haplotypes: 28 for B. viride-brasiliense, 16 for K. ambigua, 25 for S. puiggariana, only four for S. delicatula, and 48 for Sirodotia spp.. Analyses of the two markers used and the geographical distribution of populations showed that each species had different phylogeographic patterns, ... / Doutor

At maturity, spermatozoids of the green alga Chara vulgaris are biflagellated, contain little cytoplasm, and coil for approximately 2 1/4 gyres within the mother cell wall. The anterior of the cell contains an ovoid headpiece anchoring two slightly staggered basal bodies that are positioned above and directly in front of approximately 30 linearly arranged mitochondria. An elongated stellate pattern occupies the transition zone between the BBs and axonemes. Flagella emerge from the cell just in front of the nucleus and encircle the full length of the spermatozoid. The spline comprises a maximum of 38 microtubules surrounding the anterior mitochondria and gradually decreases posteriorly to a minimum of 11. The dense nucleus is narrow, cylindrical, and occupies the central revolution of the cell. Six starch-laden plastids and associated mitochondria are linearly arranged at the cell posterior. Phylogenetic analyses of charalean taxa and archegoniates based on spermatogenesis strongly support the order Charales, with Nitella as the sister group to Chara. Diagnostic features of Chara spermatozoids include absence of a lamellar strip and axonemes embedded in the cell for almost the entire length of the anterior mitochondria. Potential relationships among Charales, Coleochaetales and archegoniates are evaluated in regards to the probable course of evolution of streamlined biflagellated gametes.

Submitted by REBECA PREVIATE MEDINA null (rebecapm_2@hotmail.com) on 2016-07-12T01:22:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese completa final.pdf: 17929997 bytes, checksum: 2ca69cdbb8845123f617feff1388a3eb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-12T20:30:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 medina_rp_dr_araiq_par.pdf: 1819041 bytes, checksum: 6a9b96f8294269d0ff2fc5f05f6dd74b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-12T20:30:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 medina_rp_dr_araiq_par.pdf: 1819041 bytes, checksum: 6a9b96f8294269d0ff2fc5f05f6dd74b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os Produtos Naturais desempenham um papel dominante na descoberta e desenvolvimento de novos fármacos para o tratamento de diversas doenças. Com isso, a busca por novas fontes de substâncias bioativas tem se intensificado, com destaque para estudos realizados com organismos e micro-organismos marinhos. As algas vermelhas marinhas (Rhodophyta) são as principais produtoras de metabólitos secundários biologicamente ativos dentre as algas e produzem principalmente substâncias halogenadas. Dentre os micro-organismos, podemos destacar os fungos endofíticos de algas marinhas, pois apresentam alta diversidade de espécies e diversidade estrutural dos metabólitos secundários, os quais têm mostrado potencial antitumoral, antimicrobiano e antifúngico. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo explorar o potencial das algas vermelhas Asparagopsis taxiformis (estágio Falkenbergia) e Pyropia spiralis, bem como de seus fungos endofíticos, como fontes de substâncias bioativas. O estudo de A. taxiformis e de P. spiralis levou à identificação de dezesseis substâncias por CG-EM, como os ácidos eicosapentaenóico e araquidônico, além de nucleosídeos, como a uridina e a timidina, obtidos de A. taxiformis, e a uridina e a inosina, obtidas de P. spiralis. Os extratos brutos e frações das algas estudadas foram avaliados frente ao fungo fitopatogênico Cladosporium sphaerospermum, frente à enzima acetilcolinesterase e frente a linhagens tumorais de carcinoma de ovário (OVCAR-8), adenocarcinoma de cólon humano (HCT-116) e glioblastoma - humano (SF-295), sendo que os mesmos não apresentaram atividades antifúngica e anticolinesterásica significativas e apenas as frações hexânicas e butanólicas de ambas as algas apresentaram atividade citotóxica moderada frente à linhagem SF-295. Em relação ao estudo dos micro-organismos associados às algas, foi possível isolar sete linhagens de fungos endofíticos da alga A. taxiformis e três linhagens de P. spiralis, que foram cultivadas em meio de batata e dextrose (MBD) preparado com água do mar ou água ultra pura. Após o período de incubação, foram obtidos os extratos brutos em acetato de etila, que foram avaliados quanto ao perfil químico por CLAE e RMN, e perfil biológico por meio dos bioensaios in vitro. Após a prospecção inicial, Nemania bipapillata (AT-05), Sarocladium strictum (PS-01), Annulohypoxylon stygium (AT-03) e Hypoxylon sp. (AT-06) foram selecionados para investigação. O estudo de N. bipapillata, cultivado em água do mar e MBD, levou ao isolamento da dicetopiperazina ciclo(Pro-Tir), tirosol e das isocumarinas, (3R)-5-hidroximetil-meleína e (3R)-5-carbóxi-meleína. Ao cultivar essa linhagem fúngica em água ultra pura e MDB, foram isolados dois norsesquiterpenos e três sesquiterpenos do tipo botriano inéditos na literatura e um conhecido, 4β-acetoxi-9β,10β,15α-triidroxiprobotridial. A análise do extrato bruto de S. strictum, cultivado em água ultra pura e MDB, levou à identificação em mistura de duas dicetopiperazinas e ao isolamento da isoflavona daidzeína e de seis ftalatos naturais, dos quais dois ainda não foram descritos na literatura e nem sintetizados. A. stygium e Hypoxylon sp. foram cultivados em água do mar e MDB, sendo que A. stygium forneceu o pirogalol, que apresentou atividade contra Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina, além do tirosol e (˗)-(3R,4R)-3,4,5-triidróxi-tetralona, enquanto Hypoxylon sp. forneceu (3R)-scytalona, (3R,4R)-4-hidróxi-scytalona e daidzeína. Portanto, esses resultados ressaltam a importância da investigação dos organismos marinhos, bem como de seus micro-organismos associados, e contribuem para o conhecimento da quimiodiversidade de organismos de origem marinha da costa brasileira, ainda sub-explorada do ponto de vista químico. / Natural Products have a major role in the discovery and development of new drugs used for diseases treatments. Thus, the search for new sources of bioactive compounds has been intensified and studies have increasingly focused on marine organisms and microorganisms. Marine red algae (Rhodophyta) are the major producers of biologically active secondary metabolites among algae, and biosynthesize mainly halogenated compounds. Among microorganisms, we highlight endophytic fungi from marine algae, as they present marked species diversity as well as structural diversity of secondary metabolites. Such metabolites have shown interesting potential as antitumor, antimicrobial and antifungal agents. Therefore, this project aimed to explore the potential of red algae Asparagopsis taxiformis (Falkenbergia stage) and Pyropia spiralis and their endophytic fungi, as novel sources of bioactive compounds. The study of A. taxiformis and P. spiralis led to identification of sixteen compounds by GC-MS, as eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids, in addition to nucleosides uridine and thymidine, obtained from A. taxiformis, and uridine and inosine, obtained from P. spiralis. The crude extracts and fractions from the studied algae were evaluated against phytopathogenic fungus Cladosporium sphaerospermum, against acetylcholinesterase enzyme and against tumor cell lines of ovarian carcinoma (OVCAR-8), human colon adenocarcinoma (HCT-116) and human glioblastoma (SF-295). No significant antifungal or acetylcholinesterase activities were observed, whereas the hexane and butanol fractions from both algae showed moderate cytotoxicity against SF-295 cell line. As for the study on the microorganisms associated to algae, seven endophytic fungi strains were isolated from A. taxiformis and three strains from P. spiralis, which were cultivated in potato dextrose broth (PDB) prepared with either sea water or ultra pure water. After incubation, the ethyl acetate crude extracts were obtained and evaluated for their chemical and biological profiles, by HPLC, NMR and in vitro bioassays, respectively. After the preliminary prospection, Nemania bipapillata (AT-05), Sarocladium strictum (PS-01), Annulohypoxylon stygium (AT-03) and Hypoxylon sp. (AT-06) were selected for further investigation. The study of N. bipapillata, cultivated in sea water and PDB, led to isolation of diketopiperazine cyclo(Pro-Tyr), tyrosol and isocoumarins, (3R)-5-hydroxymethylmellein and (3R)-5-carboxymellein. Cultivation of this fungal strain in ultra pure water and PDB afforded two botryane-type norsesquiterpenes and three sesquiterpenes, unprecedent compounds in the literature and one known, 4β-acetoxy-9β,10β,15α-trihydroxyprobotrydial. Analysis of the crude extract from S. strictum, cultivated in ultra pure water and PDB, afforded a mixture of two diketopiperazines, in addition to isoflavone daidzein and six natural phthalates, including two novel ones which had been neither described in the literature nor synthesized. A. stygium and Hypoxylon sp. were cultivated in sea water and PDB, and A. stygium afforded pyrogallol, which was active against Escherichia coli and methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), in addition to tyrosol and (˗)-(3R,4R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-1-tetralone. Hypoxylon sp. afforded (3R)-scytalone, (3R,4R)-4-hydroxy-scytalone and daidzein. Such results highlight the importance of research on marine organisms and their associated microorganisms, and contribute to the knowledge of chemodiversity of marine organisms from the still chemically underexplored Brazilian coast.

Foram utilizadas 168 galinhas poedeiras Hisex White em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com duração de cinco semanas. As aves foram distribuídas em sete tratamentos com três repetições cada, com o objetivo de verificar a influência da suplementação de três fontes marinhas de PUFAs n-3 - óleos de salmão (SA) e de atum e sardinha (A/S) e mistura de algas marinhas (AL), bem como sua combinações (SA+A/S, AL+SA, AL+A/S) - em relação ao grupo controle alimentado com ração basal de milho e soja (CON), sobre a qualidade do ovo e a composição lipídica da gema. A qualidade externa e interna do ovo não foi alterada significativamente pela adição de fontes de PUFAs n-3 na dieta das aves. A relação entre os lípides saturados : monoinsturados : poliinsaturados da gema (3,5 : 4,5 : 2,0) manteve-se constante com a adição dos suplementos de PUFAs n-3 na ração. Os óleos de salmão (SA) e de atum e sardinha (A/S) revelaram-se mais efetivos no enriquecimento da gema do ovo em PUFAs n-3, em especial o DHA. A relação PUFAs n-6/ PUFAs n-3 sofreu redução significativa com a adição das fontes marinhas de ômega-3 à dieta das galinhas. O EPA, embora em teores mais baixos que o DHA na gema do ovo, apresentou incremento significativo com o uso dos óleos de peixes (SA e A/S) adicionado à dieta em relação ao CON. O consumo de dois ovos enriquecidos com DHA do presente estudo, por dia, provavelmente atenderia os requerimentos diários deste PUFA n-3 para o ser humano / To investigate the influence of three PUFAs n-3 marine sources - salmon oil (SA), tuna and sardine oil (A/S), marine algae (AL) and combinations (SA+A/S, AL+SA, AL+A/S) - on egg quality and egg lipid composition, compared to a corn/soy control group (CON), 168 Hisex White laying hens were assigned into seven treatments with three repetitions in a randomized design during a experimental period of five weeks. The external and internal egg quality were not significantly affected by the addition of PUFAs n-3 marine sources into the hen diets. The saturated : monounsaturated : polyunsaturated ratio (3.5:4.5:2.0) remained constant by the supplementation of the marine sources into the diets. The salmon oil and the tuna and sardine oil showed the best results of PUFAs n-3 egg yolk enrichment, mainly the DHA. The PUFAs n-6/PUFAs n-3 ratio was significantly reduced by the inclusion of PUFAs n-3 sources into the hen diets. The EPA, although with lower levels than DHA into the egg yolk, showed a significant increase by the use of salmon oil and tuna and sardine oil added to the diet as compared to the control group (CON). The consumption of two DHA enriched eggs from this study per day probably would reach the daily requirements of this PUFA n-3 for the human been

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-13T11:31:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabia Gabriela P Carraro.pdf: 553128 bytes, checksum: c34813d80b3e963dea3ff8cbdca43c54 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-13T11:31:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabia Gabriela P Carraro.pdf: 553128 bytes, checksum: c34813d80b3e963dea3ff8cbdca43c54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-24 / The present work had the objective of identifying the plankton algae species and relates their presence with the water quality in Pedra reservoir, in different seasonal periods and biannual scale. Eight quarterly surveys in 13 previously established stations and the samples collected throughout the euphotic zone. Algae densities, abundance and diversity, and ecological associations were determinated and water quality indexes calculated. The phytoplankton community was represented by 126 infrageneric taxa, distributed as follows: 41 Bacillariophyta; 41 Chlorophyta; 31 Cyanophyta; 8 Euglenophyta; 3 Cryptophyta; 1 Chrysophyta and 2 Dinophyta. The diversity was considered low, while the equitability was also low during the period of study. The algal density was low, and Aulacoseira granulat(Bacillariophyta) was the species with highest number in the period of study. Significant differences were not observed in densities during the first and the second years, neither between the sample stations. Regarding water quality, the indexes used showed Pedra reservoir as mesotrophic, throughout the different periods of the year. The use of phytoplanktonn in ecological indexes is a trustworthy tool for determining the trophyc state and monitoring environmental alterations in reservoirs, but the choice of brotec indexes is subject to environmental characteristics. / O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de identificar as espécies de algas planctônicas e relacionar a presença delas com a qualidade da água do reservatório Pedra-BA, em diferentes períodos sazonais e em escala bianual. Foram realizadas oito amostragens trimestrais em 13 estações previamente estabelecidas ao longo do reservatório, através de arrastos verticais ao longo da zona eufótica. Foram determinadas as densidades algais, a abundância e a diversidade da comunidade, as associações ecológicas e calculados índices de qualidade de água. A comunidade fitoplanctônica esteve representada por 126 táxons infragenéricos, assim distribuídos: 41 Bacillariophyta; 41 Chlorophyta; 31 Cyanophyta; 8 Euglenophyta; 3 Cryptophyta; 2 Dinophyta e 1 Chrysophyta. A diversidade específica foi considerada baixa, enquanto a equitabilidade foi baixa no período de estudo. A densidade algal foi baixa e Aulacoseira granulata (Bacillariophyta) foi a espécie mais numerosa no período de estudo. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as densidades do primeiro e segundo ano e nem entre as estações amostrais. Com relação à qualidade da água, os índices utilizados mostraram que o reservatório encontra-se mesotrófico, ao longo dos diferentes períodos do ano. A utilização de fitoplâncton em índices ecológicos é uma boa ferramenta para a determinação do estado trófico e acompanhamento de alterações ambientais em reservatórios tropicais, embora a escolha de índices bióticos esteja sujeita às características do ambiente.

The factors that determine the efficiency of energy transfer in aquatic food webs have been investigated for many decades. The plant-animal interface is the most variable and least predictable of all levels in the food web. In order to study determinants of food quality in a large lake and to test the recently proposed central importance of the long-chained eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) at the pelagic producer-grazer interface, we tested the importance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) at the pelagic producerconsumer interface by correlating sestonic food parameters with somatic growth rates of a clone of Daphnia galeata. Daphnia growth rates were obtained from standardized laboratory experiments spanning one season with Daphnia feeding on natural seston from Lake Constance, a large pre-alpine lake. Somatic growth rates were fitted to sestonic parameters by using a saturation function. A moderate amount of variation was explained when the model included the elemental parameters carbon (r2 = 0.6) and nitrogen (r2 = 0.71). A tighter fit was obtained when sestonic phosphorus was incorporated (r2 = 0.86). The nonlinear regression with EPA was relatively weak (r2 = 0.77), whereas the highest degree of variance was explained by three C18-PUFAs. The best (r2 = 0.95), and only significant, correlation of Daphnia's growth was found with the C18-PUFA α-linolenic acid (α-LA; C18:3n-3). This correlation was weakest in late August when C:P values increased to 300, suggesting that mineral and PUFA-limitation of Daphnia's growth changed seasonally. Sestonic phosphorus and some PUFAs showed not only tight correlations with growth, but also with sestonic α-LA content. We computed Monte Carlo simulations to test whether the observed effects of α-LA on growth could be accounted for by EPA, phosphorus, or one of the two C18-PUFAs, stearidonic acid (C18:4n-3) and linoleic acid (C18:2n-6). With >99 % probability, the correlation of growth with α-LA could not be explained by any of these parameters. In order to test for EPA limitation of Daphnia's growth, in parallel with experiments on pure seston, growth was determined on seston supplemented with chemostat-grown, P-limited Stephanodiscus hantzschii, which is rich in EPA. Although supplementation increased the EPA content 80-800x, no significant changes in the nonlinear regression of the growth rates with α-LA were found, indicating that growth of Daphnia on pure seston was not EPA limited. This indicates that the two fatty acids, EPA and α-LA, were not mutually substitutable biochemical resources and points to different physiological functions of these two PUFAs. These results support the PUFA-limitation hypothesis for sestonic C:P < 300 but are contrary to the hypothesis of a general importance of EPA, since no evidence for EPA limitation was found. It is suggested that the resource ratios of EPA and α-LA rather than the absolute concentrations determine which of the two resources is limiting growth.

Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijos 48 straipsnyje įtvirtintos teisės gauti teisingą apmokėjimą už darbą valstybės tarnyboje realizavimą reguliuoja Lietuvos Respublikos valstybės tarnybos įstatymas. Kaip praktiškai veikia valstybės nustatyta karjeros valstybės tarnautojų darbo užmokesčio teisinio reguliavimo sistema, kokios iškyla problemos ir sunkumai, ką karjeros valstybės tarnautojai mano apie savo darbo užmokesti ir jo reguliavimą, ką reikėtų keisti yra analizuojama šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe Darbo užmokesčio karjeros valstybės tarnautojams teisinis reguliavimas. Darbą sudaro dvi dalys – teorinė ir praktinė. Teorinėje dalyje autorius išsamiai nagrinėja teisės aktų, reguliavusių valstybės tarnautojų darbo užmokestį raida Lietuvoje, pateikia požiūrį į valstybės tarnautojų darbo užmokesčio teisinio reguliavimo problemas Europos Sąjungos bei Ekonominio bendradarbiavimo ir plėtros organizacijos valstybėse, palygina kelių valstybių darbo užmokestį reguliuojančius teisės aktus su Lietuvos Respublikos valstybės tarnybos įstatymo pagrindinėmis darbo užmokestį reguliuojančiomis nuostatomis. Apžvelgiama karjeros valstybės tarnautojų pareiginės algos, priedų ir priemokų skyrimo tvarka bei nagrinėjamos jų darbo užmokesčio teisinio reguliavimo problemos ir pateikiamos išvados bei pasiūlymai. Darbo praktinėje dalyje pateikiama atlikto empirinio tyrimo atlikimo metodologija bei tyrimo metu nustatytų rezultatų apibendrinti duomenys. Siekta nustatyti darbo užmokesčio karjeros... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 48 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania realization of the rights to have proper pay of work at public service regulate Republic of Lithuania Law on Public Service. There is analysis of practical activity of the career of public servants remuneration legal regulation system, problems and difficulties, opinion of the career of public servants about the their remuneration and this law corrections in this Master’s paper “Legal regulation of career public servant remuneration”. Paper consists of two parts: theoretical and practical. Author of the paper analyses comprehensive law acts, development remuneration of public servants in Lithuania, opinion of public servant law regulation problems in European Union and economic cooperation and expansion organizations in other countries, compares several countries remuneration legal law acts with Lithuanian Republic Law on Public Service statues in theoretical part. Review remuneration of public servants basic salaries, bonuses and additional pays determination order and also investigates their remuneration law regulation problems and presents conclusions and offers. There are methodology of the fulfilled empirical analysis and also the ascertained sum up data in the practical part of the paper. Try to attain remuneration of public servants legal regulation practical relation with public servants needs, to investigate the view of the remuneration law regulation... [to full text]

The focus of this thesis was to study the chemotaxonomic relationship of selected southern Australian marine brown algae of the genera Cystophora and Sargassum. Consequently, this resulted in the isolation and structure elucidation of six new terpenoids from two southern Australian marine brown algae Cystophora moniliformis and Sargassum fallax together with 10 previously reported natural products. As a result of the re-isolation of these known secondary metabolites, updated and complete structural characterisation data could be provided for the first time for 7 of these compounds. Chemotaxonomic studies of Cystophora moniliformis resulted in the isolation of two new cyclic epimeric terpene diols moniliforminol A (3.25) and moniliforminol B (3.26), a new linear farnesyl acetone derivative (3.27) and the previously described terpenoids (3.19)-(3.24). This study also resulted in the first complete 2D NMR characterisation for compounds (3.21) to (3.24) as well as the first report of (3.24) occurring as a natural product. All structures were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis with the relative configurations of (3.25) and (3.26) being established by selective 1D nOe NMR experiments. The proposed biosynthetic pathway for the above compounds has also been described. Chemical investigation of the Southern Australian marine brown alga Sargassum fallax resulted in the isolation of three new meroditerpenoids fallahydroquinone (4.8), fallaquinone (4.9) and fallachromenoic acid (4.10), together with the previously reported compounds sargaquinone (4.1) (isolated and identified in a mixture with sargaquinoic acid), sargahydroquinoic acid (4.2), sargaquinoic acid (4.3) and sargachromenol (4.11). As a result of this study the complete 2D NMR characterisation for sargahydroquinoic acid (4.2) and sargaquinoic acid (4.3) could also be reported for the first time. All structures were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis. Sargahydroquinoic acid (4.2) and sargaquinoic acid (4.3) displayed moderate antitumour activity.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:32:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5490.pdf: 1141768 bytes, checksum: a5a2a49b5f220f5e424dbe6dc6784e42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-14 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Algae are organisms with which studies have been made on the uptake of carbon dioxide, as a source of lipids for research on biofuels such as fertilizers and soil. But little is known about the interaction of such organisms with higher plants. Thus, the general objective of this master thesis was to reuse the algal biomass of Selenastrum capricornutum Printz (Chlorophyceae class) e Chlorella sorokiniana Shihira e Krauss (Trebouxiophyceae class) in pelleting seed Bowdichia virgilioides, native to the Brazilian Savanna that are classified as threatened with extinction and whose wood has attributes for the furniture industry, besides the medicinal properties already reported in other studies. First, the seeds were grown in a greenhouse, with the following treatments: a) seeds naked; b) pelleted seeds with white glue based on polyvinyl acetate diluted to 8% at water and gypsum; c) seeds pelleted with glue based white polyvinyl acetate diluted to 8% at wet algal biomass of Selenastrum capricornutum and gypsum; d) pelleted seeds with white glue based polyvinyl acetate diluted to 8% at wet algal biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana and gypsum. Fungicide and insecticide were added to the silicato and gypsum for agricultural according to industry directions. The parameters mean emergence time (days), weight (g) dry and cool, length (cm) of aerial and root portions and number of nitrogen fixing nodules in the roots don t showed statistically significant difference between treatments. The variable "emergency percentage" showed that pelleted seeds with C. sorokiniana biomass as a cement material constituent showed value equivalent to conventional treatment (naked), paving the way for new studies pelleting with agal biomass of that species. As higher be the algae intracellular biochemical values, higher be the chances to achieve satisfactory results, because the seed can be use algae biochemical components at its development. In a second stage, there was pelleted seed sown in an area of brazilian savanna and the treatments were: a) naked seed; b) pelleted seeds with white glue based on polyvinyl acetate diluted to 8% at water and gypsum; c) pelleted seeds with white glue based on polyvinyl acetate diluted to 8% at wet algal biomass of Selenastrum capricornutum and gypsum with fungicide and insecticide; d) pelleted seeds with white glue based on polyvinyl acetate diluted to 8% at water and silicate for agricultural; and e) pelleted seeds with white glue based on polyvinyl acetate diluted to 8% at wet algal biomass of Selenastrum capricornutum and silicate for agricultural. Fungicide and insecticide were added to the silicato and gypsum for agricultural according to industry directions. For this experiment hood, it was observed that treatment with only gypsum had a significantly lower percentage of emergence. The treatment with silicate was considered as an effective material coating to the sucupira seed pelleting process, cultivating in savanna field. Thus, the alga Chlorella sorokiniana showed to be an efficient cementing material for pelleting process and silicate for agricultural a promising coating material, when it comes to planting in the field. / Microalgas tem sido alvo em estudos que visam à captação de dióxido de carbono. Esses microrganismos também vêm sendo utilizados como fonte de lipídios para produção de biocombustíveis e estudos relatam sua biomassa como potenciais fertilizantes de solo. Mas, pouco se sabe sobre a interação de tais organismos com vegetais superiores. O objetivo geral desse trabalho foi reutilizar a biomassa de Selenastrum capricornutum Printz (classe Chlorophyceae) e Chlorella sorokiniana Shihira e Krauss (classe Trebouxiophyceae) na peletização de sementes de Bowdichia virgilioides (sucupira preta, sucupira do cerrado), espécie nativa do cerrado brasileiro que está classificada como ameaçada de extinção e cuja madeira possui atributos para a indústria moveleira, além das propriedades medicinais já relatadas em vários trabalhos. Primeiramente, as sementes foram semeadas em casa de vegetação, com os seguintes tratamentos: a) sementes nuas (sem pélete); b) sementes peletizadas com cola branca à base de acetato de polivinila diluída a 8% em água e gesso agrícola; c) sementes peletizadas com cola branca à base de acetato de polivinila diluída a 8% em biomassa algal úmida de S. capricornutum e gesso agrícola; d) sementes peletizadas com cola branca à base de acetato de polivinila diluída a 8% com biomassa algal úmida de C. sorokiniana e gesso agrícola. Ao gesso agrícola foram acrescentados fungicida e inseticida. Tempo médio de emergência (dias), peso (g) seco e fresco, comprimento (cm) das partes aéreas e radiculares e o número de indivíduos contendo nódulos fixadores de nitrogênio nas raízes não apresentaram diferença estatística significativa entre os tratamentos. Contudo, as plântulas de sementes peletizadas com C. sorokiniana, como constituinte do material cimentante, apresentaram porcentagem de emergência equivalente ao tratamento convencional (nua). Observamos que quanto mais elevados forem os valores bioquímicos intracelulares da alga, há mais chances de obtermos resultados satisfatórios, já que a semente pode utilizar tais compostos em seu desenvolvimento. Em um segundo momento, a semeadura de sementes peletizadas foi realizada em uma área do cerrado situada no campus da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (21°57 S, 47°52 W, a 863 m de altitude), cidade de São Carlos-SP. Os tratamentos foram: a) sementes nuas (sem pélete); b) sementes peletizadas com cola branca à base de acetato de polivinila diluída a 8% em água e gesso agrícola; c) sementes peletizadas com cola branca à base de acetato de polivinila diluída a 8% em biomassa úmida de S. capricornutum e gesso agrícola; d) sementes peletizadas com cola branca à base de acetato de polivinila diluída a 8% em água com silicato para uso agrícola; e) sementes peletizadas com cola branca à base de acetato de polivinila diluída a 8% em biomassa úmida de S. capricornutum e silicato para uso agrícola. Ao silicato e gesso para uso agrícola foram acrescentados fungicida e inseticida segundo as recomendações dos fabricantes. Para este experimento em campo, observou-se que o tratamento somente com gesso agrícola proporcionou uma porcentagem de emergência significativamente menor do que o tratamento sementes nuas , sendo o silicato considerado um material mais eficiente como revestimento no processo de peletização de sementes de sucupira do cerrado cultivadas em campo. Assim, a alga C. sorokiniana mostrou-se um material cimentante eficiente no processo de peletização e o silicato para uso agrícola mostrou-se um material de revestimento promissor, em se tratando de plantio em campo.